Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2772-4344
  • E-ISSN: 2772-4352

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease with joint destruction and chronic inflammation symptoms. Conventional therapy focuses on the prevention of the progression of the disease and management of symptoms, rather than curing the disease. Emerging therapies have been developed to cure the disease, which combines conventional therapies with a novel drug delivery system. Novel therapies have better bioavailability, which is marked by reduced adverse reactions. In the following article, some of the emerging therapies focused on the notable advancement in the procurement of the RA include microRNA alteration, helper T-cell inhibition, drug repurposing, targeting sites for interleukins, and blocking of signaling pathways. Beyond pharmacological intervention, emerging therapies explore the modulation of the microbiome, epigenetic regulation, and the manipulation of immune tolerance mechanisms. These therapies offer hope for better disease control and potential advantages for future betterment.

© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/raaidd/10.2174/0127724344382299250818070846
2025-09-01
2026-03-08

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/raaidd/10.2174/0127724344382299250818070846
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. SharifK. SharifA. JumahF. OskouianR. TubbsR.S. Rheumatoid arthritis in review: Clinical, anatomical, cellular and molecular points of view.Clin. Anat.201831221622310.1002/ca.22980 28833647
     [Google Scholar]
  2. GascoigneF. Immunity, inflammation and infection. PeateI. WildK. NairM. Nursing Practice: Knowledge and Care.ChichesterJohn Wiley & Sons;2014464474
     [Google Scholar]
  3. GiraudC. LambertC. DutheilF. PereiraB. SoubrierM. TournadreA. The relationship between weight status and metabolic syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis.Joint Bone Spine2021881105059
     [Google Scholar]
  4. NandgudeT.D. HasabeP.S. KolsureA.K. Clinical features and treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis: A review.Res J Pharm Technol201811125701570610.5958/0974‑360X.2018.01032.6
     [Google Scholar]
  5. ConfortiA. Di ColaI. PavlychV. Beyond the joints, the extra-articular manifestations in Rheumatoid arthritis.Autoimmun. Rev.202120210273510.1016/j.autrev.2020.102735 33346115
     [Google Scholar]
  6. McInnesI.B. SchettG. The pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis.N. Engl. J. Med.2011365232205221910.1056/NEJMra1004965 22150039
     [Google Scholar]
  7. SmolenJ.S. AletahaD. McInnesI.B. Rheumatoid arthritis.Lancet2016388100552023203810.1016/S0140‑6736(16)30173‑8 27156434
     [Google Scholar]
  8. KahlonM.S. Moidul IslamM. VashishatA. RaikwarS. Revolutionizing Rheumatoid arthritis care: AI-infused herbal treatments and the road ahead.Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol.202526331631810.2174/0113892010305528240506114408 38757330
     [Google Scholar]
  9. FeldmannM. MainiS.R.N. Role of cytokines in Rheumatoid arthritis: An education in pathophysiology and therapeutics.Immunol. Rev.2008223171910.1111/j.1600‑065X.2008.00626.x 18613827
     [Google Scholar]
  10. EpsteinF.H. HarrisE.D. Rheumatoid arthritis.N. Engl. J. Med.1990322181277128910.1056/NEJM199005033221805 2271017
     [Google Scholar]
  11. BadghaishM.M.O. QorbanG.N.M. AlbaqamiA.S. Rheumatoid arthritis, pathophysiology and management.Egypt. J. Hosp. Med.201870111898190310.12816/0044839
     [Google Scholar]
  12. ArendW.P. The pathophysiology and treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.199740459559710.1002/art.1780400402 9125239
     [Google Scholar]
  13. GibofskyA. Overview of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of Rheumatoid arthritis.Am. J. Manag. Care20121813S295S302(Suppl.) 23327517
     [Google Scholar]
  14. SaxenaA RaychaudhuriSK RaychaudhuriSP Rheumatoid arthritis: Disease pathophysiology. inflammation, advancing age and nutrition.united states: academic press2014
     [Google Scholar]
  15. ButolaL.K. AnjankerA. VaggaA. KapleM.N. Endogenous factor and pathophysiology of Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease from decades.Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev.20201222344010.31782/IJCRR.2020.122216
