Skip to content
2000
Volume 4, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2210-299X
  • E-ISSN: 2210-3007

Abstract

The transdermal approach is a useful method for achieving localised or systemic effects. The use of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems has seen a positive transformation, especially when it comes to the non-invasive method of medication delivery the skin. It enhances the penetrant properties of vital drugs and bioactive candidates.

Invasomes are nano-sized vesicular structures that elevate skin penetration by disturbing the lipids of the epidermis, interacting with matrix proteins, and enhancing the partitioning of the drug molecule in the skin layer. Invasomes have a great potential for penetration due to their penetrative stimulants, terpene, and ethanol.

A lot of benefits are offered by invasomes, such as increased comfort and compliance from patients and improved medication efficacy. Unlike liposomal vesicles, invasomes are newly engineered liposomes composed of volatile oil molecules. Additionally, ethanol can be found in the compartments in trace amounts in both the hydrous centre and the fatty shell.

Effective research and development are necessary for the medication to be transported to the skin, one of the primary and most vital organs in the human body. Though the outer layer of skin is considered a multifunctional organ of the human body, transmission through the skin is limited by the stratum corneum (SC). Many carrier platforms have been formulated to overcome this barrier, which has a significant impact on the active agent. The paper elaborates on invasomes, their structure, invasion mechanism, and applications in drug delivery.

This is an open access article published under CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X423114251224085659
2026-02-11
2026-02-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/cis/4/1/CIS-4-E2210299X423114.html?itemId=/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X423114251224085659&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. PaudelK.S. MilewskiM. SwadleyC.L. BrogdenN.K. GhoshP. StinchcombA.L. Challenges and opportunities in dermal/transdermal delivery.Ther. Deliv.20101110913110.4155/tde.10.1621132122
    [Google Scholar]
  2. AshtikarM. LangelüddeckeL. FahrA. DeckertV. Tip-enhanced Raman scattering for tracking of invasomes in the stratum corneum.Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Gen. Subj.20171861112630263910.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.00328689988
    [Google Scholar]
  3. LopezR.F.V. BentleyM.V.L.B. Begoña Delgado-CharroM. GuyR.H. Optimization of aminolevulinic acid delivery by iontophoresis.J. Control. Release2003881657010.1016/S0168‑3659(02)00456‑X12586504
    [Google Scholar]
  4. WangS. KaraM. KrishnanT.R. Transdermal delivery of cyclosporin-A using electroporation.J. Control. Release1998501-3617010.1016/S0168‑3659(97)00117‑X9685873
    [Google Scholar]
  5. CancelL.M. TarbellJ.M. Ben-JebriaA. Fluorescein permeability and electrical resistance of human skin during low frequency ultrasound application.J. Pharm. Pharmacol.20045691109111810.1211/002235704419315324479
    [Google Scholar]
  6. LiuH. LiS. WangY. YaoH. ZhangY. Effect of vehicles and enhancers on the topical delivery of cyclosporin A.Int. J. Pharm.20063111-218218610.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.12.02916439077
    [Google Scholar]
  7. BarryB.W. Breaching the skin’s barrier to drugs.Nat. Biotechnol.200422216516710.1038/nbt0204‑16514755286
    [Google Scholar]
  8. PierreM.B.R. dos Santos Miranda CostaI. Liposomal systems as drug delivery vehicles for dermal and transdermal applications.Arch. Dermatol. Res.2011303960762110.1007/s00403‑011‑1166‑421805180
    [Google Scholar]
  9. WangJ. YuanY. LiuC. ZhuD. ShenX. YangB. Preparation and pharmaceutical/pharmacodynamic evaluation of topical brucine-loaded liposomal hydrogel.J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.200920102075208410.1007/s10856‑009‑3773‑619459034
