Skip to content
2000
Volume 20, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 1574-8928
  • E-ISSN: 2212-3970

Abstract

Background

extracts are widely used as adjuvants in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) in China. However, its clinical value in TNBC remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the clinical effect of spore powder (GLSP) on prognosis in patients with early-stage TNBC in this study.

Methods

A total of 388 patients who were diagnosed with TNBC at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from February 2012 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was applied to balance baseline data. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to evaluate the relationship between GLSP and prognosis.

Results

Of the 388 patients, 72 (18.6%) patients took GLSP. After PSM, 208 patients were selected for analysis, including 71 (34.1%) patients who took the powder. The median follow-up period was 51 months. The patients who took GLSP (the treatment group) and those who did not take GLSP (the control group) were similar in most clinico-pathological features before being matched. However, the proportion of patients who received breast-conserving surgery in the treatment group was higher (27.8% . 16.1%; =0.021) than in the control group. No significant difference was found in the baseline data between the two groups for the matched cohort (all >0.05). Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed that patients taking GLSP benefited from improved overall survival (OS) (HR=0.159, = 0.002) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR=0.232, = 0.005) before being matched. The main result of the survival analysis after matching was similar to that described above. Patients in the treatment group achieved both greater OS and DFS benefits than patients in the control group (all < 0.05). In stratified analysis according to TNM stages, after adjusting for the significant prognostic factors, multivariate analysis revealed that the treatment group had better OS than the control group for patients in stages II and III (HR=0.172, =0.004).

Conclusion

The results of this real-world propensity-score-matched study suggest that GLSP can improve OS and DFS in early-stage TNBC patients. A higher OS was observed for patients taking GLSP, particularly in stage II and stage III.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/pra/10.2174/0115748928282946240111114448
2025-02-21
2025-09-21