     [Google Scholar]
  16. AdamiG. SaagK.G. Osteoporosis pathophysiology, epidemiology, and screening in rheumatoid arthritis.Curr. Rheumatol. Rep.20192173410.1007/s11926‑019‑0836‑7 31123839
     [Google Scholar]
  17. GabrielS.E. The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis.Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.200127226928110.1016/s0889‑857x(05)70201‑5
     [Google Scholar]
  18. FinckhA. GilbertB. HodkinsonB. Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis.Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.20221810591602 36068354
     [Google Scholar]
  19. MyasoedovaE. DavisJ.M. CrowsonC.S. GabrielS.E. Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis and mortality.Curr. Rheumatol. Rep.201012537938510.1007/s11926‑010‑0117‑y 20645137
     [Google Scholar]
  20. GabrielS.E. CrowsonC.S. O’FallonM. The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1955-1985.Arthritis Rheum.199942341542010.1002/1529‑0131(199904)42:3<415:AID‑ANR4>3.0.CO;2‑Z 10088762
     [Google Scholar]
  21. AhoK. Kaipiainen-SeppänenO. HeliövaaraM. KlaukkaT. Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in Finland.Semin. Arthritis Rheum.199827532533410.1016/S0049‑0172(98)80053‑x
     [Google Scholar]
  22. WiddifieldJ. PatersonJ.M. BernatskyS. The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in Ontario, Canada.Arthritis Rheumatol.201466478679310.1002/art.38306 24757131
     [Google Scholar]
  23. SilmanA.J. Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis.Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppl19941027-1272172810.1111/j.1699‑0463.1994.tb05226.x 7826600
     [Google Scholar]
  24. OkadaY. WuD. TrynkaG. Genetics of Rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery.Nature2014506748837638110.1038/nature12873 24390342
     [Google Scholar]
  25. RaychaudhuriS. Recent advances in the genetics of Rheumatoid arthritis.Curr. Opin. Rheumatol.201022210911810.1097/BOR.0b013e328336474d 20075733
     [Google Scholar]
  26. GregersenP.K. SilverJ. WinchesterR.J. The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.198730111205121310.1002/art.1780301102 2446635
     [Google Scholar]
  27. ViatteS. PlantD. RaychaudhuriS. Genetics and epigenetics of Rheumatoid arthritis.Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.20139314115310.1038/nrrheum.2012.237 23381558
     [Google Scholar]
  28. ScallyS.W. PetersenJ. LawS.C. A molecular basis for the association of the HLA-DRB1 locus, citrullination, and rheumatoid arthritis.J. Exp. Med.2013210122569258210.1084/jem.20131241 24190431
     [Google Scholar]
  29. EyreS. BowesJ. DiogoD. High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for Rheumatoid arthritis.Nat. Genet.201244121336134010.1038/ng.2462 23143596
     [Google Scholar]
  30. KällbergH. DingB. PadyukovL. Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis: estimations of risks after various exposures to cigarette smoke.Ann. Rheum. Dis.201170350851110.1136/ard.2009.120899 21149499
     [Google Scholar]
  31. PlantD. BowesJ. PotterC. HyrichK.L. MorganA.W. WilsonA.G. Genome-wide association study of genetic predictors of anti-TNF treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis.Ann. Rheum. Dis.2011706972977
     [Google Scholar]
  32. KnevelR. KrabbenA. BrouwerE. LandeweR. van der HeijdeD. HuizingaT.W. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to the prediction of anti-TNF treatment response.Ann. Rheum. Dis.2014733463465
     [Google Scholar]
  33. AletahaD. NeogiT. SilmanA.J. Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: An American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative.Arthritis Rheum.20106292569258110.1002/art.27584 20872595
     [Google Scholar]
  34. NishimuraK. SugiyamaD. KogataY. Diagnostic accuracy of anti-CCP antibody and RF for Rheumatoid arthritis.Ann. Intern. Med.20071461179780810.7326/0003‑4819‑146‑11‑200706050‑00008 17548411
     [Google Scholar]
  35. FeldmannM. MainiR.N. TNF defined as a therapeutic target for RA.J. Clin. Invest.20011073299306
     [Google Scholar]
  36. GregersenP.K. SilverJ. WinchesterR.J. The shared epitope hypothesis in RA: A decade later.Arthritis Rheum.1996393340353
     [Google Scholar]
  37. RaychaudhuriS. Recent advances in the genetics of RA.Curr. Opin. Rheumatol.201022210911810.1097/BOR.0b013e328336474d 20075733
