Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 8
  • ISSN: 1573-4110
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6727

Abstract

Background

, which is widely used as “Ganoderma” in China or other Asian countries (Japan, Korea, ), exerts an important role in tonifying qi and calming the mind in clinical applications. Triterpenoids are the main active components in , with significant biological activities of hepatoprotective, anticancer, and anti-tumor, . However, the current analysis of triterpenoids in by mass spectrometry is limited, restricting its quality control and elucidation of its functional basis.

Objective

This work aimed to systematically characterize the triterpenoids in .

Methods

The powder was extracted by 50% ethanol/water and separated by Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm). The data was obtained by Waters G2-Q-TOF mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization ion (ESI) source, and the MS data under positive and negative modes was acquired and analyzed.

Results

A total of 43 triterpenoids were identified or tentatively characterized from the extracts of , including 32 known compounds and 11 potential new compounds. Among them, five triterpenoids were unambiguously identified by comparison with reference standards, including ganoderic acid A(), ganoderic acid D(), ganoderenic acid D(), ganoderic acid F(), and ganoderic acid G(). The profiled triterpenoids could be divided into eight types according to the substituents at the C3, C7 and C15 positions of the parent structure. The mass fragmentation rules of triterpenoids were summarized. Under the positive ion mode, triterpenoids easily lost CH at the C10 position and HO at C3, C7, and C15 positions, and the side chain bond at the C22(23) position was easily split. Under the negative ion mode, the split of the C and D rings was the characteristic feature.

Conclusion

The mass fragmentation behaviors of triterpenoids under positive ion mode were summarized and emphasized, and reliable scientific data and methods for systematic characterization of triterpenoids were also supplied.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110296142240530080006
2024-06-07
2025-12-07