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/pra/10.2174/0115748928282946240111114448
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. SiegelR.L. MillerK.D. FuchsH.E. JemalA. Cancer Statistics, 2021.CA Cancer J. Clin.202171173310.3322/caac.21654 33433946
     [Google Scholar]
  2. AllemaniC. WeirH.K. CarreiraH. Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: Analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2).Lancet20153859972977101010.1016/S0140‑6736(14)62038‑9 25467588
     [Google Scholar]
  3. PerouC.M. SørlieT. EisenM.B. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours.Nature2000406679774775210.1038/35021093 10963602
     [Google Scholar]
  4. GoldhirschA. WoodW.C. CoatesA.S. GelberR.D. ThürlimannB. SennH.J. Strategies for subtypes—dealing with the diversity of breast cancer: Highlights of the St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2011.Ann. Oncol.20112281736174710.1093/annonc/mdr304 21709140
     [Google Scholar]
  5. FoulkesW.D. SmithI.E. Reis-FilhoJ.S. Triple-negative breast cancer.N. Engl. J. Med.2010363201938194810.1056/NEJMra1001389 21067385
     [Google Scholar]
  6. ShahS.P. RothA. GoyaR. The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers.Nature2012486740339539910.1038/nature10933 22495314
     [Google Scholar]
  7. YeF. DewanjeeS. LiY. Advancements in clinical aspects of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer.Mol. Cancer202322110510.1186/s12943‑023‑01805‑y 37415164
     [Google Scholar]
  8. YinY. YanY. FanB. HuangW. ZhangJ. HuH.Y. Novel combination therapy for triple-negative breast cancer based on an intelligent hollow carbon sphere. In: Research 20236009810.34133/research.0098
     [Google Scholar]
  9. WangX. WangS.S. HuangH. Effect of capecitabine maintenance therapy using lower dosage and higher frequency vs observation on disease-free survival among patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer who had received standard treatment.JAMA20213251505810.1001/jama.2020.23370 33300950
     [Google Scholar]
  10. DanX. LiuW. WongJ.H. NgT.B. A ribonuclease isolated from wild ganoderma lucidum suppressed autophagy and triggered apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells.Front. Pharmacol.2016721710.3389/fphar.2016.00217 27504094
     [Google Scholar]
  11. BishopK.S. KaoC.H.J. XuY. GlucinaM.P. PatersonR.R.M. FergusonL.R. From 2000 years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals.Phytochemistry2015114566510.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.015 25794896
     [Google Scholar]
  12. AhmadM.F. Ganoderma lucidum: Persuasive biologically active constituents and their health endorsement.Biomed. Pharmacother.201810750751910.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.036 30114634
     [Google Scholar]
  13. WangJ. CaoB. ZhaoH. FengJ. Emerging roles of Ganoderma Lucidum in anti-aging.Aging Dis.20178669170710.14336/AD.2017.0410 29344411
     [Google Scholar]
  14. HuangS. MaoJ. DingK. Polysaccharides from ganoderma lucidum promote cognitive function and neural progenitor proliferation in mouse model of alzheimer’s disease.Stem Cell Reports201781849410.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.007 28076758
     [Google Scholar]
  15. WuY.L. HanF. LuanS.S. Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their potential anti-inflammatory effects.J. Agric. Food Chem.201967185147515810.1021/acs.jafc.9b01195 30995041
     [Google Scholar]
  16. ZhaoC. FanJ. LiuY. Hepatoprotective activity of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice, an iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis.Food Chem.201927114815610.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.115 30236660
     [Google Scholar]
  17. JangS.H. ChoS. YoonH.M. JangK.J. SongC.H. KimC.H. Hepatoprotective evaluation of ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture: In vivo studies of ethanol-induced acute liver injury.J. Pharmacopuncture2014173162410.3831/KPI.2014.17.022 25780705
     [Google Scholar]
  18. ChengS. SlivaD. Ganoderma lucidum for cancer treatment: We are close but still not there.Integr. Cancer Ther.201514324925710.1177/1534735414568721 25626896
     [Google Scholar]
  19. NaK. LiK. SangT. WuK. WangY. WangX. Anticarcinogenic effects of water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo.Int. J. Oncol.20175051541155410.3892/ijo.2017.3939 28358412
     [Google Scholar]
  20. HanyuX. LanyueL. MiaoD. WentaoF. CangranC. HuiS. Effect of Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharides on MAPK/ERK pathway affecting autophagy in breast cancer MCF-7 cells.Int. J. Biol. Macromol.202014635336210.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.010 31911173
     [Google Scholar]
  21. LiuR.M. ZhongJ.J. Ganoderic acid Mf and S induce mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells.Phytomedicine201118534935510.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.019 21036023
     [Google Scholar]
  22. HuH. AhnN.S. YangX. LeeY.S. KangK.S. Ganoderma lucidum extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cell.Int. J. Cancer2002102325025310.1002/ijc.10707 12397644
     [Google Scholar]
  23. WuG. QianZ. GuoJ. Ganoderma lucidum extract induces G1 cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.Am. J. Chin. Med.201240363164210.1142/S0192415X12500474 22745075
     [Google Scholar]
  24. BarbieriA. QuagliarielloV. Del VecchioV. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of ganoderma lucidum extract effects on melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer treatment.Nutrients20179321010.3390/nu9030210 28264501
     [Google Scholar]
  25. JinX. Ruiz BeguerieJ. SzeD.M. ChanG.C.F. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment.Cochrane Libr.201620191CD00773110.1002/14651858.CD007731.pub3 27045603
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Cancer Genome AtlasN. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours.Nature20124907418617010.1038/nature11412 23000897
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Sook KimE. KimS. MoonA. A novel isoxazole compound CM2-II-173 inhibits the invasive phenotype of triple-negative breast cancer cells.Oncol. Res.202331686787510.32604/or.2023.030411 37744269