     [Google Scholar]
  38. VangT. CongiaM. MacisM.D. PTPN22 polymorphism in RA.Nat. Genet.200537121317131910.1038/ng1673 16273109
     [Google Scholar]
  39. RemmersE.F. PlengeR.M. LeeA.T. STAT4 and RA.N. Engl. J. Med.20073571097798610.1056/NEJMoa073003 17804842
     [Google Scholar]
  40. ChoyE.H. PanayiG.S. Cytokine pathways and joint inflammation in RA.N. Engl. J. Med.20013441290791610.1056/NEJM200103223441207 11259725
     [Google Scholar]
  41. KlareskogL. CatrinaA.I. PagetS. Rheumatoid arthritis.Lancet2009373966465967210.1016/S0140‑6736(09)60008‑8 19157532
     [Google Scholar]
  42. HaroonN. AggarwalA. LawrenceA. AgarwalV. MisraR. Impact of Rheumatoid arthritis on quality of life.Mod. Rheumatol.200717429029510.3109/s10165‑007‑0604‑9 17694261
     [Google Scholar]
  43. MatchamF. ScottI.C. RaynerL. The impact of Rheumatoid arthritis on quality-of-life assessed using the SF-36: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Semin. Arthritis Rheum.201444212313010.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.001 24973898
     [Google Scholar]
  44. StrandV. KhannaD. The impact of Rheumatoid arthritis and treatment on patients’ lives.Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.2010283S32S40 20576223
     [Google Scholar]
  45. PollardL. ChoyE.H. ScottD.L. The consequences of Rheumatoid arthritis: Quality of life measures in the individual patient.Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.2005235S43S52 16273784
     [Google Scholar]
  46. MartinecR. PinjatelaR. BalenD. Quality of life in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis–A preliminary study.Acta Clin. Croat.201958115716610.20471/acc.2019.58.01.20 31363338
     [Google Scholar]
  47. RuppI. BoshuizenH.C. JacobiC.E. DinantH.J. van den BosG.A.M. Impact of fatigue on health‐related quality of life in Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Care Res.200451457858510.1002/art.20539 15334430
     [Google Scholar]
  48. ShamsS. MartinezJ.M. DawsonJ.R.D. The therapeutic landscape of Rheumatoid arthritis: Current state and future directions.Front. Pharmacol.20211268004310.3389/fphar.2021.680043 34122106
     [Google Scholar]
  49. FerraraF. ZoviA. LangellaR. Analysis of prescriptive monitoring regarding the current therapeutic landscape of Rheumatoid arthritis: The experience of an Italian local health authority.Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res.202525222723310.1080/14737167.2024.2411431 39340396
     [Google Scholar]
  50. DeWittE.M. BrunnerH.I. The landscape of comparative effectiveness research in rheumatology.Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.2014101576210.1038/nrrheum.2013.140 24061502
     [Google Scholar]
  51. BurmesterG.R. PopeJ.E. Novel treatment strategies in Rheumatoid arthritis.Lancet2017389100862338234810.1016/S0140‑6736(17)31491‑5 28612748
     [Google Scholar]
  52. GattoM. ZenM. CrucianiC. IaccarinoL. DoriaA. Navigating the landscape of SLE treatment: An expert viewpoint on the rationality and limitations of early biologic intervention.Autoimmun. Rev.2024231010361210.1016/j.autrev.2024.103612 39218330
     [Google Scholar]
  53. FonsecaJ.E. SP0004 The therapeutic landscape in RA – bdmards, biosimilars and beyond.Ann. Rheum. Dis.201574Supplement 2216
     [Google Scholar]
  54. HeX. YinJ. YuM. Identification and validation of hub genes for predicting treatment targets and immune landscape in rheumatoid arthritis.BioMed Res. Int.202220221802377910.1155/2022/8023779 36317112
     [Google Scholar]
  55. SmolenJ.S. AletahaD. RedlichK. The pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis: New insights from old clinical data?Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.20128423524310.1038/nrrheum.2012.23 22410633
     [Google Scholar]
  56. AiR. LaragioneT. HammakerD. Comprehensive epigenetic landscape of Rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes.Nat. Commun.201891192110.1038/s41467‑018‑04310‑9 29765031
     [Google Scholar]
  57. van VollenhovenR. Treat-to-target in Rheumatoid arthritis — Are we there yet?Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.201915318018610.1038/s41584‑019‑0170‑5 30700865
     [Google Scholar]
  58. LauC.S. ChiaF. HarrisonA. APLAR Rheumatoid arthritis treatment recommendations.Int. J. Rheum. Dis.201518768571310.1111/1756‑185X.12754 26334449
