Current Drug Research Reviews - Volume 15, Issue 3, 2023

Oral disintegrating tablets (ODT) offer an attractive choice for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) patients suffering from dysphagia. In chronic condition, GERD patient suffers from severe erosive esophagitis. Thus patients feel difficulty and pain during swallowing, which results in patient in-compliance toward medication of tablets or capsules- especially in geriatrics and pediatric patients. These symptoms of GERD patients have attracted the formulation scientists in improving the formulation methodology for such patients. Orally disintegrating tablets could increase the therapeutic impact and drug compliance in these patients. The aim of this compilation is to provide a more convenient way to develop an oral disintegrating drug delivery system of proton pump inhibitors in patients suffering from odynophagia, associated with chronic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Oral disintegrating tablets (ODT), when placed on the tongue, can quickly disintegrate and release the medicament. It later dissolves or disperses in saliva without any additional water. The saliva containing drug can easily be swallowed and descends into the stomach leading to maximum absorption from the mouth, throat, and upper esophagus. The patient compliance and bio-availability of Oral disintegrating tablets (ODT) are high compared to other conventional tablets.

Engulfing almost 537 million people, the most commonly occurring metabolic disorder, diabetes mellitus, is emerging as an epidemic worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is identified as a heterogeneous pathological condition that is marked by extreme hyperglycemic (glucose) levels caused by reduced insulin sensitivity. Synthetic antidiabetic medications are widely commercialized but have slowly expressed several inevitable side effects and limitations in treated diabetic subjects. Researchers have been exploring herbal medicine due to its esteemed therapeutic effects. WHO have enlisted almost 21,000 herbal components that have established therapeutic benefit. Several herbs, most of them widely available, have been studied to extract their active phytoconstituents that have effective diabetes management potential with the least risk factor for side effects and acute toxicity. Though acceptable standardization, awareness, and clinical trials are yet to be established before mainstreaming herbal formulation, preclinical studies have confirmed the higher safety and efficacy of several extracted phytoconstituents and formulation in comparative analysis with synthetic products. The authors have also discussed their opinions with regard to the vast usability of herbal components along with the multi-target functionality of several phytoconstituents, as well as the challenges faced for standardizing, formulating, and marketing herbal medicines. Other than this, several cases of clinical trials showing effectivity of herbal antidiabetic aid are mentioned. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the potential antidiabetic herbs, marketed herbal formulations, and patented formulations that have established therapeutic prospects to downregulate diabetic conditions.

Flavonoids are an important class of phytochemicals found to be present in plants and their derived products. Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC has been used in Traditional Chinese medicine for multiple therapeutic purposes for a very long time. Belamcanda chinensis have been reported to have antipyretic, antidote, expectorant, antiphlogistic, and analgesic activity in the scientific fields. Scientific information on irisflorentin for its medicinal importance and pharmacological activity has been collected through electronic search engines, including Science Direct, Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, and analyzed in the present investigation in order to know the biological potential of irisflorentin. However, analytical aspects of irisflorentin are also discussed in the present work. Further detailed pharmacological activity data of irisflorentin have been collected and analyzed in the present work in order to know the therapeutic potential of irisflorentin in medicine. Scientific data analysis of different research work signified the biological importance and therapeutic benefit of Belamcanda chinensis and irisflorentin in medicine. Scientific data analysis revealed the biological effectiveness of irisflorentin against Parkinson's disease, inflammation, cancer, and brain disorders. Further scientific data analysis also signified the biological potential of irisflorentin for its α-glucosidase inhibitory potential and immunotherapeutic adjuvant in medicine. Metabolism and pharmacokinetic parameters have also been discussed in the present work. Analytical data showed the importance of various analytical methods for separation, identification and estimation of irisflorentin in different biological samples. Scientific data analysis of various research works signified the biological potential and therapeutic effectiveness of irisflorentin in medicine. However, clinical data of irisflorentin should be also investigated in order to know their pharmacokinetic parameters and safety issue in medicine.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the highest contributors to global mortality, exceeding numbers of even the three major infectious diseases in the world, namely Tuberculosis, HIV AIDS, and Malaria. DM is characterised by increased serum levels of glucose caused by a loss of beta cells of the pancreatic islets, responsible for the secretion of insulin. Upon accumulation of data via a wide array of literature surveys, it has been found that Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) presents itself as a vital factor in controlling the production and loss of beta islet cells. TXNIP inhibits the action of the Thioredoxin (TRX) protein found in the beta cells thereby rendering it ineffective in maintaining the cellular redox balance causing oxidative stress and subsequent consequences ultimately leading to aggravation of the disease. TRX exists in the form of two isoforms - TRX1, which is located in the cytosol and at times translocates to the nucleus, and TRX2, which is located in the nucleus. TRX is responsible for the maintenance of the normal cellular redox balance by reducing the oxidised proteins formed by the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) with the help of NADPH dependent TRX Reductase enzyme. This proves to be essential in the pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus as the beta cells of the pancreatic islets lack a sufficient amount of antioxidant systems. Thus, inhibition of TXNIP has become essential in the survival of beta cells, not only enhancing insulin secretion and sensitivity but also alleviating the diseases associated with Diabetes. Hence, TXNIP is discovered to be a unique therapeutic target in the management of DM.

