Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2772-4344
  • E-ISSN: 2772-4352

Abstract

Background

Acne vulgaris is a prevailing inflammatory condition of the skin affecting areas with dense sebaceous glands, like the upper back, chest, face, and arms. It impacts approximately 85% of Americans aged 12 to 25, which can persist into adulthood. The condition is identified with pustules, comedones, papules, and nodules, comprising psychological and social effects comparable to chronic diseases like asthma.

Objectives

This study explores the potential of herbal treatments as alternatives to conventional allopathic therapies for acne vulgaris, aiming to address underlying causes with fewer side effects.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted, examining clinical studies, traditional medicinal sources, and recent research on various herbs, including (tea tree), (turmeric), (neem), (aloe vera), (green tea), (rosemary), and Linn (amaranths). Both topical and internal applications were considered, with a focus on topical treatments for ease of use. The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect were the main sources of the data and content included in this review article. This helped to preserve transparency and increased the credibility of this review article.

Results

Herbal medicines are gaining traction due to their minimal adverse effects and holistic approach. This study highlights promising results from several herbs in reducing acne symptoms and improving skin health, emphasizing the need for further clinical trials to substantiate these findings.

Conclusion

Herbal therapies offer a viable alternative for managing acne vulgaris, potentially providing a holistic solution beyond symptomatic relief. Continued research is important to understand their effectiveness and mechanisms of action fully.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/raaidd/10.2174/0127724344345143250709035643
2025-07-14
2026-03-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. LynnD. UmariT. DellavalleR. DunnickC. The epidemiology of Acne vulgaris in late adolescence.Adolesc. Health Med. Ther.20167132510.2147/AHMT.S55832 26955297
    [Google Scholar]
  2. CollierC.N. HarperJ.C. CantrellW.C. The prevalence of acne in adults 20 years and older.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.2008581565910.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.045 17945383
    [Google Scholar]
  3. HayR.J. JohnsN.E. WilliamsH.C. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: An analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions.J. Invest. Dermatol.201413461527153410.1038/jid.2013.446 24166134
    [Google Scholar]
  4. RitvoE. Del RossoJ.Q. StillmanM.A. La RicheC. Psychosocial judgements and perceptions of adolescents with acne vulgaris: A blinded, controlled comparison of adult and peer evaluations.Biopsychosoc. Med.2011511110.1186/1751‑0759‑5‑11 21838915
    [Google Scholar]
  5. MallonE. NewtonJ.N. KlassenA. Stewart-BrownS.L. RyanT.J. FinlayA.Y. The quality of life in acne: A comparison with general medical conditions using generic questionnaires.Br. J. Dermatol.1999140467267610.1046/j.1365‑2133.1999.02768.x 10233319
    [Google Scholar]
  6. RamrakhaS. FergussonD.M. HorwoodL.J. Cumulative mental health consequences of acne: 23-year follow-up in a general population birth cohort study.Br. J. Dermatol.201617551079108110.1111/bjd.13786 25819106
    [Google Scholar]
  7. CongT.X. HaoD. WenX. LiX.H. HeG. JiangX. From pathogenesis of acne vulgaris to anti-acne agents.Arch. Dermatol. Res.2019311533734910.1007/s00403‑019‑01908‑x 30859308
    [Google Scholar]
  8. DowningD.T. StewartM.E. WertzP.W. StraussJ.S. Essential fatty acids and acne.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.198614222122510.1016/S0190‑9622(86)70025‑X 2936775
    [Google Scholar]
  9. KurokawaI. DanbyF.W. JuQ. New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment.Exp. Dermatol.2009181082183210.1111/j.1600‑0625.2009.00890.x 19555434
    [Google Scholar]
  10. ZaengleinA.L. ThiboutotD.M. Expert committee recommendations for acne management.Pediatrics200611831188119910.1542/peds.2005‑2022 16951015
    [Google Scholar]
  11. ValinsW. AminiS. BermanB. The expression of toll-like receptors in dermatological diseases and the therapeutic effect of current and newer topical toll-like receptor modulators.J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol.2010392029 20877521
    [Google Scholar]
  12. BeylotC. AuffretN. PoliF. Propionibacterium acnes: An update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201428327127810.1111/jdv.12224 23905540
    [Google Scholar]
  13. DrénoB. PécastaingsS. CorvecS. VeraldiS. KhammariA. RoquesC. Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: A brief look at the latest updates.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201832S251410.1111/jdv.15043 29894579
    [Google Scholar]
