Skip to content
2000
image of Phytosome: A Cutting-edge Approach for Augmenting the Delivery of Phyto-pharmaceuticals

Abstract

Herbal medicine turns up as a significant therapeutic alternative for many disorders. But its poor bioavailability might limit its use in clinical applications. The utilization of phytosome technology has been found to significantly improve the bioavailability of numerous well-known nutraceuticals and herbal extracts such as milk thistle, ginkgo biloba, grape seed, green tea, hawthorn, ginseng, turmeric, centella, ammi, and more. Phytosomes improve the ability of hydrophilic phytoactive compounds to pass through cell membranes and enhance the solubility of lipophilic polyphenols in water-based environments. As a result of phytoosomes have enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects andare an effective method for treating various disorders. Additionally, phytosome technology has broadened opportunities in fields such as liver wellbeing, weight control, and managing inflammatory ailments. Its capacity to enhance the transport of particular plant constituents to specific bodily tissues makes it a cutting-edge fresh possibility for natural solutions in these realms. In conclusion, phytosomes maintain their importance by enhancing the effectiveness of nutraceuticals, phytoconstituents and botanical supplements and holding promise for enhancing diverse aspects of health and well-being. However, challenges such as complex chemical structures hindering large-scale synthesis, variability in phytoconstituent content affecting consistency, and the absence of standardized regulatory pathways for hybrid nutraceutical-drug products complicate clinical translation. Additionally, the limited number of large-scale, randomized controlled trials restricts the generalizability of findings and regulatory approval processes. To fully realize the potential of phytosome technology, future research should focus on rigorous pharmacokinetic standardization, adoption of Quality by Design (QbD) strategies, and validation through well-designed clinical trials. Integrating artificial intelligence and advanced analytical techniques can further optimize formulation processes and ensure consistent quality. Addressing these challenges will enable phytosomes to play a pivotal role in modern therapeutics and integrative medicine, offering enhanced efficacy and safety profiles for plant-based interventions. It serves as a link and fuses the benefits of both traditional and advanced drug delivery technologies.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cdrr/10.2174/0125899775394270250930180213
2025-10-15
2025-12-05

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cdrr/10.2174/0125899775394270250930180213
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Khanzode M.B. Kajale A.D. Channawar M.A. Gawande S.R. Khanzode Mahadev B Kajale A D Channawar M A Gawande S R Review on phytosomes: A novel drug delivery system. GSC Biol Pharm Sci 2020 13 1 203 211 10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.1.0345
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Chaudhary K. Rajora A. Phytosomes: A critical tool for delivery of herbal drugs for cancer. Phytochem Rev 2025 24 1 165 195 10.1007/s11101‑024‑09947‑7
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ganesan V. Kaithavalappil S.S. Kannappan M. Vasudevan D.T. Formulation and in-vitro antimicrobial evaluation of herbosomal gels of extracts of quercus infectoria and acorus calamus. Asian J Res Pharm Sci Biotechnol 2014 2 2 47 54
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Allen L.V. Ansel H.C. Popovich N.G. Ansel's Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems Wolters Kluwer Health 2011 56 44
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Dewi M.K. Chaerunisaa A.Y. Muhaimin M. Joni I.M. Improved activity of herbal medicines through nanotechnology. Nanomaterials 2022 12 22 4073 10.3390/nano12224073 36432358
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Kanojiya D. Parmar G. Chauhan B. Gondalia S. Rakholiya M. Phytosomes: A contemporary method for delivering novel herbal drugs. J Nat Rem 2024 24 2 239 253 10.18311/jnr/2024/34470
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bera K. Patel M. Phyto vesicular drug delivery system: A review. J Nat Rem 2022 22 4 503 515 10.18311/jnr/2022/30831
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Gandhi A. Dutta A. Pal A. Bakshi P. Recent trends of phytosomes for delivering herbal extract with improved bioavailability. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2012 1 4 6 14
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Chauhan D. Yadav P.K. Sultana N. Agarwal A. Verma S. Chourasia M.K. Gayen J.R. Advancements in nanotechnology for the delivery of phytochemicals. J Integr Med 2024 22 4 385 398 10.1016/j.joim.2024.04.005 38693014
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Poudyal A. Subba B. Bhattarai A. Regmi D. Tiwari B. Pradhan A. Bhutia S. A comprehensive review on phytosomes: A novel drug delivery system of phytoconstituents.(2022). Int J Life Sci Pharma Res 2022 12 5 143 161 10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2022
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Adiki S.K. Sangeetha S. Kamireddy S. Katakam P. Obilineni I. Phytosomes: A novel phytoconstituent delivery approach to improve the efficacy of obesity treatment. Curr Nutr Food Sci 2023 19 3 229 237 10.2174/1573401318666220901125859
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Aini P.N. Muhammad D. Eko P.G. Rachmat M. Fahmi E. Formulation, characterization and antioxidant myricetin nanophytosome for topical delivery. Asian J Pharm Res Dev 2020 8 3 9 13 10.22270/ajprd.v8i3.718
