Current Nanoscience - Volume 21, Issue 3, 2025

In recent years, graphene oxides have convoked significant attention across various scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, and materials science, owing to their extraordinary physical properties, chemical tunability, and vast possibilities for their applications. As a result, our keen interest lies in exploring nanographene oxide and presenting a comprehensive review on this subject. This paper provides a thorough examination of eminently progressive advancements in the synthesis, properties, and performance of graphene oxide. Synthetic chemists venturing into this expanding field of material science and researchers exploring the applications of graphene oxide will find immense value in this review. The comprehensive behavior towards the alchemy of graphene oxide will aid in better apprehension of the current approaches, scope and their limitations in utilizing this remarkable material. Moreover, to promote further research and development in this area, we deliberate on the technical challenges associated with graphene oxide and offer suggestions for several future research directions. This review serves as a valuable resource, encouraging scientific advancements and innovation in the exploration of graphene oxide's potential in various applications. To facilitate further research and development, the technical challenges are discussed, and several future research directions are also suggested in this paper.

Silicon Nanowires (SiNWs), a novel category of nanomaterials, exhibit several outstanding properties, including superior transistor performance, quantum tunneling effects, and remarkable electrical and optical capabilities. These properties are expected to contribute significantly to the development of future nanodevices, such as sensors and optoelectronic components. The potential for device miniaturization with SiNWs is based on their ease of monocrystallization. This leads to a reduced rate of hole-electron complexes and their extensive specific surface area that promotes boundary effects, thereby diminishing conductivity. Characterized by unique structural attributes, SiNWs hold promise for a wide range of applications in various sectors. To date, multiple methods have been established for SiNW fabrication, including sol-gel, electrochemical, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, and thermal vapor deposition techniques. Subsequently, the focus has shifted to the application of SiNWs in electronics, energy, and biomedicine. SiNWs are instrumental in producing high-performance electronic devices, such as field-effect transistors, sensors, and memory units. They also exhibit outstanding photovoltaic properties, making them suitable for high-efficiency solar cell and photocatalyst production. Additionally, SiNWs are poised to make significant contributions to biomedicine, particularly in biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering materials. This article provides a concise review of the current status of SiNWs in electronics, sensing devices, and solar cell applications, and their roles in high-performance transistors, biosensors, and solar cells. It concludes with an exploration of the challenges and prospects for SiNWs.

In summary, the unique attributes of SiNWs establish them as a versatile nanomaterial with broad applicability. This review offers a comprehensive overview of SiNW research and theoretical insights that may guide similar studies. The insights into recent SiNW research presented here are intended to inform future applications and investigations involving these nanomaterials.

Self-assembly techniques play a pivotal role in the field of nanotechnology, enabling the spontaneous organization of individual building blocks into ordered nanostructures without external intervention. In DNA origami, the design and synthesis of DNA strands allow for precise folding into complex nanoarchitectures. This technique holds immense promise in nanoelectronics, nanomedicine, and nanophotonics, offering nanoscale precision and versatility in structural design. Block copolymers represent another fascinating self-assembly system, driven by phase separation and microdomain formation. Understanding and controlling the self-assembly behavior of block copolymers enable applications in nanolithography, nanopatterning, and nanofabrication, owing to their ability to generate well-defined nanostructures. Colloidal assembly is a versatile and powerful technique for fabricating ordered nanostructures and materials with precise control over their properties. The process involves the spontaneous arrangement of colloidal particles into well-defined structures at the microscale or larger, driven by interparticle interactions, Brownian motion, and entropic effects. As research and technology continue to progress, colloidal assembly holds promising opportunities for creating novel materials with applications in diverse fields, contributing to advancements in nanotechnology, optics, electronics, and biomedicine. The continuous exploration and development of colloidal assembly techniques will undoubtedly open new avenues for innovation and impact various areas of science and technology in the future. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of various self-assembly techniques used to fabricate nanostructures, focusing on DNA origami, block copolymers, and colloidal assembly. With a focus on DNA origami in particular, its uses in drug administration, biosensing, nanofabrication, and computational storage are introduced. There is also a discussion of the potential and difficulties involved in assembling and using DNA origami.