     [Google Scholar]
  59. StofferM.A. SmolenJ.S. WoolfA. Development of patient-centred standards of care for Rheumatoid arthritis in Europe: The eumusc.net project.Ann. Rheum. Dis.201473590290510.1136/annrheumdis‑2013‑203743 23921994
     [Google Scholar]
  60. SokkaT. HannonenP. MöttönenT. Conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in early arthritis.Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.200531472974410.1016/j.rdc.2005.07.007 16287594
     [Google Scholar]
  61. HanR. RenH.C. ZhouS. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs combined with Chinese Herbal Medicines for Rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J. Tradit. Complement. Med.202212543744610.1016/j.jtcme.2022.01.005 36081815
     [Google Scholar]
  62. JurgensM.S. JacobsJ.W.G. BijlsmaJ.W.J. The use of conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in established RA.Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.201125452353310.1016/j.berh.2011.10.006 22137922
     [Google Scholar]
  63. PerssonM.S.M. SarmanovaA. DohertyM. ZhangW. Conventional and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Rheumatology201857101830183710.1093/rheumatology/key131 29917100
     [Google Scholar]
  64. SwierkotJ. SzechińskiJ. Methotrexate in Rheumatoid arthritis.Pharmacol. Rep.2006584473492 16963793
     [Google Scholar]
  65. FriedmanB. CronsteinB. Methotrexate mechanism in treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.Joint Bone Spine201986330130710.1016/j.jbspin.2018.07.004 30081197
     [Google Scholar]
  66. KremerJ.M. AlarcónG.S. LightfootR.W. Methotrexate for Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol.1994373316328
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Lopez-OlivoM.A. SiddhanamathaH.R. SheaB. TugwellP. WellsG.A. Suarez-AlmazorM.E. Methotrexate for treating Rheumatoid arthritis.Cochrane Libr.201420146CD00095710.1002/14651858.CD000957.pub2 24916606
     [Google Scholar]
  68. WeinblattM.E. CoblynJ.S. FoxD.A. Efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in Rheumatoid arthritis.N. Engl. J. Med.19853121381882210.1056/NEJM198503283121303 3883172
     [Google Scholar]
  69. CronsteinB.N. Low-dose methotrexate: A mainstay in the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.Pharmacol. Rev.200557216317210.1124/pr.57.2.3 15914465
     [Google Scholar]
  70. LipskyP.E. van der HeijdeD.M. St ClairE.W. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.N. Engl. J. Med.2000343221594160210.1056/NEJM200011303432202 11096166
     [Google Scholar]
  71. BorchersA.T. KeenC.L. CheemaG.S. GershwinM.E. The use of methotrexate in Rheumatoid arthritis.Semin. Arthritis Rheum.200434146548310.1016/j.semarthrit.2003.12.003 15305245
     [Google Scholar]
  72. WangW. ZhouH. LiuL. Side effects of methotrexate therapy for Rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review.Eur. J. Med. Chem.201815850251610.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.027 30243154
     [Google Scholar]
  73. PloskerG.L. CroomK.F. Sulfasalazine.Drugs200565131825184910.2165/00003495‑200565130‑00008 16114981
     [Google Scholar]
  74. MichelF. NavellouJ.C. FerraudD. ToussirotE. WendlingD. DRESS syndrome in a patient on sulfasalazine for Rheumatoid arthritis.Joint Bone Spine2005721828510.1016/j.jbspin.2004.06.002 15681256
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Suarez‐AlmazorM.E. BelseckE. SheaB. TugwellP. WellsG.A. Sulfasalazine for treating Rheumatoid arthritis.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.199819982CD000958
     [Google Scholar]
  76. AletahaD. StammT. KapralT. Survival and effectiveness of leflunomide compared with methotrexate and sulfasalazine in Rheumatoid arthritis: A matched observational study.Ann. Rheum. Dis.2003621094495110.1136/ard.62.10.944 12972472
     [Google Scholar]
  77. VolinM.V. CampbellP.L. ConnorsM.A. WoodruffD.C. KochA.E. The effect of sulfasalazine on Rheumatoid arthritic synovial tissue chemokine production.Exp. Mol. Pathol.2002732849210.1006/exmp.2002.2460 12231210
     [Google Scholar]
  78. JansenG. van der HeijdenJ. OerlemansR. Sulfasalazine is a potent inhibitor of the reduced folate carrier: Implications for combination therapies with methotrexate in Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.20045072130213910.1002/art.20375 15248210