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Sahu G. A review of phytosome as a good carrier. Int J Res Eng Sci Manag 2020 3 4 468 470
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Ratu A.P. Sulastri L. Siregar N.D. Aktivitas antihiperglikemia rebusan daun kersen (mutingiacalabura l.) dan daun teh hijau (camellia sinensis) serta kombinasinya pada mencit jantan. J Farmamed 2022 7 1 1 2 10.47219/ath.v7i1.129
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Meng Q. Wang A. Hua H. Jiang Y. Wang Y. Mu H. Wu Z. Sun K. Intranasal delivery of huperzine A to the brain using lactoferrin-conjugated N-trimethylated chitosan surface-modified PLGA nanoparticles for treatment of alzheimer’s disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2018 13 705 718 10.2147/IJN.S151474 29440896
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Karimi N. Ghanbarzadeh B. Hamishehkar H. Pezeshki A. Mostafayi H. Gholian M.M. Phytosome as novel delivery system for nutraceutical materials. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2015 4 6 152 159
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Zarif L. Elongated supramolecular assemblies in drug delivery. J Control Release 2002 81 1-2 7 23 10.1016/S0168‑3659(02)00010‑X 11992674
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Elnaggar Y.S.R. El-Refaie W.M. El-Massik M.A. Abdallah O.Y. Lecithin-based nanostructured gels for skin delivery: An update on state of art and recent applications. J Control Release 2014 180 10 24 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.004 24531009
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Ray P. Kalita B. Formulation and evaluation pf phospholipid complex of green tea polyphenol. Int J Res Dev Pharm Life Sci 2017 6 6 2813 2819 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278‑0238.2017.6(6).2813‑2819
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Mariam Joshua J. Anilkumar A. Cu V. T Vasudevan D. A Surendran S. Formulation and evaluation of antiaging phytosomal gel. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018 11 3 409 422 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.24257
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kamal Saroha Parul Waliyan Rakesh Pahwa Shweta Pal Inderbir Singh Manish Kumar Phytosomes: A promising strategy for enhanced therapeutic beneϐits of phytochemicals. Int J Res Pharm Sci 2020 11 SPL4 3157 3163 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4656
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Dwivedi C. Kesharwani S. Tiwari S.P. Satapathy T. Roy A. Phytosomes an emerging technology for herbal drug delivery: an approach to hepatoprotection. World J Pharm Res 2014 3 2 3443 3461
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Shakeri A. Sahebkar A. Opinion paper: phytosome: A fatty solution for efficient formulation of phytopharmaceuticals. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul 2016 10 1 7 10 10.2174/1872211309666150813152305 26268361
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Rathore P. Swami G. Planterosomes: A potential phyto-phospholipid carriers for the bioavailability enhancement of herbal extracts. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012 3 3 737
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Jain N. Gupta B.P. Thakur N. Jain R. Banweer J. Jain D.K. Jain S. Phytosome: A novel drug delivery system for herbal medicine. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 2010 2 4 224 228 10.25004/IJPSDR.2010.020401
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Vu H.T.H. Hook S.M. Siqueira S.D. Müllertz A. Rades T. McDowell A. Are phytosomes a superior nanodelivery system for the antioxidant rutin? Int J Pharm 2018 548 1 82 91 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.042 29933062
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Telange D.R. Patil A.T. Pethe A.M. Fegade H. Anand S. Dave V.S. Formulation and characterization of an apigenin-phospholipid phytosome (APLC) for improved solubility, in vivo bioavailability, and antioxidant potential. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017 108 36 49 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.009 27939619
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Nanavati B. Phytosome: A novel approach to enhance the bioavailability of phytoconstituent. Asian J Pharm 2017 11 03 10.22377/ajp.v11i03.1445
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Yang B. Dong Y. Wang F. Zhang Y. Nanoformulations to enhance the bioavailability and physiological functions of polyphenols. Molecules 2020 25 20 4613 10.3390/molecules25204613 33050462
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Chen R.P. Chavda V.P. Patel A.B. Chen Z.S. Phytochemical delivery through transferosome (phytosome): an advanced transdermal drug delivery for complementary medicines. Front Pharmacol 2022 13 850862 10.3389/fphar.2022.850862 35281927
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Dhoke P.S. Shelke P.G. Bakal R.L. Hatwar P.R. Phytosomes: A promising approach for enhancing herbal medicinal efficacy. Int J Herb Med 2025 13 2 01 08 10.22271/flora.2025.v13.i2a.972
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Yadav A.K. Kamal R. Agarwal V. Sharma P.K. Phytosomes: Advancing herbal medicine through innovative integration. Curr Pharm Des 2025 31 10.2174/0113816128347309250320061045 40247801
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Mirjalili M. Sahebkar A. Hassanizadeh S. Kiani Z. Soleimani D. Amini S. Alikiaii B. Moallem S.A. Askari G. Abbasi S. Bagherniya M. The effectiveness of phytosomal curcumin on clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with multiple trauma admitted to the intensive care unit: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024 24 1 335 10.1186/s12906‑024‑04639‑3 39289667