    [Google Scholar]
  10. DragicevicN. MaibachH.I. Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement.ChamSpringer201610.1007/978‑3‑662‑47862‑2
    [Google Scholar]
  11. SinicoC. FaddaA.M. Vesicular carriers for dermal drug delivery.Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.20096881382510.1517/1742524090307102919569979
    [Google Scholar]
  12. BarryB.W. Penetration enhancer classification.Percutaneous Penetration Enhancer.2nd ed SmithE.W. MaibachH.I. Boca RatonTaylor & Francis20061730
    [Google Scholar]
  13. LiebermanH.A. RiegerM.M. BankerG.S. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems.New YorkMarcel Dekker199810.1201/9781420000955
    [Google Scholar]
  14. El MaghrabyG.M.M. WilliamsA.C. BarryB.W. Skin delivery of 5-fluorouracil from ultradeformable and standard liposomes in-vitro.J. Pharm. Pharmacol.20015381069107710.1211/002235701177645011518016
    [Google Scholar]
  15. El MaghrabyG.M.M. WilliamsA.C. BarryB.W. Skin delivery of oestradiol from lipid vesicles: Importance of liposome structure.Int. J. Pharm.20002041-215916910.1016/S0378‑5173(00)00493‑211012000
    [Google Scholar]
  16. CevcG. SchätzleinA. BlumeG. Transdermal drug carriers: Basic properties, optimization and transfer efficiency in the case of epicutaneously applied peptides.J. Control. Release1995361-231610.1016/0168‑3659(95)00056‑E
    [Google Scholar]
  17. CevcG. SchätzleinA. RichardsenH. Ultradeformable lipid vesicles can penetrate the skin and other semi-permeable barriers unfragmented. Evidence from double label CLSM experiments and direct size measurements.Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr.200215641213010.1016/S0005‑2736(02)00401‑712100992
    [Google Scholar]
  18. CevcG. MazgareanuS. RotherM. Preclinical characterisation of NSAIDs in ultradeformable carriers or conventional topical gels.Int. J. Pharm.20083601-2293910.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.05118337027
    [Google Scholar]
  19. CevcG. BlumeG. New, highly efficient formulation of diclofenac for the topical, transdermal administration in ultradeformable drug carriers, Transfersomes.Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr.20011514219120510.1016/S0005‑2736(01)00369‑811557020
    [Google Scholar]
  20. CevcG. BlumeG. Hydrocortisone and dexamethasone in very deformable drug carriers have increased biological potency, prolonged effect, and reduced therapeutic dosage.Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr.200416631-2617310.1016/j.bbamem.2004.01.00615157608
    [Google Scholar]
  21. VidyaK LakshmiPK Cytotoxic effect of transdermal invasomal anastrozole gel on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.J Appl Pharm Sci201990305005810.7324/JAPS.2019.90308
    [Google Scholar]
  22. SatyamG. ShivaniS. GarimaG. Ethosomes: A novel tool for drug delivery through the skin.J. Pharm. Res.20103688691
    [Google Scholar]
  23. ChenM. LiuX. FahrA. Skin penetration and deposition of carboxyfluorescein and temoporfin from different lipid vesicular systems: In vitro study with finite and infinite dosage application.Int. J. Pharm.20114081-222323410.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.00621316430
    [Google Scholar]
  24. OtaY. HamadaA. NakanoM. SaitoH. Evaluation of percutaneous absorption of midazolam by terpenes.Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.200318426126610.2133/dmpk.18.26115618744
    [Google Scholar]
  25. ChobanianA.V. BakrisG.L. BlackH.R. CushmanW.C. GreenL.A. IzzoJ.L.Jr JonesD.W. MatersonB.J. OparilS. WrightJ.T.Jr RoccellaE.J. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure.Hypertension20034261206125210.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c214656957
    [Google Scholar]
  26. QadriG.R. AhadA. AqilM. ImamS.S. AliA. Invasomes of isradipine for enhanced transdermal delivery against hypertension: Formulation, characterization, and in vivo pharmacodynamic study.Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol.201745113914510.3109/21691401.2016.113848626829018