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110296142240530080006
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. SuL. LiD. SuJ. ZhangE. ChenS. ZhengC. LuoT. LiM. ChenX. HuangG. XieY. LiS. Polysaccharides of sporoderm-broken spore of Ganoderma lucidum modulate adaptive immune function via gut microbiota regulation.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.2021202111510.1155/2021/8842062 33859713
     [Google Scholar]
  2. CaoL. JinH. LiangQ. YangH. LiS. LiuZ. YuanZ. A new anti-tumor cytotoxic triterpene from Ganoderma lucidum.Nat. Prod. Res.202236164125413110.1080/14786419.2021.1976175 34542364
     [Google Scholar]
  3. PanD. ZhangD. WuJ. ChenC. XuZ. YangH. ZhouP. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of a novel proteoglycan from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies on db/db mice and the possible mechanism.PLoS One201387e6833210.1371/journal.pone.0068332 23874589
     [Google Scholar]
  4. LaiP. CaoX. XuQ. LiuY. LiR. ZhangJ. ZhangM. Ganoderma lucidum spore ethanol extract attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism via upregulation of liver X receptor alpha.Pharm. Biol.202058176077010.1080/13880209.2020.1798471 32780606
     [Google Scholar]
  5. PatočkaJ. Anti-inflammatory triterpenoids from mysterious mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and their potential possibility in modern medicine.Acta Med.199942412312510.14712/18059694.2019.154 10812678
     [Google Scholar]
  6. PanY. LinZ. Anti-aging Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) with Health and Fitness.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.2019118229930910.1007/978‑981‑32‑9421‑9_13 31777025
     [Google Scholar]
  7. HuangQ. RenZ-L. Ganoderma lucidum extract Protects Apoptosis in Cell Culture Mode of Parkinson’s Disease.Zhongchengyao202244061973197610.3969/j.issn.1001‑1528.2022.06.045
     [Google Scholar]
  8. SusiloR.J.K. WinarniD. HusenS.A. HayazaS. PunnapayakH. WahyuningsihS.P.A. SajidahE.S. DarmantoW. Hepatoprotective effect of crude polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice.Vet. World201912121987199110.14202/vetworld.2019.1987‑1991 32095051
     [Google Scholar]
  9. YaoC. WangZ. JiangH. YanR. HuangQ. WangY. XieH. ZouY. YuY. LvL. Ganoderma lucidum promotes sleep through a gut microbiota-dependent and serotonin-involved pathway in mice.Sci. Rep.20211111366010.1038/s41598‑021‑92913‑6 34211003
     [Google Scholar]
  10. BharadwajS. LeeK.E. DwivediV.D. YadavaU. PanwarA. LucasS.J. PandeyA. KangS.G. Discovery of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids as potential inhibitors against Dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease.Sci. Rep.2019911905910.1038/s41598‑019‑55723‑5 31836806
     [Google Scholar]
  11. CörD. KnezŽ. Knez HrnčičM. Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma Lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: A review.Molecules201823364910.3390/molecules23030649 29534044
     [Google Scholar]
  12. WuH. TangS. HuangZ. ZhouQ. ZhangP. ChenZ. Hepatoprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Triterpenoids from Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) on α-Amanitin-Induced Liver Injury in Mice.Int. J. Med. Mushrooms201618984185010.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i9.80 27910775
     [Google Scholar]
  13. DuG-H. WangH-X. YanZ. LiuL-Y. ChenR-Y. [Anti-tumor target prediction and activity verification of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids]Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi201742351752210.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20161222.069 28952258
     [Google Scholar]
  14. KimuraY. TaniguchiM. BabaK. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects on liver of triterpenoid fractions of Ganoderma lucidum: mechanism of action and isolation of an active substance.Anticancer Res.2002226A3309331810.1016/S0003‑4975(00)01882‑8 12530080
     [Google Scholar]
  15. KouR.W. XiaB. WangZ.J. LiJ.N. YangJ.R. GaoY.Q. YinX. GaoJ.M. Triterpenoids and meroterpenoids from the edible Ganoderma resinaceum and their potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptosis activities.Bioorg. Chem.202212110568910.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105689 35217377
     [Google Scholar]
  16. SuC.Y. ShiaoM.S. WangC.T. Potentiation of ganodermic acid S on prostaglandin E(1)-induced cyclic AMP elevation in human platelets.Thromb. Res.200099213514510.1016/S0049‑3848(00)00250‑4 10946087
     [Google Scholar]
  17. MinB.S. GaoJ.J. HattoriM. LeeH.K. KimY.H. Anticomplement activity of terpenoids from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum.Planta Med.200167981181410.1055/s‑2001‑18854 11745016
     [Google Scholar]
  18. MinB.S. NakamuraN. MiyashiroH. BaeK.W. HattoriM. Triterpenes from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease.Chem. Pharm. Bull.199846101607161210.1248/cpb.46.1607 9810695
     [Google Scholar]
  19. YangQ-F. Study on chemical constituents of Ganoderma resinaceum.2019Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?FileName=1019608434.nh&DbName=CMFD2019
  20. ZhuT. YangD. LiuS-S. TengF. ZhuJ-J. ZhangY-X. XuG-B. LiuS-J. WangZ-M. ChenL-M. GaoH-M. [Comparison of chemical components between aerial and underground parts of Coptis chinensis based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS~E technology]Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi202247498098710.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20211102.201 35285198
     [Google Scholar]
  21. WangX-L. PengM-M. ChenQ. MeiX. HeT-Y. HouJ-C. GuoY. LuT-L. MaoC-Q. [Identification of chemical components and network pharmacology of Huanglian Decoction based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology]Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi20234851249126310.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20221130.302 37005809
