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image of Effect of Caffeine and Soda Consumption on the Level of Serum Electrolytes and Hepatic Enzymes in Healthy Population of Punjab: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Abstract

Introduction

The habitual consumption of caffeine and soda drinks is very high among the global population and has increased substantially in Pakistan in the last few decades.

Objective

The effect of caffeine and soda drink consumption on the levels of various hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) and serum electrolytes (calcium and phosphorus) was estimated in the healthy population of Punjab.

Methods

The cross-sectional analysis included 174 healthy caffeine and soda drink consumers, whose caffeine and soda consumption were determined using a food-frequency questionnaire. The serum levels of electrolytes (calcium and phosphorus) and hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) were assessed using kits. Regression analyses were performed to establish the effect of caffeine and sodas on serum parameters.

Results

Serum phosphorus (3.24 mg/dl ± 1.193) and ALP (198.5 U/L ± 67.3) levels decreased with increased caffeine consumption, whereas higher soda intake elevated serum phosphorus (3.26 mg/dL ± 1.149) and ALP (198.9 U/L ± 67.7) levels. Serum calcium, AST and ALT activities were unaffected by the increased consumption of caffeine and sodas. However, the combined intake of soda and caffeine consumption showed a positive correlation (<0.039) with the serum ALP activity.

Conclusion

The findings of the current study suggest that increased caffeine and soda consumption may impact metabolic pathways and may result in altered serum electrolytes or hepatic enzymes. However, cohort or longitudinal studies with large sample populations must be carried out for more precise conclusion that can be projected to dietary guidelines and can be used as a benchmark for public health policy.

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2025-05-15
2025-09-29

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Effect of Caffeine and Soda Consumption on the Level of Serum Electrolytes and Hepatic Enzymes in Healthy Population of Punjab: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734013375629250512103908
/content/journals/cnf/10.2174/0115734013375629250512103908
/content/journals/cnf/10.2174/0115734013375629250512103908
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: ALT ; Caffeine ; AST ; phosphorus ; soda drinks ; calcium ; alkaline phosphatase

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