  14. JugeauS. TenaudI. KnolA.C. Induction of toll-like receptors by Propioni bacterium acnes.Br. J. Dermatol.200515361105111310.1111/j.1365‑2133.2005.06933.x 16307644
    [Google Scholar]
  15. JahnsA.C. LundskogB. GancevicieneR. An increased incidence of Propioni bacterium acnes biofilms in acne vulgaris: A case-control study.Br. J. Dermatol.20121671505810.1111/j.1365‑2133.2012.10897.x 22356121
    [Google Scholar]
  16. NastA. DrénoB. BettoliV. European evidence‐based (S3) guideline for the treatment of acne – Update 2016 – Short version.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.20163081261126810.1111/jdv.13776 27514932
    [Google Scholar]
  17. KosmadakiM. KatsambasA. Topical treatments for acne.Clin. Dermatol.201735217317810.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.010 28274355
    [Google Scholar]
  18. SavageL.J. LaytonA.M. Treating acne vulgaris: Systemic, local and combination therapy.Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol.20103456358010.1586/ecp.10.27 22111684
    [Google Scholar]
  19. CaoH. YangG. WangY. Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.201511CD009436 25597924
    [Google Scholar]
  20. OlutunmbiY. PaleyK. EnglishJ.C. Adolescent female acne: Etiology and management.J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol.200821417117610.1016/j.jpag.2007.07.004 18656070
    [Google Scholar]
  21. WebsterG.F. PoynerT. CunliffeB. Acne vulgaris * Commentary: A UK primary care perspective on treating acne.BMJ2002325736247547910.1136/bmj.325.7362.475 12202330
    [Google Scholar]
  22. LaversI. Clinical review: Acne vulgaris. Commentary: A UK primary care perspective on treating acne.BMJ2002325736247547910.12968/npre.2014.12.7.330
    [Google Scholar]
  23. GollnickH. CunliffeW. BersonD. Management of Acne.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.2003491S1S3710.1067/mjd.2003.618 12833004
    [Google Scholar]
  24. GollnickH. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of acne: Implications for drug treatment.Drugs200363151579159610.2165/00003495‑200363150‑00005 12887264
    [Google Scholar]
  25. WertzP.W. Lipids and the permeability and antimicrobial barriers of the skin.J. Lipids2018201811710.1155/2018/5954034 30245886
    [Google Scholar]
  26. FitzpatrickJ.E. MorelliJ.G. Dermatology secrets plus e-book.Elsevier Health Sciences20104148155
    [Google Scholar]
  27. BurkhartC.G. BurkhartC.N. LehmannP.F. Acne: A review of immunologic and microbiologic factors.Postgrad. Med. J.19997588432833110.1136/pgmj.75.884.328 10435165
    [Google Scholar]
  28. BiałeckaA. MakM. BiedrońR. BobekM. KasprowiczA. MarcinkiewiczJ. Different pro-inflammatory and immunogenic potentials of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis: Implications for chronic inflammatory acne.Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp.20055317985 15761379
    [Google Scholar]
  29. WebsterG.F. Acne vulgaris and rosacea: Evaluation and management.Clin. Cornerstone200141152210.1016/S1098‑3597(01)90003‑1 12739318
    [Google Scholar]
  30. FoxL. CsongradiC. AucampM. Du PlessisJ. GerberM. Treatment modalities for acne.Molecules2016218106310.3390/molecules21081063 27529209
    [Google Scholar]
  31. McInturffJ.E. KimJ. The role of toll-like receptors in the pathophysiology of acne.Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg.2005242737810.1016/j.sder.2005.03.002
    [Google Scholar]
  32. FengY. LiJ. MoX. JuQ. Macrophages in acne vulgaris: Mediating phagocytosis, inflammation, scar formation, and therapeutic implications.Front. Immunol.202415135545510.3389/fimmu.2024.1355455 38550588
    [Google Scholar]
  33. AkamatsuH. HorioT. HattoriK. Increased hydrogen peroxide generation by neutrophils from patients with acne inflammation.Int. J. Dermatol.200342536636910.1046/j.1365‑4362.2003.01540.x 12755973
    [Google Scholar]
  34. DeyP. KarunaD. BhaktaT. Medicinal plants used as anti-acne agents by tribal and non-tribal people of Tripura, India.Am J Phytomed Clin Ther201425556570
    [Google Scholar]
  35. PatelM. BoweW.P. HeughebaertC. ShalitaA.R. The development of antimicrobial resistance due to the antibiotic treatment of acne vulgaris: A review.J. Drugs Dermatol.201096655664 20645527
    [Google Scholar]
  36. MilstoneE.B. McDonaldA.J. ScholhamerC.F. Pseudomembranous colitis after topical application of clindamycin.Arch. Dermatol.1981117315415510.1001/archderm.1981.01650030032015 6452096
    [Google Scholar]
  37. AndradeR.J. TulkensP.M. Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care.J. Antimicrob. Chemother.20116671431144610.1093/jac/dkr159 21586591
    [Google Scholar]
  38. LammerE.J. ChenD.T. HoarR.M. Retinoic acid embryopathy.N. Engl. J. Med.19853131483784110.1056/NEJM198510033131401 3162101
    [Google Scholar]
  39. CsongradiC. du PlessisJ. AucampM.E. GerberM. Topical delivery of roxithromycin solid-state forms entrapped in vesicles.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.20171149610710.1016/j.ejpb.2017.01.006 28119103