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Di Pierro F. Khan A. Iqtadar S. Mumtaz S.U. Chaudhry M.N.A. Bertuccioli A. Derosa G. Maffioli P. Togni S. Riva A. Allegrini P. Recchia M. Zerbinati N. Quercetin as a possible complementary agent for early-stage COVID-19: Concluding results of a randomized clinical trial. Front Pharmacol 2023 13 1096853 10.3389/fphar.2022.1096853 36712674
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Kumar R. Kumar K. Teotia D. Khairya D. Joshi A. Phytosomes as an innovative technique in novel drug delivery system: A comprehensive review. Int J Curr Inn Adv Res 2022 18 1 7
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Manach C. Scalbert A. Morand C. Rémésy C. Jiménez L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 79 5 727 747 10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727 15113710
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Barani M. Sangiovanni E. Angarano M. Rajizadeh M.A. Mehrabani M. Piazza S. Gangadharappa H.V. Pardakhty A. Mehrbani M. Dell’Agli M. Nematollahi M.H. Phytosomes as innovative delivery systems for phytochemicals: A comprehensive review of literature. Int J Nanomedicine 2021 16 6983 7022 10.2147/IJN.S318416 34703224
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Tallam AK Sahithi A Nuli MV A review on phytosomes as innovative delivery systems for phytochemicals. Int J Pharmacogn Chem 2023 4 1 10.46796/ijpc.v4i1.416
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Mandeep K Gagandeep K. Review on phytosomes: An innovative method of medication administration. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2022 84 9 170 180 10.47583/ijpsrr.2024.v84i09.027
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Ravi G.S. Narayana Charyulu R. Dubey A. Hebbar S. Mathias A.C. Phytosomes: a novel molecular nano complex between phytomolecule and phospholipid as a value added herbal drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2018 51 1 84 90
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Kumar N Goel R Ansari MN Saeedan S A Ali H Sharma NK Patil VM Puri D Singh M Formulation of phytosomes containing Rubia cordifolia extract for neuropathic pain: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. ACS Omega 2024 9 23 25381 25389 10.1021/acsomega.4c03774 38882167
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Bhise J.J. Bhusnure O.G. Jagtap S.R. Gholve S.B. Wale R.R. Phytosomes: A novel drug delivery for herbal extracts. J Drug Deliv Ther 2019 9 3-s 924 930 10.22270/jddt.v9i3‑s.2863
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Fatima Z. Shahidulla S.M. Formulation, optimization and evaluation of hexadecanoic acid phytosomal gel for anti-fungal activity. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2023 14 1 519 529
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Patel P. Garala K. Singh S. Prajapati B.G. Chittasupho C. Lipid-based nanoparticles in delivering bioactive compounds for improving therapeutic efficacy. Pharmaceuticals 2024 17 3 329 10.3390/ph17030329 38543115
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Sriya K.C. Sai D. Sankar P.R. Phytosomes: A novel approach for herbal phytochemicals for enhancing the bioavailability. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2020 6 21 26
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Roy S. Formulation and evaluation of aqueous Azadirachta indica phytosome. Res Rev J Pharmacogn 2024 11 1 17 30
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Amrit P. Sayyad N. Gade S. Dudhal P. Rasve V.R. Kale A. An extensive review of phytosomes: A novel approach to delivering phytoconstituents. World J Pharm Res 2024 26 346 357
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Pandya BD Saluja AK A review on phytosomes: A potential nanocarrier for emerging drug delivery of phytoconstituents. Eur J Pharm Med Res 2025 10 11 415 421
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Joshi A Patel V Yeola AJ Dave PY A novel targeted drug delivery carrier: Herbosomes. dosage forms - emerging trends and prospective drug-delivery systems Intech Open 2025 10.5772/intechopen.1001773
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Monica G Naik VV A Novel Targeted Drug Delivery Carrier: Herbosomes American Psychological Association 2024 10.5772/intechopen.1005468
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Deshpande P.K. Pathak A.K. Gothalwal R. Phytosomes: A novel drug delivery system for phytoconstituents. J New Biol Rep 2014 3 3 212 220
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Patel P.M. Modi C.M. Patel H.B. Patel U.D. Ramchandani D.M. Patel H.R. Paida B.V. Phytosome: An emerging technique for improving herbal drug delivery. J Phytopharm 2023 12 1 51 58 10.31254/phyto.2023.12108
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Jadhav AI Wadhave AA Arsul VA Sawarkar HS Phytosomes: A novel approach in herbal drug delivery system. Asian J Res Pharm Sci 2014 8 3 10.5958/2231‑5659.2018.00027.9
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Vaishnavi A. Arvapalli S. Rishika P. Jabeen S. Karunakar B. Sharma J. A review on phytosomes: Promising approach for drug delivery of herbal phytochemicals. J Pharm Innov 2021 10 7781 10.35629/7781‑0601289296
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Khan J Ikbal AM Debnath B Rajkhowa A Choudhury PD Sen S Paul K Choudhury D Debsarkar S Jamatia K Manna K Management of diabetes mellitus by nano based drug delivery with special reference to phytosomes. Pharm Biosci J 2021 9 6 10.20510/10.20510/pbj/9/i6/1651