Targeted cancer therapy acts on targeted molecules, is less toxic to normal cells, and acts more specifically on cancer cells. The two primary strategies for preventing malignancy growth are the blocking of T-cell repression signals or forwarding of T-cell to tumor target with both T and tumor-specific antibodies. The CAR comprises three domains, the extracellular antigen recognition domain and the intracellular T-cell signaling domain, which participate in activating T-cells. The two most common adverse effects of CAR T-cell treatment are cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (CANS). The adaptability of intracellular signaling domains inside CARs allows the cell to counterbalance the downregulation of costimulatory molecules produced by tumor cells, either indirectly or directly. The major disadvantage of CAR-T cell therapy is off-target toxicity. Treatment with CARs expressing CD3, CD123, Lewis Y, CLL-1, CD44v6, FLT3, and folate receptors showed promising results in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A recent study has revealed that B7-H3 CART cells exhibit significant anticancer efficacy in a variety of solid tumor preclinical models, including PDAC, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, and various pediatric malignancies. The notion of SUPRA CAR, with its unique capacity to alter targets without the need to re-engineer, is a recent innovation in CAR. Given the importance of NK cells in tumor development and metastatic defence, NK cell-based immunotherapies, including adoptive transfer of NK cells, have garnered a lot of interest. With the advancement of improved cellular manufacturing methods, novel cellular engineering strategies, precision genome editing technologies, and combination therapy approaches, we firmly believe that CAR-T cells will soon become an off-the-shelf, cost-effective, and potentially curative therapy for oncogenesis.

Introduction and Aim: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) mortality continues to increase across the world. This meta-analysis was aimed to investigate the relationship between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and the risk of EAC. Methods: This meta-analysis was done as per the PRISMA checklist using relevant keywords. To this end, an extensive search was done on 29/6/2022 in EMBASE, Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, and Scopus. In this study, 95% confidence interval (CI) and standardized mean difference (SMD) were used to estimate the overall effect size. Analysis of the odds ratio (OR) for EAC was done using a random effects model. Results: A total of 20 studies were included in the review. Compared to the group that received PPIs, the OR of EAC in the recipients of the PPIs group was obtained at 0.67 (95% CI = 0.39-1.29, P = 0.240). The meta-regression, including year, follow-up time, study design, sample size, quality of the study, study period, and geographical location, demonstrated no source of heterogeneity (P > 0.10). Conclusion: No significant relationship was found between PPIs use and the risk of EAC. Accordingly, PPIs do not have a protective or risk factor effect on EAC.

Background: Curcumin (CRM) is known to possess various therapeutic properties, such as anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, and is, therefore, considered to be an effective therapeutic. Objective: A sensitive method for the estimation of CRM in plasma, as well as fecal matter-based solid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS), has been reported for the first time. Methods: A bioanalytical method was optimized using Box-Behnken Design having 13 runs and 3 responses. The optimized method was developed using methanol and water (70:30 v/v) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Quercetin was used as an internal standard. A specificity test was also performed for the developed CRM solid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system. Results: The retention time of CRM was found to be 14.18 minutes. The developed method was validated and found to be linear in the range of 50-250 ng/mL with an R² of 0.999. Accuracy studies indicated that CRM had a percentage recovery of less than 105% and more than 95%, respectively. Precision studies were carried out for inter, intraday, and inter-analyst precision, and the %RSD was found to be less than 2%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 3.37 ng/mL and 10.23 ng/mL, respectively. Stability studies for shortterm, long term and freeze-thaw cycles showed a %RSD of less than 2%, indicating the stability of CRM in the plasma matrix. Moreover, the blank fecal microbiota extract slurry did not show any peak at the retention time of CRM in a CRM-loaded solid nanoemulsifying drug delivery system containing fecal microbiota extract indicating its specificity. Conclusion: Hence, the developed method can have clinical implications as it helps estimate CRM in blood samples and also provides a simple and sensitive method for the estimation of plant-based flavonoids along with fecal microbiota extract formulations.