    [Google Scholar]
  40. JungM.K. HaS. SonJ. Polyphenon-60 displays a therapeutic effect on acne by suppression of TLR2 and IL-8 expression via down-regulating the ERK1/2 pathway.Arch. Dermatol. Res.2012304865566310.1007/s00403‑012‑1249‑x 22684779
    [Google Scholar]
  41. FrasheriL. SchieleinM.C. TizekL. MikschlP. BiedermannT. ZinkA. Great green tea ingredient? A narrative literature review on epigallocatechin gallate and its biophysical properties for topical use in dermatology.Phytother. Res.20203492170217910.1002/ptr.6670 32189392
    [Google Scholar]
  42. YoonJ.Y. KwonH.H. MinS.U. ThiboutotD.M. SuhD.H. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves acne in humans by modulating intracellular molecular targets and inhibiting P. acnes.J. Invest. Dermatol.2013133242944010.1038/jid.2012.292 23096708
    [Google Scholar]
  43. CarsonC.F. MeeB.J. RileyT.V. Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.20024661914192010.1128/AAC.46.6.1914‑1920.2002 12019108
    [Google Scholar]
  44. CarsonC.F. HammerK.A. RileyT.V. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: A review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.2006191506210.1128/CMR.19.1.50‑62.2006 16418522
    [Google Scholar]
  45. MarkumE. BaillieJ. Combination of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia and iodine in the treatment of molluscumcontagiosum in children.J. Drugs Dermatol.2012113349354 22395586
    [Google Scholar]
  46. RamanA. WeirU. BloomfieldS.F. Antimicrobial effects of tea-tree oil and its major components on Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes.Lett. Appl. Microbiol.199521424224510.1111/j.1472‑765X.1995.tb01051.x 7576514
    [Google Scholar]
  47. JeremyA.H.T. HollandD.B. RobertsS.G. ThomsonK.F. CunliffeW.J. Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation.J. Invest. Dermatol.20031211202710.1046/j.1523‑1747.2003.12321.x 12839559
    [Google Scholar]
  48. HollandD.B. JeremyA.H. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of acne and acne scarring.Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg.2005242798310.1016/j.sder.2005.03.004
    [Google Scholar]
  49. KimJ. OchoaM.T. KrutzikS.R. Activation of toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses.J. Immunol.200216931535154110.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1535 12133981
    [Google Scholar]
  50. ZhongW. ChiG. JiangL. p-Cymene modulates in vitro and in vivo cytokine production by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB activation.Inflammation201336352953710.1007/s10753‑012‑9574‑y 23207717
    [Google Scholar]
  51. BrandC. FerranteA. PragerR.H. The water-soluble components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) suppress the production of superoxide by human monocytes, but not neutrophils, activated in vitro.Inflamm. Res.200150421321910.1007/s000110050746 11392609
    [Google Scholar]
  52. HartP.H. BrandC. CarsonC.F. RileyT.V. PragerR.H. Finlay-JonesJ.J. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes.Inflamm. Res.2000491161962610.1007/s000110050639 11131302
    [Google Scholar]
  53. NogueiraM.N.M. AquinoS.G. RossaJ.C. SpolidorioD.M.P. Terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol (tea tree oil components) inhibit the production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 on human macrophages.Inflamm. Res.201463976977810.1007/s00011‑014‑0749‑x 24947163
    [Google Scholar]
  54. NinomiyaK. HayamaK. IshijimaS.A. Suppression of inflammatory reactions by terpinen-4-ol, a main constituent of tea tree oil, in a murine model of oral candidiasis and its suppressive activity to cytokine production of macrophages in vitro.Biol. Pharm. Bull.201336583884410.1248/bpb.b13‑00033 23649340
    [Google Scholar]
  55. RamageG. MilliganS. LappinD.F. Antifungal, cytotoxic, and immunomodulatory properties of tea tree oil and its derivative components: Potential role in management of oral candidosis in cancer patients.Front. Microbiol.2012322010.3389/fmicb.2012.00220 22719736
    [Google Scholar]
  56. MaruyamaN. SekimotoY. IshibashiH. Suppression of neutrophil accumulation in mice by cutaneous application of geranium essential oil.J. Inflamm.2005211110.1186/1476‑9255‑2‑1 15813994
    [Google Scholar]
  57. BrandC. TownleyS.L. Finlay-JonesJ.J. HartP.H. Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced oedema in murine ears.Inflamm. Res.200251628328910.1007/PL00000305 12088268
    [Google Scholar]
  58. KothaR.R. LuthriaD.L. Curcumin: Biological, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and analytical aspects.Molecules20192416293010.3390/molecules24162930 31412624
    [Google Scholar]
  59. KrupV. PrakashL.H. A H. Pharmacological activities of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn): A review.J Homeopath Ayurvedic Med2013242167120610.4172/2167‑1206.1000133
    [Google Scholar]