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Kumar A. Kumar B. Singh S.K. Kaur B. Singh S. A review on phytosomes: Novel approach for herbal phytochemicals. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017 10 10 41 47 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20424
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Talware N.S. Dias R.J. Gupta V.R. Recent approaches in the development of phytolipid complexes as novel drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2018 15 6 755 764 10.2174/1567201815666180209114103 29424315
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Anitha V. Reddy P.D. Ramkanth S. Phytosomes: A promising technology in novel herbal drug delivery system. PharmaTutor 2019 7 6 18 25
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Sucharitha P. Somes: A review on composition, formulation methods and evaluations of different types of “somes” drug delivery system. Int J App Pharm 2020 12 6 7 18
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Bhattacharya S. Phytosomes: The new technology for enhancement of bioavailability of botanicals and nutraceuticals. Int J Health Res 2009 2 3 225 232 10.4314/ijhr.v2i3.47905
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Kareparamban J.A. Nikam P.H. Jadhav A.P. Kadam V.J. Phytosome: A novel revolution in herbal drugs. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2012 2 2 299 310
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Rani B. Vandana N.M. Arora S. Phytosomes: Potential carriers for herbal drugs. Ijrrpas 2007 2 3 566 577
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Acharya NS Acharya SR Phytosomes: Novel approach for delivering herbal extract with improved bioavailability. Pharma Sci Monit Int J Pharm Sci 2011 2 1
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Burjwal G. Singh A. Jain S.K. Jain N.K. Preparation & characterization of phytosome of morindacitrifolia extract. Chem Res J 2023 8 3 15 22
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Alharbi W.S. Almughem F.A. Almehmady A.M. Jarallah S.J. Alsharif W.K. Alzahrani N.M. Alshehri A.A. Phytosomes as an emerging nanotechnology platform for the topical delivery of bioactive phytochemicals. Pharmaceutics 2021 13 9 1475 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091475 34575551
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Lu M. Qiu Q. Luo X. Liu X. Sun J. Wang C. Lin X. Deng Y. Song Y. Phyto-phospholipid complexes (phytosomes): A novel strategy to improve the bioavailability of active constituents. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019 14 3 265 274 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.011 32104457
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Kidd P. Head K. A review of the bioavailability and clinical efficacy of milk thistle phytosome: A silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (Siliphos). Altern Med Rev 2005 10 3 193 203 16164374
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Hadidi N. Saffari M. Faizi M. Optimized transferosomal bovine lactoferrin (BLF) as a promising novel non-invasive topical treatment for genital warts caused by human papiluma virus (HPV). Iran J Pharm Res 2018 17 12 23 31011338
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Haq M.U. Shahidulla SM Younus M.Y. Rahman M.A. UR Phytosome: A novel approach for phytoconstituents. Mod Appro Pharm Pharm Sci 2023 1 1 10.32474/MAPPS.2023.01.000101
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Ghanbarzadeh B. Babazadeh A. Hamishehkar H. Nano-phytosome as a potential food-grade delivery system. Food Biosci 2016 15 126 135 10.1016/j.fbio.2016.07.006
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Nesci S. Spagnoletta A. Oppedisano F. Inflammation, mitochondria and natural compounds together in the circle of trust. Int J Mol Sci 2023 24 7 6106 10.3390/ijms24076106 37047080
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Singh B. Awasthi R. Ahmad A. Saifi A. Phytosome: Most significant tool for herbal drug delivery to enhance the therapeutic benefits of phytoconstituents. J Drug Deliv Ther 2018 8 1 98 102 10.22270/jddt.v8i1.1559
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Singh H. Sharma G. Recent development of novel drug delivery of herbal drugs. RPS Pharm Pharmacol Rep 2023 2 4 rqad028 10.1093/rpsppr/rqad028
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Shabanpour S. Phytosome: A novel drug delivery approach in herbal medicine IntechOpen 2025 10.5772/intechopen.1005766
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Naik S.R. Panda V.S. Hepatoprotective effect of Ginkgoselect Phytosome® in rifampicin induced liver injurym in rats: Evidence of antioxidant activity. Fitoterapia 2008 79 6 439 445 10.1016/j.fitote.2008.02.013 18534776
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Mane K. Baokar S. Bhujbal A. Pharande S. Patil G. Patil R. Jain P. Pandey A. Phyto-phospholipid complexes (phytosomes): A novel approach to improve the bioavailability of active constituents. Int J Adv Sci Res 2020 11 03 68 78 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.011
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Singh A. Srivastav S. Singh M.P. Singh R. Kumar P. Kush P. Recent advances in phytosomes for the safe management of cancer. Phytomed Plus 2024 4 2 100540 10.1016/j.phyplu.2024.100540
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Qureshi S.M. Hooda R. Vashisth T. Mathew N.A. Pandey B. A comprehensive review about the development of phytosomes with different techniques and their usage in the treatment of various diseases. World J Pharm Res 2024 2 132 142