     [Google Scholar]
  22. YangM. WangX. GuanS. XiaJ. SunJ. GuoH. GuoD. Analysis of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.200718592793910.1016/j.jasms.2007.01.012 17379535
     [Google Scholar]
  23. ChengC.R. YangM. WuZ.Y. WangY. ZengF. WuW.Y. GuanS.H. GuoD-A. Fragmentation pathways of oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoids and their application in the qualitative analysis of Ganoderma lucidum by multistage tandem mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.20112591323133510.1002/rcm.4989 21491533
     [Google Scholar]
  24. ChenL. ChenX. WangS. BianY. ZhaoJ. LiS. Analysis of triterpenoids in Ganoderma resinaceum using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole - time - of - flight mass spectrometry.Int. J. Mass Spectrom.2019436425110.1016/j.ijms.2018.11.016
     [Google Scholar]
  25. NishitobaT. SatoH. KasaiT. KawagishiH. SakamuraS. New Bitter C 27 and C 30 Terpenoids from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi).Agric. Biol. Chem.19854961793179810.1080/00021369.1985.10866955
     [Google Scholar]
  26. KubotaT. AsakaY. MiuraI. MoriH. Structures of Ganoderic Acid A and B, two new lanostane type bitter triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) K ARST.Helv. Chim. Acta198265261161910.1002/hlca.19820650221
     [Google Scholar]
  27. NishitobaT. SatoH. SakamuraS. Triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum.Phytochemistry19872661777178410.1016/S0031‑9422(00)82287‑6
     [Google Scholar]
  28. MaJ. YeQ. HuaY. ZhangD. CooperR. ChangM.N. ChangJ.Y. SunH.H. New lanostanoids from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.J. Nat. Prod.2002651727510.1021/np010385e 11809071
     [Google Scholar]
  29. WuT.S. ShiL.S. KuoS.C. Cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes.J. Nat. Prod.20016481121112210.1021/np010115w 11520245
     [Google Scholar]
  30. KikuchiT. MatsudaS. KadotaS. MuraiY. OgitaZ. Ganoderic acid D, E, F, and H and lucidenic acid D, E, and F, new triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum.Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)19853362624262710.1248/cpb.33.2624
     [Google Scholar]
  31. MorigiwaA. KitabatakeK. FujimotoY. IkekawaN. Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitory triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum.Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)19863473025302810.1248/cpb.34.3025 3021351
     [Google Scholar]
  32. BabyS. JohnsonA.J. GovindanB. Secondary metabolites from Ganoderma.Phytochemistry20151146610110.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.010 25975187
     [Google Scholar]
  33. KomodaY. NakamuraH. IshiharaS. UchidaM. KohdaH. YamasakiK. Structures of new terpenoid constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) KARST (Polyporaceae).Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)198533114829483510.1248/cpb.33.4829
     [Google Scholar]
  34. KikuchiT. KanomiS. MuraiY. KadotaS. TsubonoK. OgitaZ.I. Constituents of the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. II.: Structures of Ganoderic Acids F, G, and H, Lucidenic Acids D2 and E2, and Related Compounds.Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)198634104018402910.1248/cpb.34.4018
     [Google Scholar]
  35. El-MekkawyS. MeselhyM.R. NakamuraN. TezukaY. HattoriM. KakiuchiN. ShimotohnoK. KawahataT. OtakeT. Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from Ganoderma Lucidum.Phytochemistry19984961651165710.1016/S0031‑9422(98)00254‑4 9862140
     [Google Scholar]
  36. NishitobaT. GotoS. SatoH. SakamuraS. Bitter triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma applanatum.Phytochemistry198928119319710.1016/0031‑9422(89)85036‑8
     [Google Scholar]
  37. LiW. LouL.L. ZhuJ.Y. ZhangJ.S. LiangA.A. BaoJ.M. TangG.H. YinS. New lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fruiting body of Ganoderma hainanense.Fitoterapia2016115243010.1016/j.fitote.2016.09.010 27687904
     [Google Scholar]
  38. MinB.S. GaoJ.J. NakamuraN. HattoriM. Triterpenes from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxicity against meth-A and LLC tumor cells.Chem. Pharm. Bull.20004871026103310.1248/cpb.48.1026 10923835
     [Google Scholar]
  39. KohdaH. TokumotoW. SakamotoK. FujiiM. HiraiY. YamasakiK. KomodaY. NakamuraH. IshiharaS. UchidaM. The biologically active constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. Histamine release-inhibitory triterpenes.Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)19853341367137410.1248/cpb.33.1367 2412714
     [Google Scholar]
  40. ChenR.Y. QuanYu. D. Studies on the triterpenoid constituents of the spores fro Ganoderma lucidum Karst.Yao Xue Xue Bao1991264710.16438/j.0513‑4870.1991.04.006
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110296142240530080006
Loading
Systematic Characterization of Triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum by UHPLC-Q/TOF MS
Current Analytical Chemistry 21, 1073 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110296142240530080006
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110296142240530080006
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110296142240530080006
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material is available on the publisher's website along with the published article.

file format download Download

  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): chemical profiling; fragmentation behaviors; ganoderma; Ganoderma lucidum; triterpenoids; UHPLC-Q/TOF MS

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test