  60. AggarwalB.B. YuanW. LiS. GuptaS.C. Curcumin-free turmeric exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities: Identification of novel components of turmeric.Mol. Nutr. Food Res.20135791529154210.1002/mnfr.201200838 23847105
    [Google Scholar]
  61. AkbikD. GhadiriM. ChrzanowskiW. RohanizadehR. Curcumin as a wound healing agent.Life Sci.201411611710.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.016 25200875
    [Google Scholar]
  62. RubyA.J. KuttanG. DineshB.K. RajasekharanK.N. KuttanR. Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids.Cancer Lett.1995941798310.1016/0304‑3835(95)03827‑J 7621448
    [Google Scholar]
  63. CheppudiraB. FowlerM. McGheeL. Curcumin: A novel therapeutic for burn pain and wound healing.Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs201322101295130310.1517/13543784.2013.825249 23902423
    [Google Scholar]
  64. SivapathasundharamB. Shafer’s Textbook of Oral pathology-E-Book.Elsevier Health Sciences202410512543
    [Google Scholar]
  65. LiuC.H. HuangH.Y. Antimicrobial activity of curcumin-loaded myristic acid microemulsions against Staphylococcus epidermidis.Chem. Pharm. Bull.20126091118112410.1248/cpb.c12‑00220 22976319
    [Google Scholar]
  66. LiuC.H. HuangH.Y. In vitro anti-propionibacterium activity by curcumin containing vesicle system.Chem. Pharm. Bull.201361441942510.1248/cpb.c12‑01043 23546001
    [Google Scholar]
  67. JagetiaG. RajanikantG. Curcumin stimulates the antioxidant mechanisms in mouse skin exposed to fractionated γ-irradiation.Antioxidants201541254110.3390/antiox4010025 26785336
    [Google Scholar]
  68. YangM.Y. ChangK.C. ChenL.Y. HuA. Low-dose blue light irradiation enhances the antimicrobial activities of curcumin against Propionibacterium acnes.J. Photochem. Photobiol. B2018189212810.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.021 30273795
    [Google Scholar]
  69. GuptaA. AnsariS. GuptaS. NarwaniM. GuptaM. SinghM. Therapeutics role of neem and its bioactive constituents in disease prevention and treatment.J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.201983680691
    [Google Scholar]
  70. BrahmachariG. Neem-an omnipotent plant: A retrospection.ChemBioChem20045440842110.1002/cbic.200300749 15185362
    [Google Scholar]
  71. EidA. JaradatN. ElmarzugiN. A review of chemical constituents and traditional usage of Neem plant (Azadirachta Indica).Palest Med Pharm J201722310.59049/2790‑0231.1060
    [Google Scholar]
  72. AlzohairyM.A. Therapeutics role of Azadirachtaindica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.201620161738250610.1155/2016/7382506 27034694
    [Google Scholar]
  73. NicolettiM. Insect-borne diseases in the 21st century.Academic Press2020263373
    [Google Scholar]
  74. XiangC. LiaoY. ChenZ. Network pharmacology and molecular docking to elucidate the potential mechanism of ligusticum chuanxiong against osteoarthritis.Front. Pharmacol.20221385421510.3389/fphar.2022.854215 35496280
    [Google Scholar]
  75. JerobinJ MakwanaP Suresh KumarRS SundaramoorthyR MukherjeeA ChandrasekaranN Antibacterial activity of neem nanoemulsion and its toxicity assessment on human lymphocytes in vitro.Int J Nanomedicine201510sup 27786
    [Google Scholar]
  76. PatelV.K. Venkatakrishna-BhattH. Folklore therapeutic indigenous plants in periodontal disorders in India (review, experimental and clinical approach).Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol.1988264176184 3042642
    [Google Scholar]
  77. RahimianG.A. TahmasebiB. RabieiZ. Rafieian-KopaeiM. GanjiF. RahimianR. Comparing the combined effect of garlic and mint extract with metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori treatment: Garlic and mint in Helicobacter pylori treatment.Indian J. Pharm. Sci.2013936370
    [Google Scholar]
  78. GageD. Aloe vera: Nature’s soothing healer.19966670
    [Google Scholar]
  79. SurjusheA. VasaniR. SapleD.G. Aloe vera: A short review.Indian J. Dermatol.200853416316610.4103/0019‑5154.44785 19882025
    [Google Scholar]
  80. SchulzV. HänselR. TylerV.E. Rational phytotherapy: A physician’s guide to herbal medicine.Psychology Press200129930510.1007/978‑3‑642‑98093‑0_8
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Al-QudahT.S. ZahraU. RehmanR. Lemon as a source of functional and medicinal ingredient: A review.Int. J. Chem. Biochem. Sci.2018145561
    [Google Scholar]
  82. SánchezM. González-BurgosE. IglesiasI. Gómez-SerranillosM.P. Pharmacological update properties of aloe vera and its major active constituents.Molecules2020256132410.3390/molecules25061324 32183224
    [Google Scholar]
  83. LinT.K. ZhongL. SantiagoJ. Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20171917010.3390/ijms19010070 29280987
    [Google Scholar]
  84. LucasL. RussellA. KeastR. Molecular mechanisms of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory benefits of virgin olive oil and the phenolic compound oleocanthal.Curr. Pharm. Des.201117875476810.2174/138161211795428911 21443487