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Rahman H.S. Othman H.H. Hammadi N.I. Yeap S.K. Amin K.M. Abdul Samad N. Alitheen N.B. Novel drug delivery systems for loading of natural plant extracts and their biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2020 15 2439 2483 10.2147/IJN.S227805 32346289
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Pawar H.A. Bhangale B.D. Phytosome as a novel biomedicine: A microencapsulated drug delivery system. J Bioanal Biomed 2015 7 1 5 10.4172/1948‑593X.1000116
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Yata V.K. Ranjan S. Dasgupta N. Lichtfouse E. Nanopharmaceuticals: Principles and applications Springer 2020 Vol. 2 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑47120‑0
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Gaikwad S.S. Morade Y.Y. Kothule A.M. Kshirsagar S.J. Laddha U.D. Salunkhe K.S. Overview of phytosomes in treating cancer: Advancement, challenges, and future outlook. Heliyon 2023 9 6 e16561 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16561 37260890
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Babazadeh A. Zeinali M. Hamishehkar H. Nano-phytosome: A developing platform for herbal anti-cancer agents in cancer therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2018 19 2 170 180 10.2174/1389450118666170508095250 28482783
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Mardiana L. Milanda T. Hadisaputri Y.E. Chaerunisaa A. Phytosome-enhanced secondary metabolites for improved anticancer efficacy: Mechanisms and bioavailability review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2025 19 201 218 10.2147/DDDT.S483404 39816849
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Vishkaei MN Sultan SB Ahamed MB Majid AM Phospholipid-encapsulated herbal extract to enhance anti-angiogenic activity: Phytosomes in angiotherapy. World J Pharm Sci 2017 5 7 1 114
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Jacob S. Kather F.S. Boddu S.H.S. Rao R. Nair A.B. Vesicular carriers for phytochemical delivery: A comprehensive review of techniques and applications. Pharmaceutics 2025 17 4 464 10.3390/pharmaceutics17040464 40284459
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Wakde I.P. Biyani D.M. Umekar M.J. Phytosomes: A good strategy for formulation of herbal medicines. World J Pharm Res 2022 11 9 208 220 10.20959/wjpr20229‑24594
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Chi C. Zhang C. Liu Y. Nie H. Zhou J. Ding Y. Phytosome-nanosuspensions for silybin-phospholipid complex with increased bioavailability and hepatoprotection efficacy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020 144 105212 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105212 31923602
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Maiti K. Gantait A. Ahamed H. Mukherjee B. Enhanced therapeutic benefit of quercetin–phospholipid complex in carbon tetrachloride–induced acute liver injury in rats: A comparative study. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2005 4 2
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Karataş A. Turhan F. Phyto-phospholipid complexes as drug delivery system for herbal extracts/molecules. Turk J Pharm Sci 2015 12 1 93 102
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Gaurav V. Paliwal S. Singh A. Pandey S. Siddhiqui M. Phytosomes: Preparation, evaluation and application. Int J Res Eng Sci 2021 9 2 35 39
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Dubey M. Shirsat M.K. Formulation and evaluation of phytosome tablet of cucumis sativus linn plant. Int J Contemp Res Rev 2020 11 20209 20214
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Safta D.A. Bogdan C. Moldovan M.L. Vesicular nanocarriers for phytocompounds in wound care: preparation and characterization. Pharmaceutics 2022 14 5 991 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050991 35631577
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Hüsch J. Bohnet J. Fricker G. Skarke C. Artaria C. Appendino G. Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Abdel-Tawab M. Enhanced absorption of boswellic acids by a lecithin delivery form (phytosome®) of boswellia extract. Fitoterapia 2013 84 89 98 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.10.002 23092618
    [Google Scholar]
  95. El-Menshawe S. Ali A. Rabeh M. Khalil N. Nanosized soy phytosome-based thermogel as topical anti-obesity formulation: An approach for acceptable level of evidence of an effective novel herbal weight loss product. Int J Nanomedicine 2018 13 307 318 10.2147/IJN.S153429 29391791
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Li Y. Yang D.J. Chen S.L. Chen S.B. Chan A.S.C. Comparative physicochemical characterization of phospholipids complex of puerarin formulated by conventional and supercritical methods. Pharm Res 2008 25 3 563 577 10.1007/s11095‑007‑9418‑x 17828444
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Pingali P.S. Srinivas P. Reddy B.M. Miconazole loaded novel phytosomal topical gels. World J Pharm Sci 2015 4 10 2305 2320
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Aslan İ. Kurt A.A. Characterization and Optimization of Phytosome Formulation Containing Alcohol-free Umckalin from Pelargonium sidoides. Curr Updates Pharm Med Allied Pract (CUPMAP) 2020 3 1 49 53 10.38093/cupmap.737878
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Freag M.S. Elnaggar Y.S. Abdallah O.Y. Lyophilized phytosomal nanocarriers as platforms for enhanced diosmin delivery: Optimization and ex vivo permeation. Int J Nanomedicine 2013 8 2385 2397 23861584 10.2147/IJN.S45231
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Peanparkdee M. Yooying R. Enhancement of solubility, thermal stability and bioaccessibility of vitexin using phosphatidylcholine-based phytosome. NFS J 2023 31 28 38 10.1016/j.nfs.2023.03.001