     [Google Scholar]
  28. ZhengS. ZouY. XieX. Development and validation of a stromal immune phenotype classifier for predicting immune activity and prognosis in triple‐negative breast cancer.Int. J. Cancer2020147254255310.1002/ijc.33009 32285442
     [Google Scholar]
  29. LiuP. DengX. ZhouH. Multi-omics analyses unravel DNA damage repair-related clusters in breast cancer with experimental validation.Front. Immunol.202314129718010.3389/fimmu.2023.1297180 38022619
     [Google Scholar]
  30. WangL. MiD. HuJ. A novel methuosis inducer DZ-514 possesses antitumor activity via activation of ROS-MKK4-p38 axis in triple negative breast cancer.Cancer Lett.202355521604910.1016/j.canlet.2022.216049 36608865
     [Google Scholar]
  31. SzebényiK. FürediA. BajtaiE. Effective targeting of breast cancer by the inhibition of P-glycoprotein mediated removal of toxic lipid peroxidation byproducts from drug tolerant persister cells.Drug Resist. Updat.20237110100710.1016/j.drup.2023.101007 37741091
     [Google Scholar]
  32. ScherbakovA.M. BasharinaA.A. SorokinD.V. Targeting hormone-resistant breast cancer cells with docetaxel: A look inside the resistance.Cancer Drug Resist.20236110311510.20517/cdr.2022.96 37065867
     [Google Scholar]
  33. ReeveB.B. SmithA.W. AroraN.K. HaysR.D. Reducing bias in cancer research: Application of propensity score matching.Health Care Financ. Rev.20082946980 18773615
     [Google Scholar]
  34. GuoC. GuoD. FangL. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide modulates gut microbiota and immune cell function to inhibit inflammation and tumorigenesis in colon.Carbohydr. Polym.202126711823110.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118231 34119183
     [Google Scholar]
  35. JangK.J. HanM.H. LeeB.H. Induction of apoptosis by ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum in human gastric carcinoma cells.J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud.201031243110.1016/S2005‑2901(10)60004‑0 20633512
     [Google Scholar]
  36. JangK.J. SonI. ShinD.Y. YoonH.M. ChoiY.H. Anti-invasive activity of ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum through tightening of tight junctions and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activities in human gastric carcinoma cells.J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud.20114422523510.1016/j.jams.2011.09.013 22196505
     [Google Scholar]
  37. SongM. LiZ. GuH. Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by altering macrophage polarity and induction of apoptosis.J. Immunol. Res.2021202111410.1155/2021/6696606 33748291
     [Google Scholar]
  38. TangC. ZhaoR. NiH. Molecule mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum treated hepatocellular carcinoma based on the transcriptional profiles and miRNA-target network.Biomed. Pharmacother.202012511002810.1016/j.biopha.2020.110028 32106374
     [Google Scholar]
  39. DengY. MaJ. TangD. ZhangQ. Dynamic biomarkers indicate the immunological benefits provided by Ganoderma spore powder in post-operative breast and lung cancer patients.Clin. Transl. Oncol.20212371481149010.1007/s12094‑020‑02547‑9 33405051
     [Google Scholar]
  40. HamzaA.A.H.G. HassaninS.O. ElwyH.M. BekhitA.A. AminA. Hibiscus-cisplatin combination treatment decreases liver toxicity in rats while increasing toxicity in lung cancer cells via oxidative stress- apoptosis pathway.Biomed. Pharmacother.2023165115148
     [Google Scholar]
  41. AbduS.J.N. AminA. MoulayM. MiledN. Therapeutic effects of crocin alone or in combination with sorafenib against hepatocellular carcinoma: In vivo & in vitro insights In: Antioxidants.202211(9)1645
     [Google Scholar]
  42. AwadB HA Al-MaktoumA Al-SalamS AminA Combining crocin and sorafenib improves their tumor-inhibiting effects in a rat model of diethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhotic-hepatocellular carcinoma.202310.3390/cancers15164063
     [Google Scholar]
  43. LozonL.S.E. MenonV. RamadanW.S. AminA. El-AwadyR. Effect of safranal on the response of cancer cells to topoisomerase I inhibitors: Does sequence matter?Front. Pharmacol.202213938471
     [Google Scholar]
  44. NelsonD.R.H.A. AlzahmiA.S. ChaiboonchoeA. AminA. Salehi-AshtianiK. Molecular mechanisms behind safranal’s toxicity to HepG2 cells from dual omics.Antioxidants20221161110.3390/antiox11061125
     [Google Scholar]
  45. BohB. BerovicM. ZhangJ. Zhi-BinL. Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds.Biotechnol. Annu. Rev.20071326530110.1016/S1387‑2656(07)13010‑6 17875480
     [Google Scholar]
  46. SuJ. LiD. ChenQ. Anti-breast cancer enhancement of a polysaccharide from spore of ganoderma lucidum with paclitaxel: Suppression on tumor metabolism with gut microbiota reshaping.Front. Microbiol.20189309910.3389/fmicb.2018.03099 30619178
     [Google Scholar]
  47. JiaoC. ChenW. TanX. Ganoderma lucidum spore oil induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by activating caspase-3 and caspase-9.J. Ethnopharmacol.202024711225610.1016/j.jep.2019.112256 31586690
     [Google Scholar]
  48. ZhaoH. ZhangQ. ZhaoL. HuangX. WangJ. KangX. Spore powder of ganoderma lucidum improves cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients undergoing endocrine therapy: A pilot clinical trial.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.201220121810.1155/2012/809614 22203880
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/pra/10.2174/0115748928282946240111114448
Loading
Survival Benefits of Ganoderma Lucidum in Early-stage Triple-negative Breast Cancer: A Real World Study
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery 20, 476 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748928282946240111114448
/content/journals/pra/10.2174/0115748928282946240111114448
/content/journals/pra/10.2174/0115748928282946240111114448
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): adjuvant therapy; Ganoderma lucidum spore powder; prognosis; propensity score matching; real world study; Triple-negative breast cancer

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test