    [Google Scholar]
  85. BoukhatemM.N. FerhatM.A. KameliA. SaidiF. KebirH.T. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs.Libyan J. Med.2014912543110.3402/ljm.v9.25431 25242268
    [Google Scholar]
  86. RobertsD.B. TravisE.L. Acemannan-containing wound dressing gel reduces radiation-induced skin reactions in C3H mice.Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.199532410471052
    [Google Scholar]
  87. JavedH. ShahS.N. JavedH. Mild–moderate acne treatment and skin allergic reaction treatment using aloeveraemulgel—a case study.J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.20219148150
    [Google Scholar]
  88. MaenthaisongR. ChaiyakunaprukN. NiruntrapornS. KongkaewC. The efficacy of aloe vera used for burn wound healing: a systematic review.Burns2007336713718
    [Google Scholar]
  89. NazariS. Effect of aloe vera gel on perineal pain and wound healing after episiotomy among primiparous women: A randomized clinical trial.Majallah-i Zanan, Mamai va Nazai-i Iran201921114451
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Gauri BasmatkerG.B. Neha JaisN.J. Aloe vera: A valuable multifunctional cosmetic ingredient.Int. J. Med. Aromat. Plants201213338341
    [Google Scholar]
  91. CheungS. TaiJ. Anti-proliferative and antioxidant properties of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis.Oncol. Rep.20071761525153110.3892/or.17.6.1525 17487414
    [Google Scholar]
  92. PengC.H. SuJ.D. ChyauC.C. Supercritical fluid extracts of rosemary leaves exhibit potent anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects.Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.20077192223223210.1271/bbb.70199 17827696
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Rafieian-kopaeiM. ShahinfardN. Rouhi-BoroujeniH. GharipourM. Darvishzadeh-BoroujeniP. Effects of Ferulagoangulata extract on serum lipids and lipid peroxidation.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.20142014168085610.1155/2014/680856 24707310
    [Google Scholar]
  94. UroševićM. NikolićL. GajićI. NikolićV. DinićA. MiljkovićV. Curcumin: Biological activities and modern pharmaceutical forms.Antibiotics202211213510.3390/antibiotics11020135 35203738
    [Google Scholar]
  95. DerakhshanfarA. MoayediJ. DerakhshanfarG. Poostforoosh FardA. The role of Iranian medicinal plants in experimental surgical skin wound healing: An integrative review.Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci.2019226590600 31231485
    [Google Scholar]
  96. KapoorS. Topical herbal therapies an alternative and complementary choice.Res. J. Med. Plant20115365066910.3923/rjmp.2011.650.669
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Akin-OsanaB.C. AgbajiA.S. DakareM.A. Antimicrobial activity of oils and extracts of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass), Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus camaldulensis.J Med Sci20077469469710.3923/jms.2007.694.697
    [Google Scholar]
  98. FalahatiM. Anti dermatophyte activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in comparison with Griseofulvin.Iran J Pharmacol Ther200548083
    [Google Scholar]
  99. TrivediN.A. HotchandaniS.C. A study of the antimicrobial activity of oil of Eucalyptus.Indian J. Pharmacol.20043629394
    [Google Scholar]
  100. WinkelmanW.J. Aromatherapy, botanicals, and essential oils in acne.Clin. Dermatol.201836329930510.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.03.004 29908571
    [Google Scholar]
  101. MittalV. SharmaA. KriplaniP. Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Herbal Ingredients in Cosmetics: A Clinical Research Perspective.Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy2022
    [Google Scholar]
  102. BaumannL. Botanical ingredients in cosmeceuticals.J. Drugs Dermatol.200761110841088 18038494
    [Google Scholar]
  103. ShapiroS. MeierA. GuggenheimB. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria.Oral Microbiol. Immunol.19949420220810.1111/j.1399‑302X.1994.tb00059.x 7478759
    [Google Scholar]
  104. KanlayavattanakulM. LourithN. Therapeutic agents and herbs in topical application for acne treatment.Int. J. Cosmet. Sci.201133428929710.1111/j.1468‑2494.2011.00647.x 21401650
    [Google Scholar]
  105. CarsonC.F. RileyT.V. Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia.J. Appl. Bacteriol.199578326426910.1111/j.1365‑2672.1995.tb05025.x 7730203
    [Google Scholar]
  106. BassettI.B. BarnetsonR.S.C. PannowitzD.L. A comparative study of tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne.Med. J. Aust.1990153845545810.5694/j.1326‑5377.1990.tb126150.x 2145499
    [Google Scholar]
  107. KogaT. HirotaN. TakumiK. Bactericidal activities of essential oils of basil and sage against a range of bacteria and the effect of these essential oils on Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Microbiol. Res.1999154326727310.1016/S0944‑5013(99)80024‑X 10652788