     [Google Scholar]
  79. RempenaultC. CombeB. BarnetcheT. Clinical and structural efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in Rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review.Arthritis Care Res.2020721364010.1002/acr.23826 30629341
     [Google Scholar]
  80. WaskoM.C.M. HubertH.B. LingalaV.B. Hydroxychloroquine and risk of diabetes in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis.JAMA2007298218719310.1001/jama.298.2.187 17622600
     [Google Scholar]
  81. RempenaultC. CombeB. BarnetcheT. Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of hydroxychloroquine in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann. Rheum. Dis.20187719810310.1136/annrheumdis‑2017‑211836 28970215
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Van Der HeijdeD. Van RielP. GribnauF.W. Nuver-ZwartI.H. Van De PutteL.B. Effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage in Rheumatoid arthritis.Lancet198933386461036103810.1016/S0140‑6736(89)92442‑2 2565997
     [Google Scholar]
  83. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine in early Rheumatoid arthritis: The HERA study.Am. J. Med.199598215616810.1016/S0002‑9343(99)80399‑4 7847432
     [Google Scholar]
  84. LahaA. NasraS. BhatiaD. KumarA. Advancements in Rheumatoid arthritis therapy: A journey from conventional therapy to precision medicine via nanoparticles targeting immune cells.Nanoscale20241632149751499310.1039/D4NR02182G 39056352
     [Google Scholar]
  85. AkramM. DaniyalM. SultanaS. Traditional and modern management strategies for Rheumatoid arthritis.Clin. Chim. Acta202151214215510.1016/j.cca.2020.11.003 33186593
     [Google Scholar]
  86. SchettG. EmeryP. TanakaY. Tapering biologic and conventional DMARD therapy in Rheumatoid arthritis: Current evidence and future directions.Ann. Rheum. Dis.20167581428143710.1136/annrheumdis‑2016‑209201 27261493
     [Google Scholar]
  87. SepehrifarM.S. KarimifarM. MoussaviH. The effects of conventional drugs in the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis on the serum lipids.J. Res. Med. Sci.201823110510.4103/jrms.JRMS_869_17 30693040
     [Google Scholar]
  88. BinghamS.J. BuchM.H. TennantA. EmeryP. The impact of escalating conventional therapy in Rheumatoid arthritis patients referred for anti-tumour necrosis factor- therapy.Br. J. Rheumatol.200343336436810.1093/rheumatology/keh057 14657509
     [Google Scholar]
  89. BilsboroughW. KeenH. TaylorA. O’DriscollG.J. ArnoldaL. GreenD.J. Anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy over conventional therapy improves endothelial function in adults with Rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatol. Int.200626121125113110.1007/s00296‑006‑0147‑y 16799778
     [Google Scholar]
  90. MaX. XuS. TNF inhibitor therapy for Rheumatoid arthritis.Biomed. Rep.20131217718410.3892/br.2012.42 24648915
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Rubbert-RothA. FinckhA. Treatment options in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis failing initial TNF inhibitor therapy: a critical review.Arthritis Res. Ther.200911Suppl. 1S110.1186/ar2666 19368701
     [Google Scholar]
  92. MewarD. WilsonA.G. Treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors.Br. J. Pharmacol.2011162478579110.1111/j.1476‑5381.2010.01099.x 21039421
     [Google Scholar]
  93. ScottD.L. KingsleyG.H. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for Rheumatoid arthritis.N. Engl. J. Med.2006355770471210.1056/NEJMct055183 16914706
     [Google Scholar]
  94. SegalB. RhodusN.L. PatelK. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy for Rheumatoid arthritis.Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod.2008106677878710.1016/j.tripleo.2008.07.025 18930662
     [Google Scholar]
  95. WollheimF.A. TNF inhibition as therapy for Rheumatoid arthritis.Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs200211794795310.1517/13543784.11.7.947 12084005
     [Google Scholar]
  96. LeandroM.J. EdwardsJ.C.W. CambridgeG. Clinical outcome in 22 patients with Rheumatoid arthritis treated with B lymphocyte depletion.Ann. Rheum. Dis.2002611088388810.1136/ard.61.10.883 12228157
     [Google Scholar]