Layered assemblies are essential in materials nanoarchitectonics, which organize nanomaterials into well-defined structures. This overview highlights the significance, advancements, challenges, and future directions of layered assembly. The layer-by-layer (LBL) process relies on electrostatic interactions and self-assembly, which are influenced by factors such as charge, pH, and environmental conditions. Solution-based, vapor-phase, and template-guided methods offer distinct advantages and limitations for tailoring the layered structures. Polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanomaterials have diverse functionalities for specific applications. Surface modification, functionalization techniques, templating, and patterning methods play key roles in the customization of layered structures. Integration of stimuli-responsive assemblies enables dynamic control and advanced functionality. Characterization techniques, including spectroscopy and microscopy, provide insights into the structure, morphology, and properties of the layered assemblies. The evaluation of the mechanical and electrical properties enhances the understanding of their behavior and suitability for applications. Layered assemblies find applications in biomaterials, optoelectronics, energy storage, and conversion, promising advances in tissue engineering, optoelectronic devices, and battery technology. Challenges in scalability, stability, and material selection necessitate interdisciplinary collaboration, process standardization, innovation, optimization, and sustainability. Advanced characterization techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) integration hold promise for future advancements in layered assemblies. Layered assemblies have great potential in materials science and technology, offering precise control over the structure and functionality of breakthroughs in various applications. Continued research and collaboration will drive progress in this field and pave the way for innovative materials and technologies. Scientists are encouraged to explore the possibilities of layered assemblies, unlock novel solutions to global challenges, and shape the future of nanomaterial engineering.

Nanoparticles derived from copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and silver (Ag) have bactericidal activities, are biocompatible, and are malleable to different structural designs/shapes, making them attractive as antibacterial agents. The development of new antibacterial agents is particularly important because the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria driven by overuse, misuse, and abuse of antibiotics has become a global problem. Drug resistance results in higher mortality and morbidity, increase in treatment cost, and longer hospital stays. Unfortunately, over the past three decades, the lack of adequate investments in developing new drugs to replace current and ineffective ones has compounded the problem. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the investigation of nanoparticles derived from Cu, Zn, and Ag as antibacterial agents, especially when combined with antibiotics. It provides mechanistic details about the activities of the nanoparticles and their limited structure-activity relationships. In addition, the effect of doping and its impact on the antibacterial activity of the nanomaterials is discussed, as well as the nanoparticles’ ability to inhibit or reduce bacterial growth on surfaces and prevent the development of antibiotic resistance by biofilms.

Argan oil is a rich source of bioactive chemicals with potential health advantages and is derived from the kernels of the Argania spinosa tree. Since ancient times, argan oil has been used as a natural cure in traditional medicine. Traditional uses of argan oil include cooking, massaging, healing, and curing skin, nails, and hair ailments. Due to the high concentration of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, polyphenols, and tocopherols, numerous industries are interested in using them in their top-selling products. Studies have evaluated argan oil's exceptional qualities, which include restoring the skin's water-lipid layer, increasing nutrients in skin cells, stimulating intracellular oxygen, neutralizing free radicals, regulating lipid metabolism, lowering blood pressure, and reducing inflammatory indicators. Utilizing argan oil in diet will help to fight ailments like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. In this article, we reviewed the published literature to delineate argan oil's chemical composition, extraction procedures, and pharmacological potential. Furthermore, we also explored the health-beneficial properties of argan oil-based nano-formulations with evidence to prove their effectiveness against various diseases. Underlying argan oil's rich composition and beneficial effects, exploring its favorable qualities and the mechanisms underlying its curative activity will require extensive research.

The remarkable physicochemical properties of Graphene oxide (GO), a graphene derivative, have made it a material with intriguing medical administration potential. Its 2D allotropic nature is the source of its biological flexibility. The transportation of genes and small molecules are just two of the many biomedical applications of graphene and its composite. Antibacterial use in tooth and bone grafts, biofunctionalization of proteins, and treatment of cancer are among other potential uses. The biocompatibility of the freshly synthesized nanomaterials opens up a world of potential biological and medicinal uses. Furthermore, GO's versatility makes it an ideal component for usage in other drug delivery systems, such as hydrogels, nanoparticles, and micelles. This review aims to compile the existing body of knowledge regarding the use of GO in drug delivery by delving into its many potential uses, obstacles, and future developments.

Background: The development of affordable and ecologically acceptable technologies for heavy metal detection and removal is required due to the rising levels of water and soil pollution. Carbon Dots (CDs) have emerged as a promising nanomaterial for heavy metal detection due to their unique properties. In this study, we report a simple and eco-friendly method to produce CDs using Muntingia calabura fruit extract as a precursor.