    [Google Scholar]
  108. LachowiczK.J. JonesG.P. BriggsD.R. The synergistic preservative effects of the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against acid-tolerant food microflora.Lett. Appl. Microbiol.199826320921410.1046/j.1472‑765X.1998.00321.x 9569711
    [Google Scholar]
  109. TalebM.H. AbdeltawabN.F. ShammaR.N. Origanum vulgare L. essential oil as a potential anti-acne topical nanoemulsion—in vitro and in vivo study.Molecules2018239216410.3390/molecules23092164 30154336
    [Google Scholar]
  110. SinghS. MajumdarD.K. RehanH.M.S. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum (Holybasil) and its possible mechanism of action.J. Ethnopharmacol.1996541192610.1016/0378‑8741(96)83992‑4 8941864
    [Google Scholar]
  111. MeierL. StangeR. MichalsenA. UehlekeB. Clay jojoba oil facial mask for lesioned skin and mild acne–results of a prospective, observational pilot study.Forsch. Komplement. Med.2012192757910.1159/000338076
    [Google Scholar]
  112. PazyarN. YaghoobiR. GhassemiM.R. KazerouniA. RafeieE. JamshydianN. Jojoba in dermatology: A succinct review.G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol.20131486687691
    [Google Scholar]
  113. DakappaS.S. Roshan AdhikariR.A. TimilsinaS.S. A review on the medicinal plant Psidiumguajava Linn. (Myrtaceae).J. Drug Deliv. Ther.20133216216810.22270/jddt.v3i2.404
    [Google Scholar]
  114. YangJ.H. YoonJ.Y. KwonH.H. MinS. MoonJ. SuhD.H. Seeking new acne treatment from natural products, devices and synthetic drug discovery.Dermatoendocrinol201791135652010.1080/19381980.2017.1356520 29484092
    [Google Scholar]
  115. BodeA.M. DongZ. The amazing and mighty ginger.Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects 2nd ed.201113115610.1201/b10787‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  116. BentS. PadulaA. NeuhausJ. Safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium for weight loss.Am. J. Cardiol.200494101359136110.1016/j.amjcard.2004.07.137 15541270
    [Google Scholar]
  117. CalapaiG. FirenzuoliF. SaittaA. Antiobesity and cardiovascular toxic effects of Citrus aurantium extracts in the rat: A preliminary report.Fitoterapia199970658659210.1016/S0367‑326X(99)00093‑3
    [Google Scholar]
  118. KumarA. BabootaS. AgarwalS.P. AliJ. AhujaA. Treatment of acne with special emphasis on herbal remedies.Expert. Rev. Dermatol.20083111112210.1586/17469872.3.1.111
    [Google Scholar]
  119. MelnikB.C. SchmitzG. Role of insulin, insulin‐like growth factor-1, hyperglycaemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris.Exp. Dermatol.2009181083384110.1111/j.1600‑0625.2009.00924.x 19709092
    [Google Scholar]
  120. MuizzuddinN. GiacomoniP. MaesD. Acne – a multifaceted problem.Drug Discov. Today Dis. Mech.200852e183e18810.1016/j.ddmec.2008.08.001
    [Google Scholar]
  121. ChomnawangM.T. SurassmoS. NukoolkarnV.S. GritsanapanW. Antimicrobial effects of Thai medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria.J. Ethnopharmacol.20051011-333033310.1016/j.jep.2005.04.038 16009519
    [Google Scholar]
  122. ManjunathaB.K. Antibacterial activity of Pterocarpus santalinus.Indian J. Pharm. Sci.200668111510.4103/0250‑474X.22982
    [Google Scholar]
  123. TsuchiyaH. SatoM. MiyazakiT. Comparative study on the antibacterial activity of phytochemical flavanones against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.J. Ethnopharmacol.1996501273410.1016/0378‑8741(96)85514‑0 8778504
    [Google Scholar]
  124. TabassumN. HamdaniM. Plants used to treat skin diseases.Pharmacogn. Rev.2014815526010.4103/0973‑7847.125531 24600196
    [Google Scholar]
  125. OtienoN.E. AnaloC. Local indigenous knowledge about some medicinal plants in and around Kakamega forest in western Kenya.F1000 Res.201214010.12688/f1000research.1‑40.v2 24701341
    [Google Scholar]
  126. MahomoodallyM.F. Traditional medicines in Africa: An appraisal of ten potent african medicinal plants.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.20132013111410.1155/2013/617459 24367388
    [Google Scholar]
  127. AtkinsonN. BriceH.E. Antibacterial substances produced by flowering plants. II. The antibacterial action of essential oils from some Australian plants.Immunol. Cell Biol.195533554755410.1038/icb.1955.56 13283937
    [Google Scholar]
  128. AnitaK. MisraN. Efficacy of essential oils against dermatophytes associated with animals and human beings.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci.201282451752310.1007/s40011‑012‑0037‑x
    [Google Scholar]
  129. GuoJ. LiB. WuW. WangZ. WangF. GuoT. Chinese herbal medicines compared with N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.20192019111810.1155/2019/5170638 31312224
    [Google Scholar]
  130. ObiR.K. NwanebuF.C. NdubuisiU.U. OrjiN.M. Antibacterial qualities and phytochemical screening of the oils of Curcubita pepo and Brassica nigra.J. Med. Plants Res.200935429432
    [Google Scholar]