  97. FinckhA. CiureaA. BrulhartL. B cell depletion may be more effective than switching to an alternative anti–tumor necrosis factor agent in Rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate response to anti–tumor necrosis factor agents.Arthritis Rheum.20075651417142310.1002/art.22520 17469098
     [Google Scholar]
  98. CaleroI. NietoJ.A. SanzI. B cell therapies for Rheumatoid arthritis: Beyond B cell depletion.Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.201036232534310.1016/j.rdc.2010.02.003 20510237
     [Google Scholar]
  99. EdwardsJ.C.W. CambridgeG. B-cell targeting in Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.Nat. Rev. Immunol.20066539440310.1038/nri1838 16622478
     [Google Scholar]
  100. MotaP. ReddyV. IsenbergD. Improving B-cell depletion in systemic lupus erythematosus and Rheumatoid arthritis.Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol.201713766767610.1080/1744666X.2017.1259068 27841031
     [Google Scholar]
  101. TengY.K.O. WheaterG. HoganV.E. Induction of long-term B-cell depletion in refractory Rheumatoid arthritis patients preferentially affects autoreactive more than protective humoral immunity.Arthritis Res. Ther.2012142R5710.1186/ar3770 22409963
     [Google Scholar]
  102. CambridgeG. LeandroM.J. EdwardsJ.C.W. Serologic changes following B lymphocyte depletion therapy for Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.20034882146215410.1002/art.11181 12905467
     [Google Scholar]
  103. PopaC. LeandroM.J. CambridgeG. EdwardsJ.C.W. Repeated B lymphocyte depletion with rituximab in Rheumatoid arthritis over 7 yrs.Rheumatology200646462663010.1093/rheumatology/kel393 17189244
     [Google Scholar]
  104. MalemudC.J. The role of the JAK/STAT signal pathway in Rheumatoid arthritis.Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis.2018105-611712710.1177/1759720X18776224 29942363
     [Google Scholar]
  105. SimonL.S. TaylorP.C. ChoyE.H. The Jak/STAT pathway: A focus on pain in Rheumatoid arthritis.Semin. Arthritis Rheum.202151127828410.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.10.008 33412435
     [Google Scholar]
  106. CiobanuD.A. PoenariuI.S. CrîngușL.I. JAK/STAT pathway in pathology of Rheumatoid arthritis (Review).Exp. Ther. Med.20202043498350310.3892/etm.2020.8982 32905201
     [Google Scholar]
  107. IsomäkiP. JunttilaI. VidqvistK.L. KorpelaM. SilvennoinenO. The activity of JAK-STAT pathways in Rheumatoid arthritis: constitutive activation of STAT3 correlates with interleukin 6 levels.Rheumatology20155461103111310.1093/rheumatology/keu430 25406356
     [Google Scholar]
  108. HuL. LiuR. ZhangL. Advance in bone destruction participated by JAK/STAT in Rheumatoid arthritis and therapeutic effect of JAK/STAT inhibitors.Int. Immunopharmacol.202211110909510.1016/j.intimp.2022.109095 35926270
     [Google Scholar]
  109. WalkerJ.G. AhernM.J. ColemanM. Changes in synovial tissue Jak-STAT expression in Rheumatoid arthritis in response to successful DMARD treatment.Ann. Rheum. Dis.200665121558156410.1136/ard.2005.050385 16760256
     [Google Scholar]
  110. BaldiniC. MoriconiF.R. GalimbertiS. LibbyP. De CaterinaR. The JAK–STAT pathway: An emerging target for cardiovascular disease in Rheumatoid arthritis and myeloproliferative neoplasms.Eur. Heart J.202142424389440010.1093/eurheartj/ehab447 34343257
     [Google Scholar]
  111. PalmrothM. KuulialaK. PeltomaaR. Tofacitinib suppresses several JAK-STAT pathways in Rheumatoid arthritis in vivo and baseline signaling profile associates with treatment response.Front. Immunol.20211273848110.3389/fimmu.2021.738481 34630419
     [Google Scholar]
  112. McGarryT. OrrC. WadeS. JAK/STAT blockade alters synovial bioenergetics, mitochondrial function, and proinflammatory mediators in Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol.201870121959197010.1002/art.40569 29790294
     [Google Scholar]
  113. MalemudC.J. MillerA.H. Pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced SAPK/MAPK and JAK/STAT in Rheumatoid arthritis and the new anti-depression drugs.Expert Opin. Ther. Targets200812217118310.1517/14728222.12.2.171 18208366
     [Google Scholar]
  114. KaldenJ.R. Emerging therapies for Rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatol. Ther.201631314210.1007/s40744‑016‑0032‑4 27747522
     [Google Scholar]