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Ittadwar P.A. Bhojne S.V. Puranik P.K. Novel salicinphytosomal complex: Development and optimization using central composite design. World J Pharm Res 2018 7 9 735 751
    [Google Scholar]
  102. El-Gazayerly O.N. Makhlouf A.I.A. Soelm A.M.A. Mohmoud M.A. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of silymarin phytosomes compared to milk thistle extract in CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Microencapsul 2014 31 1 23 30 10.3109/02652048.2013.805836 23808477
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Murugesan M.P. Venkata Ratnam M. Mengitsu Y. Kandasamy K. Evaluation of anti-cancer activity of phytosomes formulated from aloe vera extract. Mater Today Proc 2021 42 631 636 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.047
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Jagtap S.G. Kajale V.V. Abhyankar M.M. Kulkarni A.S. Ghante M.R. Formulation and evaluation of phytosomes of hydroalcoholic extract of adiantum capillus-veneris for antimicrobial activity. Pharmacognosy Res 2023 15 3 468 477 10.5530/pres.15.3.048
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Tan Q. Liu S. Chen X. Wu M. Wang H. Yin H. He D. Xiong H. Zhang J. Design and evaluation of a novel evodiamine-phospholipid complex for improved oral bioavailability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012 13 2 534 547 10.1208/s12249‑012‑9772‑9 22454136
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Sahu A.N. Sharma S. Development, characterization, and evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of abutilon indicum and piper longumphytosomes. Pharmacognosy Res 2016 8 1 29 36 10.4103/0974‑8490.171102 26941533
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Saini V. Bala R. Arora S. Sindhu R.K. Phyto-phospholipids complexes as a potential carrier for bioactives having hepatoprotective activity. Plant Arch 2020 20 3835 3844
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Sharma T. Singh D. Mahapatra A. Mohapatra P. Sahoo S. Sahoo S.K. Advancements in clinical translation of flavonoid nanoparticles for cancer treatment. OpenNano 2022 8 100074 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100074
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Ozkan G. Ceyhan T. Çatalkaya G. Rajan L. Ullah H. Daglia M. Capanoglu E. Encapsulated phenolic compounds: Clinical efficacy of a novel delivery method. Phytochem Rev 2024 23 3 781 819 10.1007/s11101‑023‑09909‑5
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Venkatesh M. Mukherjee K. Maiti K. Mukherjee P.K. Enhancement of bioavailability of phytomolecules with value added formulation. Planta Med 2008 74 9 PC11 10.1055/s‑0028‑1084529
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Imran M. Thabet H.K. Alaqel S.I. Alzahrani A.R. Abida A. Alshammari M.K. Kamal M. Diwan A. Asdaq S.M.B. Alshehri S. The therapeutic and prophylactic potential of quercetin against COVID-19: An outlook on the clinical studies, inventive compositions, and patent literature. Antioxidants 2022 11 5 876 10.3390/antiox11050876 35624740
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Awasthi R. Kulkarni G.T. Pawar V.K. Phytosomes: An approach to increase the bioavailability of plant extracts. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011 3 2 1 3
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Shivanand P. Kinjal P. Phytosomes: Technical revolution in phytomedicine. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2010 2 1 627 631
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Direito R. Reis C. Roque L. Gonçalves M. Sanches-Silva A. Gaspar M.M. Pinto R. Rocha J. Sepodes B. Rosário Bronze M. Eduardo Figueira M. Phytosomes with persimmon (diospyros kaki l.) extract: Preparation and preliminary demonstration of in vivo tolerability. Pharmaceutics 2019 11 6 296 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060296 31234548
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Keshwani B. Sharma D. Chatterjee A. Jaimini M. Phytosomes: A promising system of herbal drug delivery. J Chem Pharm Res 2016 8 1 804 808
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Manral K. Singh A.K. Sah V. Development and characterization of morin loaded phytosomes for its anti-oxidant activity. J Drug Deliv Ther 2019 9 4 30 36 10.22270/jddt.v9i4.2971
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Barkat M A Harshita Das S S Beg S Ahmad F J Beg S Barkat M Ahmad F Nanotechnology-based phytotherapeutics: Current status and challenges. Nanophytomedicine Singapore Springer 2020 10.1007/978‑981‑15‑4909‑0_1
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Karole S. Gupta G.K. Preparation and evaluation of phytosomes containing ethanolic extract of leaves of bombax ceiba for hepatoprotective activity. Evaluation 2019 6 2 1 5
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Anwar E. Farhana N. Formulation and evaluation of phytosome-loaded maltodextrin-gum Arabic microsphere system for delivery of Camellia sinensis extract. J Young Pharm 2018 10 2s S56 S62 10.5530/jyp.2018.2s.11
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Kuamwat R.S. Mruthunjaya K. Gupta M.K. Hepatoprotective effect of gallic acid and gallic acid phytosome against carbon tetrachloride induced damage in albino rats. Res J Pharm Technol 2012 5 5 677 681
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Semalty A. Semalty M. Singh D. Rawat M.S.M. Phyto-phospholipid complex of catechin in value added herbal drug delivery. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem 2012 73 1-4 377 386 10.1007/s10847‑011‑0074‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Habbu P. Madagundi S. Kulkarni R. Jadav S. Vanakudri R. Kulkarni V. Preparation and evaluation of Bacopa–phospholipid complex for antiamnesic activity in rodents. Drug Invent Today 2013 5 1 13 21 10.1016/j.dit.2013.02.004