  131. AburjaiT. NatshehF.M. Plants used in cosmetics.Phytother. Res.2003179987100010.1002/ptr.1363 14595575
    [Google Scholar]
  132. KurokawaI. LaytonA.M. OgawaR. Updated treatment for acne: Targeted therapy based on pathogenesis.Dermatol. Ther.20211141129113910.1007/s13555‑021‑00552‑6 34115308
    [Google Scholar]
  133. IsaacsC.E. ThormarH. The role of milk-derived antimicrobial lipids as antiviral and antibacterial agents.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.199131015916510.1007/978‑1‑4615‑3838‑7_19 1808991
    [Google Scholar]
  134. HewittH. WhittleS. LopezS. BaileyE. WeaverS. Topical use of papaya in chronic skin ulcer therapy in Jamaica.West Indian Med. J.20004913233 10786448
    [Google Scholar]
  135. LaidetB. LetourneurM. Enzymatic debridement of leg ulcers using papain.Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.19931203248 8239368
    [Google Scholar]
  136. LangerV. BhandariP.S. RajagopalanS. MukherjeeM.K. Enzymatic debridement of large burn wounds with papain–urea: Is it safe?Med. J. Armed Forces India2013692144150
    [Google Scholar]
  137. WangH. ProvanG.J. HelliwellK. Determination of hamamelitannin, catechins and gallic acid in witch hazel bark, twig and leaf by HPLC.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.200333453954410.1016/S0731‑7085(03)00303‑0 14623578
    [Google Scholar]
  138. NelsonK. LylesJ.T. LiT. Anti-acne activity of Italian medicinal plants used for skin infection.Front. Pharmacol.2016742510.3389/fphar.2016.00425 27891094
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Tara ShanbhagV. ChandrakalaS. SachidanandaA. KuradyB.L. SmitaS. GaneshS. Wound healing activity of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in Wistar rats.Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.2006504384390 17402268
    [Google Scholar]
  140. MajeedM. PrakashS. Composition and methods containing an antimicrobial essential oil extended from Coleus forskohlii.U.S. Patent 6,607,7122003
  141. ChiejR. The Macdonald encyclopedia of medicinal plants.LondonMacdonald1985
    [Google Scholar]
  142. LiM.H. ChenJ.M. PengY. WuQ. XiaoP.G. Investigation of Danshen and related medicinal plants in China.J. Ethnopharmacol.2008120341942610.1016/j.jep.2008.09.013 18930799
    [Google Scholar]
  143. SchützK. CarleR. SchieberA. Taraxacum—A review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile.J. Ethnopharmacol.2006107331332310.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021 16950583
    [Google Scholar]
  144. GibbonsS. An overview of plant extracts as potential therapeutics.Expert Opin. Ther. Pat.200313448949710.1517/13543776.13.4.489
    [Google Scholar]
  145. NewallC.A. AndersonL.A. PhillipsonJ.D. Herbal medicines.In: A guide for health-care professionals.The Pharmaceutical Press1996269
    [Google Scholar]
  146. DweckA.C. ToiletriesP.B. Natural extracts and herbal oils: Concentrated benefits for the skin.Cosmet Toiletries199210758998
    [Google Scholar]
  147. MasturaM. Nor AzahM.A. KhozirahS. MawardiR. ManafA.A. Anticandidal and antidermatophytic activity of Cinnamomum species essential oils.Cytobios1999983871723 10490360
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Pilot study to evaluate tea tree oil gel for facial acne.Patent NCT016571102012
  149. The functional and emotional benefits of replenix power of three with resveratrol.Patent NCT035633652024
  150. Effect of new topical preparation for treatment of acne vulgaris.Patent NCT058996992023
  151. Efficacy of Azadirachta indica (homoeopathic medicine) in treatment of acne vulgaris.Patent NCT013216452011
  152. Oral baidi quzhi granule combined with ju ying cream for acne vulgaris.Patent NCT050359792021
  153. SinicoC. ManconiM. PeppiM. LaiF. ValentiD. FaddaA.M. Liposomes as carriers for dermal delivery of tretinoin: In vitro evaluation of drug permeation and vesicle–skin interaction.J. Control. Release2005103112313610.1016/j.jconrel.2004.11.020 15710506
    [Google Scholar]
  154. ManconiM. SinicoC. CaddeoC. VilaA.O. ValentiD. FaddaA.M. Penetration enhancer containing vesicles as carriers for dermal delivery of tretinoin.Int. J. Pharm.20114121-2374610.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.068 21530626
    [Google Scholar]
  155. TschanT. SteffenH. SupersaxoA. Sebaceous-gland deposition of isotretinoin after topical application: An in vitro study using human facial skin.Skin Pharmacol. Physiol.199710312613410.1159/000211477 9287393
    [Google Scholar]
  156. KumarV. BangaA.K. Intradermal and follicular delivery of adapalene liposomes.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.201642687187910.3109/03639045.2015.1082580 27031916
    [Google Scholar]
  157. HonzakL. ŠentjurcM. Development of liposome encapsulated clindamycin for treatment of acne vulgaris.Pflugers Arch.2000440S1R044R04510.1007/s004240000000 28008476
    [Google Scholar]