    [Google Scholar]
  27. KamranM. AhadA. AqilM. ImamS.S. SultanaY. AliA. Design, formulation and optimization of novel soft nano-carriers for transdermal olmesartan medoxomil delivery: In vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic assessment.Int. J. Pharm.20165051-214715810.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.03027005906
    [Google Scholar]
  28. AmnuaikitT. LimsuwanT. KhongkowP. BoonmeP. Vesicular carriers containing phenylethyl resorcinol for topical delivery system; liposomes, transfersomes and invasomes.Asian J. Pharm. Sci.201813547248410.1016/j.ajps.2018.02.00432104421
    [Google Scholar]
  29. FeldmanS. CarecciaR.E. BarhamK.L. HancoxJ. Diagnosis and treatment of acne.Am. Fam. Physician20046992123213015152959
    [Google Scholar]
  30. El-NabarawiM.A. ShammaR.N. FaroukF. NasrallaS.M. Dapsone-loaded invasomes as a potential treatment of acne.AAPS PharmSciTech20181952174218410.1208/s12249‑018‑1025‑029725903
    [Google Scholar]
  31. LuksieneZ. Photodynamic therapy: Mechanism of action and ways to improve the efficiency of treatment.Medicina (Kaunas)200339121137115014704501
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Dragicevic-CuricN. ScheglmannD. AlbrechtV. FahrA. Temoporfin-loaded invasomes: Development, characterization and in vitro skin penetration studies.J. Control. Release20081271596910.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.01318281119
    [Google Scholar]
  33. ParkC.H. ChangH.S. OhB.R. KimH.J. SulC.K. ChungS.K. JungS.I. Efficacy of low-dose tamsulosin on lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia : A nonblind multicentre korean study.Clin. Drug Investig.2004241414710.2165/00044011‑200424010‑0000517516689
    [Google Scholar]
  34. BadranMM KuntscheJ FahrA Skin penetration enhancement by a microneedle device (Dermaroller) in vitro: dependency on needle size and applied formulation.Eur J Pharm Sci2009Mar2364-551152310.1016/j.ejps.2008.12.00819146954
    [Google Scholar]
  35. GhanbarzadehS. AramiS. ForoutanT. Enhanced transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium via conventional liposomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes.BioMed Res. Int.201320131710.1155/2013/61681023936825
    [Google Scholar]
  36. BabaieS. BakhshayeshA.R.D. HaJ.W. HamishehkarH. KimK.H. Invasome: A novel nanocarrier for transdermal drug delivery.Nanomaterials202010234110.3390/nano1002034132079276
    [Google Scholar]
  37. VoraB. PatelR. Vesicular systems for transdermal delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.201949501514
    [Google Scholar]
  38. MyburghJ. LiebenbergW. WillersC. DubeA. GerberM. Investigation and evaluation of the transdermal delivery of ibuprofen in various characterized nano-drug delivery systems.Pharmaceutics20231510241310.3390/pharmaceutics1510241337896173
    [Google Scholar]
  39. WangY. LiX. ZhangL. Invasomes as a novel carrier for temoporfin delivery in topical photodynamic therapy.Int. J. Pharm.20185501-2158166
    [Google Scholar]
  40. KhanK. JainA.K. VyasS.P. Transdermal 5-FU via invasomes.Drug Deliv. Transl. Res.202010512161223
    [Google Scholar]
  41. HaqueT. JatoiA. AhmadA. AhujaA. Invasomes for enhanced transdermal delivery of steroidal hormones.J. Control. Release2017265164175
    [Google Scholar]
  42. FangJ.Y. HongC.Y. ChiuW.T. In vitro skin permeation of oestradiol from invasomal gels.Int. J. Pharm.20012201-2233411376964
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Abdel-MottalebM.M.A. MortadaN.D. El-ShamyA.A. Formulation and optimization of ceftazidime-loaded invasomes for enhanced transdermal antibacterial therapy.Molecules20222715495635956906
    [Google Scholar]
  44. KumariS. AlsaidanO.A. MohantyD. ZafarA. DasS. GuptaJ.K. KhalidM. Development of soft luliconazole-invasomes gel for effective transdermal delivery: Optimization to in-vivo antifungal activity.Gels20239862610.3390/gels908062637623081