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Ochi M.M. Amoabediny G. Rezayat S.M. Akbarzadeh A. Ebrahimi B. In vitro co-delivery evaluation of novel pegylated nano-liposomal herbal drugs of silibinin and glycyrrhizic acid (nano-phytosome) to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell J 2016 18 2 135 148 27540518
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Mazumder A. Dwivedi A. du Preez J.L. du Plessis J. In vitro wound healing and cytotoxic effects of sinigrin–phytosome complex. Int J Pharm 2016 498 1-2 283 293 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.027 26706438
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Mazumder A. Dwivedi A. Fox L.T. Brümmer A. du Preez J.L. Gerber M. du Plessis J. In vitro skin permeation of sinigrin from its phytosome complex. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016 68 12 1577 1583 10.1111/jphp.12594 27696397
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Hou Z. Li Y. Huang Y. Zhou C. Lin J. Wang Y. Cui F. Zhou S. Jia M. Ye S. Zhang Q. Phytosomes loaded with mitomycin C-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex developed for drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2013 10 1 90 101 10.1021/mp300489p 23194396
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Alhakamy N.A. Fahmy U.A. Eldin S.M.B. Ahmed O.A.A. Aldawsari H.M. Okbazghi S.Z. Alfaleh M.A. Abdulaal W.H. Alamoudi A.J. Mady F.M. Scorpion venom-functionalized quercetin phytosomes for breast cancer management: In vitro response surface optimization and anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells. Polymers 2021 14 1 93 10.3390/polym14010093 35012116
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Nsairat H Khater D Odeh F Jaber AM Al Sulaibi MA Alshaer W Al Bawab A Mubarak MS Phytosomes: A modernistic approach to the delivery of herbal drugs. Advanced and Modern Approaches for Drug Delivery Academic Press 2023 301 355 10.1016/B978‑0‑323‑91668‑4.00029‑0
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Eltahir AK Ahad HA Haranath C Meharajunnisa B Dheeraj S Sai BN Novel phytosomes as drug delivery systems and its past decade trials. Res J Pharm Dosage Forms Technol 2023 15 1 10.52711/0975‑4377.2023.00009
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Sabzichi M. Hamishehkar H. Ramezani F. Sharifi S. Tabasinezhad M. Pirouzpanah M. Ghanbari P. Samadi N. Luteolin-loaded phytosomes sensitize human breast carcinoma MDA-MB 231 cells to doxorubicin by suppressing Nrf2 mediated signalling. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014 15 13 5311 5316 10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.13.5311 25040994
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Shukla AK Singh AP Phytosomes as a novel approach to drug delivery system. Smart Drug Delivery Systems - Futuristic Window in Cancer Therapy Intech Open 2024 10.5772/intechopen.111191
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Dodle T. Mohanty D. Tripathy B. Panigrahy A.B. Sirikonda S. Kumar L. Kumar C.P. Gobinath M. Patro C.S. Bakshi V. Maharana P. A critical review on phytosomes: Advancement and research on emerging nanotechnological tools. Curr Bioact Compd 2023 19 5 e200922208966 10.2174/1573407218666220920094352
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Devi S.L. Divakar M.C. Wound healing activity studies rats. Hygeia JD Med 2012 4 2 87 94
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Kaur P Mandal UK Phytosomes: Preparations, characterization, and future uses. Medicinal Plants Apple Academic Press. 2022 319 335
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Pahwa R. Chetna C. Saroha K. Bhardwaj B.Y. Kumar M. Singh I. Insights into various approaches of phytosomes for enhanced therapeutic potential of bioactives. Res J Pharm Technol 2022 15 9 4277 4282 10.52711/0974‑360X.2022.00718
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Dwivedi J. Wal P. Kaushal S. Tripathi A.K. Gupta P. Prakash Rao S. Phytosome based cosmeceuticals for enhancing percutaneous absorption and delivery. J Res Pharm 2025 29 1 242 271 10.12991/jrespharm.1643734
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Usman M. Khan W.R. Yousaf N. Akram S. Murtaza G. Kudus K.A. Ditta A. Rosli Z. Rajpar M.N. Nazre M. Exploring the phytochemicals and anti-cancer potential of the members of fabaceae family: A comprehensive review. Molecules 2022 27 12 3863 10.3390/molecules27123863 35744986
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Fathi F. Ebrahimi S.N. Valadão A.I.G. Andrade N. Costa A.S.G. Silva C. Fathi A. Salehi P. Martel F. Alves R.C. Oliveira M.B.P.P. Exploring Gunneratinctoria: From nutritional and anti-tumoral properties to phytosome development following structural arrangement based on molecular docking. Molecules 2021 26 19 5935 10.3390/molecules26195935 34641482
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Koppula S Shaik B Maddi S. Phytosomes as a new frontier and emerging nanotechnology platform for phytopharmaceuticals: Therapeutic and clinical applications. Phytother Res 2025 39 5 2217 2249 10.1002/ptr.8465
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Lu S. Jiang Y. Ling Y. Zhai X. Zhou Y. Effects of combination of krill oil with curcumin and/or silymarin on mouse non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2025 89 8 1182 1190 10.1093/bbb/zbaf064 40328461
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Giacosa A. Barrile G.C. Gasparri C. Perna S. Rondanelli M. Positive effect of lecithin-based delivery form of curcuma and boswellia extracts on irritable bowel syndrome after COVID-19 infection. Nutrients 2025 17 4 723 10.3390/nu17040723 40005051