  158. HamishehkarH. HasanpouriA. LotfipourF. GhanbarzadehS. Improvement of dermal delivery of tetracycline using vesicular nanostructures.Res. Pharm. Sci.201813538539310.4103/1735‑5362.236831 30271440
    [Google Scholar]
  159. El-NabarawiM.A. ShammaR.N. FaroukF. NasrallaS.M. Dapsone-loaded invasomes as a potential treatment of acne: preparation, characterization, and in vivo skin deposition assay.AAPS PharmSciTech20181952174218410.1208/s12249‑018‑1025‑0 29725903
    [Google Scholar]
  160. DraelosZ.D. Sensitive skin: perceptions, evaluation, and treatment.Am. J. Contact Dermat.1997826778 9153340
    [Google Scholar]
  161. GhoshV.K. NagoreD.H. KadbhaneK.P. PatilM.J. Different approaches of alternative medicines in acne vulgaris treatment.Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med.20111111910.1007/s13596‑011‑0006‑6
    [Google Scholar]
  162. MukherjeeR.K. FujimotoY. KakinumaK. 1-(ω-Hydroxyfattyacyl) glycerols and two flavanols from Cinnamomumcamphora.Phytochemistry19953761641164310.1016/S0031‑9422(00)89583‑7
    [Google Scholar]
  163. WuT.S. LeuY.L. ChanY.Y. YuS.M. TengC.M. SuJ.D. Lignans and an aromatic acid from Cinnamomum philippinense.Phytochemistry199436378578810.1016/S0031‑9422(00)89818‑0
    [Google Scholar]
  164. JoshiD BahugunaS SharmaP SinghB SemwalN Novel approaches in herbal medicament for acne vulgaris.202244555641
    [Google Scholar]
  165. BishtH. ShrivastavaA.K. SharmaB. Acne vulgaris: An ayurvedic review.J Nat Ayurvedic Med20204425784986
    [Google Scholar]
  166. SyalS. PanditV. AshawatM.S. Traditional herbs to treat acne vulgaris.Asian J Pharm Res202010319520110.5958/2231‑5691.2020.00034.9
    [Google Scholar]
  167. NawarathneN.W. WijesekeraK. Gaya Bandara WijayaratneW.M.D. NapagodaM. Development of novel topical cosmeceutical formulations from Nigella sativa L. with antimicrobial activity against acne-causing microorganisms.Sci World J2019201911710.1155/2019/5985207 31485198
    [Google Scholar]
  168. SinghN. SinghM. PanwarS. An overview of novel drug delivery systems for acne.Int J Res Dev Pharm Life Sci20198411210.21276/IJRDPL.2278‑0238.2019.8(4).1‑12
    [Google Scholar]
  169. PalR.S. PalY. SaraswatN. WalP. WalA. Current review on herbs for derma care.Open Dermatol. J.2019131414610.2174/1874372201913010041
    [Google Scholar]
  170. SarangiM. PadhiS. Novel herbal drug delivery system: An overview.Arch Med Health Sci20186117117910.4103/amhs.amhs_88_17
    [Google Scholar]
  171. BaghelS. GidwaniB. KaurC.D. Novel drug delivery systems of herbal constituents used in acne.Asian J Res Pharm Sci201772576710.5958/2231‑5659.2017.00009.1
    [Google Scholar]
  172. RameshV. KumarK.A. Herbally medicated liposomal gel for acne vulgaris.World J. Pharm. Res.2017614507529
    [Google Scholar]
  173. NasriH. BahmaniM. ShahinfardN. MoradiN.A. SaberianpourS. RafieianK.M. Medicinal plants for the treatment of acne vulgaris: A review of recent evidences.Jundishapur J. Microbiol.20158112558010.5812/jjm.25580 26862380
    [Google Scholar]
  174. PatelS.D. ShahS. ShahN. A review on herbal drug acting against acne vulgaris.J Pharm Sci Biosci Res201552165171
    [Google Scholar]
  175. SinhaP. SrivastavaS. MishraN. YadavN.P. New perspectives on antiacne plant drugs: Contribution to modern therapeutics.BioMed Res. Int.20142014111910.1155/2014/301304 25147793
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Valente Duarte de SousaI.C. Novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of acne vulgaris.Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs201423101389141010.1517/13543784.2014.923401 24890096
    [Google Scholar]
  177. MullaicharamA. ElhadF.A. Evaluation of anti-acne property of poly herbal formulation.J Biomed Pharm Res2012132835
    [Google Scholar]
  178. YarnellE. AbascalK. Herbal medicine for acne vulgaris.Altern. Complement. Ther.200612630330910.1089/act.2006.12.303
    [Google Scholar]
  179. FerreiraI. LopesC.M. AmaralM.H. Treatment advances for acne vulgaris: The scientific role of cannabinoids.Cosmetics20241112210.3390/cosmetics11010022
    [Google Scholar]
  180. StarrM. What’s new in acne treatment?Pediatr. News202458156
    [Google Scholar]
  181. ReynoldsR.V. YeungH. ChengC.E. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.20249051006.e11006.e3010.1016/j.jaad.2023.12.017 38300170
    [Google Scholar]
  182. HaiderA. ShawJ.C. Treatment of acne vulgaris.JAMA2004292672673510.1001/jama.292.6.726 15304471
    [Google Scholar]
  183. MoosaA.S. LimS.F. KohY.L.E. AauW.K. TanN.C. The management of acne vulgaris in young people in primary care: A retrospective cohort study.Front. Med.202310115239110.3389/fmed.2023.1152391 37020676
    [Google Scholar]
  184. Ogé’L.K. BroussardA. MarshallM.D. Acne vulgaris: Diagnosis and treatment.Am. Fam. Physician20191008475484 31613567
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/raaidd/10.2174/0127724344345143250709035643
Loading
/content/journals/raaidd/10.2174/0127724344345143250709035643
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test