Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) - Volume 13, Issue 2, 2020

Background: Need for Medical devices is very important in the healthcare sector and related processes for global regulation. Medical devices are the apparatus or instruments which are specifically used for diagnostics and therapeutic applications. In the USA, a regulatory body known as FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has its unit called CDRH which looks the manufacture, packaging and use of medical devices in the USA. Objective: In USA, Medical devices are classified into 3 classes: class I which look for the medical devices used for the general control as dental floss and bandages, etc., class II which regulate the medical devices used for the general control as well as special control as powered wheelchairs and pregnancy kits. Class III medical devices look the general control. PMA (Premarket Approval) and Premarket Notification application has been filed to FDA for seeking the market authorization of medical devices. We perform clinical trials for medical device which are quite different from the clinical trials performed for drug analysis. These trials are performed on various age groups such as on paediatrics, adult and old age group commonly called phase 1,2,3,4. Regulatory approval of high-risk medical device is based on clinical studies submitted with pre-market approval. The main objective of this article is to make the researcher aware of the regulation and clinical trials of medical devices in the USA. Conclusion: Every medical device should comply with FDA, QMS and QSR for marketing in the USA. The present article has focused on the regulation of medical devices, clinical trial phases and clinical studies on medical devices.

Dendritic nano-polymers are recently used in medical and industrial applications. Cationic dendritic polymers can be used for the modification of anionic cellulose fibers. This review deals with the chemical modification of cellulosic fibers with poly(amidoamine) type dendritic polymers. It has been shown that after modification, the physical and mechanical properties including moisture regain, breaking strength, breaking elongation, and Young’s modulus of the treated cotton fibers increase slightly. It is also a possible way to achieve saltfree dyeing with reactive dyes. Several researches concluded that when poly(amidoamine) increases in cellulose fiber, the mechanism of dye adsorption changes from Freundlich to Langmuir model. Moreover, dendritic polymers can be used as a template for inorganic nano-particles. Both poly(amidoamine) silver salts and nano-composites can display antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, the water and oil repellency results showed that poly(amidoamine) dendrimer containing fluorocarbon had better results than conventional ones in relation to performance and washing resistance. To improve wash and wear properties, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers can be modified and applied as a new material for wrinkle resistance of cotton.

Sulphur compounds in fuel cause major environmental pollution. Hence, the desulphurization of fuel has become a tremendous concern. Aside from the standard hydrodesulphurization method, many new processes have gained attention. Our present work discusses varied non-conventional desulphurization techniques likeaerobic desulphurization, adsorbent desulphurization, membrane desulphurization, extractive desulphurization, etc. These strategies in conjunction with their pros and cons are mentioned well.

With the continuous exploitation of petroleum, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a diverse class of the organic pollutants with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity, seriously endanger the ecological environment and public health. Pyrene, consisting of four benzene rings, is used as an indicator for PAH-contaminated waste monitoring and is ubiquitously found in oil-contaminated soils and water sediments. Thus, the most urgent task is to find a repair method that can degrade pyrene efficiently now. Bioremediation is widely applied in the degradation of pyrene due to its simplicity of operation, low environmental impact and low cost. This paper is a review of the repair methods of pyrene, including physical, chemical and bioremediation methods. In addition, it focuses on the methods, status quo, mechanisms and current problems that need to be solved in the bioremediation degradation of pyrene.

Background: The role of CeO2-doping (0.75-3 mol%) and calcination temperature on solid-solid interaction between ferric and cadmium oxides yielding cadmium ferrites was examined. Methods and Results: The results exposed that ceria improves the ferrite formation by heating at 600-700°C via the dissolution of some dopant cation in the lattice of CdO with the subsequent creation of anionic vacancies and/or formation of higher valency cadmium cation (Cd(2+δ)+). SBET of solids calcined at 500°C increased by CeO2-doping, while opposite trend for solids calcined at 600 and 700°C. The magnetic hysteresis loops of all samples showed room-temperature ferromagnetism with different hysteresis loop shapes. Conclusion: Magnetization increased by CeO2-doping that might be due to the enhancement of cadmium ferrite formation. Ethanol conversion increased by increasing CeO2-doping. Dehydrogenation product (acetaldehyde) was mainly the yield of ethanol conversion. The maximum yield of acetaldehyde (92.97%) carried out for solids doped with 3 mol% CeO2.

Background: Mariposa Christia Vespertilionis (L.) (MCV) Bakh. f. is a plant, commonly known as Mariposa or ‘butterfly wing’ due to the shape and color of its leaves which is similar to a butterfly. MCV has been known to be used as a treatment for many diseases such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, inflamed tonsils, colds, muscle weakness and poor blood circulation. Methods: Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) is the latest equipment that can be used for the extraction of MCV leaves. SFE is the process of separating one component from another by using supercritical fluids as the extraction media. SFE is widely used in extraction due to its environmental friendly process compared to conventional extraction technique. Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain the most optimum conditions in terms of temperature, pressure and particle size in achieving the highest amount of yield in the MCV plant extract. Thus the manipulated parameters for this study were Temperature (T), Pressure (P) and Particle Size (S) where the ranges used were: temperature, T (°C): 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, pressure, P (bar): 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and particle Size, S: 63 μm, 125 μm, 250 μm, 500 μm and 1 mm. Results: To obtain the optimum condition of yield, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used. For the RSM design of experiment, 20 samples were run throughout this experiment. Conclusion: The optimum parameter values generated from the RSM were 39°C for temperature, 202 bars for the pressure and 500 μm for the particle size with the yield of 7.9 %. Actual validation runs were carried out and the percentage error was 14 %.