  115. ZhouQ. HauptS. KreuzerJ.T. Decreased expression of miR-146a and miR-155 contributes to an abnormal Treg phenotype in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis.Ann. Rheum. Dis.20157461265127410.1136/annrheumdis‑2013‑204377 24562503
     [Google Scholar]
  116. SuntharalingamG. PerryM.R. WardS. Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412.N. Engl. J. Med.2006355101018102810.1056/NEJMoa063842 16908486
     [Google Scholar]
  117. HsuY.H. LiH.H. HsiehM.Y. Interleukin-20 promotes proliferation and osteoclastogenesis in Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.200654927252735 16947773
     [Google Scholar]
  118. GenoveseM.C. FleischmannR. CombeB. Safety and efficacy of upadacitinib in patients with active Rheumatoid arthritis refractory to biologic DMARDs (SELECT-BEYOND): A double-blind, randomized controlled phase 3 trial.Lancet2018391101392513252410.1016/S0140‑6736(18)31116‑4 29908670
     [Google Scholar]
  119. ChondrogianniN. StratfordF.L.L. TrougakosI.P. FriguetB. RivettA.J. GonosE.S. Central role of the proteasome in senescence and survival of human fibroblasts: Induction of a senescence-like phenotype upon its inhibition and resistance to stress upon its activation.J. Biol. Chem.200327830280262803710.1074/jbc.M301048200 12736271
     [Google Scholar]
  120. RitchlinC.T. RahmanP. KavanaughA. Efficacy and safety of the anti–interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody secukinumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study.Arthritis Rheumatol.2014662349359
     [Google Scholar]
  121. SenoltL. Emerging therapies in Rheumatoid arthritis: Focus on monoclonal antibodies.F1000 Res.20198154910.12688/f1000research.18688.1 31508202
     [Google Scholar]
  122. DoanT. MassarottiE. Rheumatoid arthritis: An overview of new and emerging therapies.J. Clin. Pharmacol.200545775176210.1177/0091270005277938 15951465
     [Google Scholar]
  123. KhokharM. DeyS. TomoS. JaremkoM. EmwasA.H. PandeyR.K. Unveiling novel drug targets and emerging therapies for Rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive review.ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci.2024761664169310.1021/acsptsci.4c00067 38898941
     [Google Scholar]
  124. BlumbergS.N. FoxD.A. Rheumatoid arthritis: Guidelines for emerging therapies.Am. J. Manag. Care200176617626 11439735
     [Google Scholar]
  125. FeelyM. New and emerging therapies for the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.Open Access Rheumatol.20102354310.2147/OARRR.S6868 27789996
     [Google Scholar]
  126. ClementsJ.N. Treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis: A review of recommendations and emerging therapy.Formulary20114612532
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Ben MridR. BouchmaaN. AinaniH. El FatimyR. MalkaG. MaziniL. Anti-Rheumatoid drugs advancements: New insights into the molecular treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.Biomed. Pharmacother.202215111312610.1016/j.biopha.2022.113126 35643074
     [Google Scholar]
  128. BreedveldF.C. CombeB. Understanding emerging treatment paradigms in Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Res. Ther.201113S1S310.1186/1478‑6354‑13‑S1‑S3 21624182
     [Google Scholar]
  129. RingoldS. Angeles-HanS.T. BeukelmanT. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Therapeutic approaches for non-systemic polyarthritis, sacroiliitis, and enthesitis.Arthritis Care Res.201971671773410.1002/acr.23870 31021516
     [Google Scholar]
  130. RavelliA. ConsolaroA. HorneffG. Treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis to target: Recommendations of an international task force.Ann. Rheum. Dis.201877681982810.1136/annrheumdis‑2018‑213030 29643108
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/raaidd/10.2174/0127724344382299250818070846
Loading
A New Era of Therapeutics: Innovation in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Recent Adv Antiinfect Drug Discov 21, 27 (2026); https://doi.org/10.2174/0127724344382299250818070846
/content/journals/raaidd/10.2174/0127724344382299250818070846
/content/journals/raaidd/10.2174/0127724344382299250818070846
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): chronic autoimmune disease; conventional therapy; interleukin; JAK-STAT inhibitor; Rheumatoid arthritis; TNF-inhibitor

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test