    [Google Scholar]
  45. KumarB. SahooP.K. ManchandaS. Formulation, characterization and ex vivo study of curcumin nano-invasomal gel for enhanced transdermal delivery.OpenNano2022710005810.1016/j.onano.2022.100058
    [Google Scholar]
  46. DwivediR. PandeyR. DubeyS. Resveratrol-loaded invasomes.J. Complement. Integr. Med.202410.1515/jcim‑2024‑000X
    [Google Scholar]
  47. BoraN. TalukdarA. Invasomes in cosmetics: Enhancing skin penetration and active ingredient delivery.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.202516925042516
    [Google Scholar]
  48. NayakD. SahuR.K. PatelS. BhargavaA. Transdermal vaccine delivery using invasomes.J. Drug Target.2023313258266
    [Google Scholar]
  49. AnandU. SinghV. KumariS. ShekhawatG. PalT. Invasomal anesthetic systems.Pharm. Res.202239511221131
    [Google Scholar]
  50. ShankarR. UpadhyayP.K. KumarM. Invasomes for enhanced delivery through the skin: Evaluation of systems to meet with clinical challenges.Pharm. Nanotechnol.20219531732510.2174/221173851066621122014212634931975
    [Google Scholar]
  51. SarangamathV.S. GaneshN.S. GopinathE. NesalinJ.A. ChandyV. Invasomes: A vesicular carrier for transdermal delivery.World J Biol Pharm Health Sci.202417242743710.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.2.0084
    [Google Scholar]
  52. KumarB. PandeyM. AggarwalR. SahooP.K. A comprehensive review on invasomal carriers incorporating natural terpenes for augmented transdermal delivery.Future J. Pharm. Sci.2022815010.1186/s43094‑022‑00440‑6
    [Google Scholar]
  53. DwivediR. BalaR. MadaanR. SinghS. SindhuR.K. Terpene-based novel invasomes: Pioneering cancer treatment strategies in traditional medicine.J. Complement. Integr. Med.202522111410.1515/jcim‑2024‑013138996385
    [Google Scholar]
  54. GuptaR. BadheY. RaiB. MitragotriS. Molecular mechanism of the skin permeation enhancing effect of ethanol: A molecular dynamics study.RSC Advances20201021122341224810.1039/D0RA01692F35497613
    [Google Scholar]
  55. IqubalR MathewV KumarM Nasri KVN ShamsudheenS UmamaheswariD Transferosomes as a novel therapeutic delivery system: A review.J Pharm Res Int20213345B24125410.9734/jpri/2021/v33i45B32801
    [Google Scholar]
  56. ShankarR. Patient preferences and acceptability in transdermal drug delivery systems: Focus on vesicular carriers.Pharm. Nanotechnol.20219536036834931975
    [Google Scholar]
  57. ElsayedM.M. AbdallahO.Y. NaggarV.F. KhalafallahN.M. Deformable liposomes and ethosomes as carriers for skin delivery of ketotifen.Pharmazie200762213313717341034
    [Google Scholar]
  58. TouitouE. GodinB. WeissC. Enhanced delivery of drugs into and across the skin by ethosomal carriers.Drug Dev. Res.2000503-440641510.1002/1098‑2299(200007/08)50:3/4<406::AID‑DDR23>3.0.CO;2‑M
    [Google Scholar]
  59. CevcG. BlumeG. Biological activity and characteristics of transdermal lipid vesicles (Transfersomes®).Biochim. Biophys. Acta19921104122623210.1016/0005‑2736(92)90154‑E1550849
    [Google Scholar]
  60. BhatiaA. ChoudharyS. ChoudharyP. Ethosomes: A novel approach for transdermal drug delivery.J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res.201232104108
    [Google Scholar]
  61. KumarR. SinghM. SinghA. Invasomes: A novel vesicular system for transdermal drug delivery.Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res.202113114
    [Google Scholar]
  62. ShahP. PatelR. PatelS. Formulation and evaluation of invasomal vesicles of vardenafil hydrochloride for enhanced transdermal delivery.Int. J. Nanomedicine20201556715685
    [Google Scholar]
  63. LakshmiP.K. KalpanaB. PrasanthiD. Invasomes-novel vesicular carriers for enhanced skin permeation.Syst. Rev. Pharm.2013412610.4103/0975‑8453.135837
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X423114251224085659
Loading
/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X423114251224085659
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test