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Rondanelli M. Mansueto F. Gasparri C. Solerte S.B. Misiano P. Perna S. Supplementation with highly standardized cranberry extract phytosome achieved the modulation of urinary tract infection episodes in diabetic postmenopausal women taking SGLT-2 inhibitors: A RCT study. Nutrients 2024 16 13 2113 10.3390/nu16132113 38999860
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Di Pierro F. Sultana R. Eusaph A.Z. Abrar S. Bugti M. Afridi F. Farooq U. Iqtadar S. Ghauri F. Makhduma S. Nourin S. Kanwal A. Bano A. Bugti A.A. Mureed S. Ghazal A. Irshad R. Recchia M. Bertuccioli A. Putignano P. Riva A. Guasti L. Zerbinati N. Khan A. Effect of Berberine Phytosome on reproductive, dermatologic, and metabolic characteristics in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A controlled, randomized, multi-centric, open-label clinical trial. Front Pharmacol 2023 14 1269605 10.3389/fphar.2023.1269605 38074133
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Sgaramella L.I. Pasculli A. Moschetta M. Puntillo F. Dicillo P. Clemente L. Maruccia M. Mastropasqua M.G. Piombino M. Resta N. Rubini G. Prete F.P. Serio G. Stucci L.S. Giudice G. Testini M. Gurrado A. Altini C. Amendolagine M. Angelini C. Caporusso C. Carrieri A. Deleo C. De Luca G.M. Deruvo V. Digiulio G.L. Elia R. Favetta M. Iuele F. Gentile S. Giglio M. Giorgio A.M. Grassi T. Lacalendola E. Lambo M. Lapadula L. Lavermicocca W. Lorusso V. Macchia L. Magno A. Mastrorillo S. Nitti A. Palma F. Pisani A.R. Poli E. Ronghi V. Solfrizzo F. Tedeschi P. Telegrafo M. Randomized controlled trial of bromelain and alpha-lipoic acid in breast conservative surgery. Sci Rep 2025 15 1 4899 10.1038/s41598‑025‑86651‑2 39929877
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Di Pierro F. Rabbani F. Tareen M. Nigar R. Khan A. Zerbinati N. Tanda M.L. Cazzaniga M. Bertuccioli A. Falasca P. Damiani G. Villanova N. Potential pharmacological effect of Quercetin Phytosome™ in the management of hyperuricemia: Results from real-life clinical studies. Front Nutr 2025 12 1519459 10.3389/fnut.2025.1519459 39990611
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Pastorelli D. Fabricio A.S.C. Giovanis P. D’Ippolito S. Fiduccia P. Soldà C. Buda A. Sperti C. Bardini R. Da Dalt G. Rainato G. Gion M. Ursini F. Phytosome complex of curcumin as complementary therapy of advanced pancreatic cancer improves safety and efficacy of gemcitabine: Results of a prospective phase II trial. Pharmacol Res 2018 132 72 79 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.013 29614381
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Maroni P. Manalo T. Kessler E.R. Nicklawsky A. Trevisanut V. Flaig T.W. Lam E.T. Gao D. Raina K. Agarwal R. Abstract CT219: Phase II trial of grape seed extract for localized prostate cancer with PSA progression after local therapy. Cancer Res 2025 85 8_Supplement_2 CT219 Suppl. 2 10.1158/1538‑7445.AM2025‑CT219
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Franceschi F Giori A Phospholipid complexes of olive fruits or leaves extracts having improved bioavailability. WO2007118631A1 2007
  149. Tempel LV Light emitting device. WO2009101551A1 2009
  150. Kleinman H Goldstein A Malinda K Sosne G Treatment of skin, and wound repair, with thymosin beta 4c. US8143218B2 2007
  151. Bombardelli E. Oral compositions for the treatment of cellulite. US7691422B2 2010
  152. Pierro FD Compositions comprising GinkoBiloBa derivatives for the treatment of asthmatic and allergic conditions. EP1813280A1 2007
  153. System for phytosomal formulation of Thujaoccidentalis extract for the treatment of warts. DE202022106636U1 2022
  154. Nassini R Logu FD Geppetti P Antisense oligonucleotide for use in the treatment of psoriasis-induced itching and phospholipid vesicle comprising said oligonucleotide. WO2023095030A1 2023
  155. Brosso M Moore NA Compositions comprising mixtures of compounds and uses thereof. US20220370432A1 2022
  156. Hu Xuechao H Luan Haiwei L Chen Xueming C Wang Zhuangzhi W. Content composition, plant type phospholipid algae oil DHA gel candy and preparation method. CN114766582A 2022
  157. Davolio PL Dietary supplement useful as an adjuvant in the treatment of chronic pain. WO2022185159A1 2022
  158. Plccolo F Pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of anal fissures and hemorrhoids. EP4008331A1 2022
  159. Darvishi B Aghamiri H Sharifi AM Gel containing dual l-carnosine/aloe verananophytosomes for accelerating diabetic wound healing. WO2023052808A2 2023
  160. Linglong Z Yourong L Xuhua M Plant-loaded active liposome for promoting hair regeneration and preparation method thereof. CN112190610A 2021
  161. Komeil I Refaie W Abdallah O Genistein-loaded phytosomes for treatment of liver cancer via oral administration. WO2022135652A1 2021
  162. Xu F Zhang X Liu H Xi L Li K Wang Y Li D Li J. A self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of erlotinib phospholipid complex and its preparation method and application. CN119280157A 2025
/content/journals/cdrr/10.2174/0125899775394270250930180213
Loading
Phytosome: A Cutting-edge Approach for Augmenting the Delivery of Phyto-pharmaceuticals
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775394270250930180213
/content/journals/cdrr/10.2174/0125899775394270250930180213
/content/journals/cdrr/10.2174/0125899775394270250930180213
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: phytosomes ; nutraceuticals ; pharmacodynamic ; herbosomes ; Herbal ; phytoconstituents

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test