Micro and Nanosystems - Volume 12, Issue 3, 2020

Aim and Objective: This paper presents the quantum cost, garbage output, constant input and number of reversible gate optimized 2:4 decoder using 4x4 new reversible logic gate which is named as reversible decoder block or RD block. Method: The proposed block is implemented with a quantum circuit and quantum cost of the proposed RD block is 8. The proposed decoder can be designed using only one new proposed block. Results and Conclusion: The quantum cost, garbage output, constant input and gate number of the proposed 2:4 decoder is 9, 0, 2 and 1 which is better w.r.t previously reported work. The improvement % of quantum cost, garbage output, constant input and number of gates are 12.5 - 77.148% , 100 %, 33.33 - 75 % and 0 - 85.71% .

Background: The present study explores a novel self-pipelining strategy that can enhance speed-power efficiency as well as the reliability of a binary multiplier as compared to state-of-art register and wavepipelining. Method: Proper synchronization with efficient clocking between the subsequent self-pipelining stages has been assured to design a self-pipelined multiplier. Each self-pipelining stage consists of self-latching leaf cells that are designed, optimized and evaluated by TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology with 1.8V supply rail and at 25°C temperature. The T-Spice transient response and simulated results for the designed circuits are presented. The proposed idea has been applied to design 4-bx4-b self-pipelined Wallace- tree multiplier. The multiplier was validated for all possible test patterns and the transient response was evaluated. The circuit performance in terms of propagation delay, average power and Power-Delay- Product (PDP) is recorded. Next, the decomposition logic is applied to design a higher-order multiplier (i.e., 8-bitx8-bit and 16-bitx16-bit) based on the proposed strategy using 4-bitx4-bit self-pipelined multiplier. The designed multiplier was also validated through extensive TSpice simulation for all the required test patterns using W-Edit and the evaluated performance is presented. All the designs, optimizations and evaluations performed are based on BSIM3 device parameter of TSMC 0.18μ m CMOS technology with 1.8V supply rail at 25° C temperature using S-Edit of Tanner EDA. Results: The reliability was investigated of the proposed 4-bx4-b multiplier in the temperature range - 40° C to 100° C for maximum PDP variation. Conclusion: A benchmarking analysis in terms of speed-power performance with recent competitive design reveals preeminence of the proposed technique.

Background: In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)/Multi-Carrier CDMA (MCCDMA), Walsh-Hadamard codes are widely used for its orthogonal characteristics, and hence, it leads to good contextual connection property. These orthogonal codes are important because of their various significant applications. Objective: To use the Mach– Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) for all-optical Walsh-Hadamard codes is implemented in this present paper. Method: The Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) is considered for the Tree architecture of Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA). The second-ordered Hadamard and the inverse Hadamard matrix are constructed using SOA-MZIs. Higher-order Hadamard matrix (H4) formed by the process of Kronecker product with lower-order Hadamard matrix (H2) is also analyzed and constructed. Results: To experimentally get the result from these schemes, some design issues e,g Time delay, nonlinear phase modulation, extinction ratio, and synchronization of signals are the important issues. Lasers of wavelength 1552 nm and 1534 nm can be used as input and control signals, respectively. As the whole system is digital, intensity losses due to couplers in the interconnecting stage may not create many problems in producing the desired optical bits at the output. The simulation results were obtained by Matlab-9. Here, Hadamard H2 (2X2) matrix output beam intensity (I ≈ 108 w.m-2) for different values of inputs. Conclusion: Implementation of Walsh-Hadamard codes using MZI is explored in this paper, and experimental results show the better performance of the proposed scheme compared to recently reported methods using electronic circuits regarding the issues of versatility, reconfigurability, and compactness. The design can be used and extended for diverse applications for which Walsh-Hadamard codes are required.

Background: Sensing of biomedical signals is crucial for monitoring of various health conditions. These signals have a very low amplitude (in μ V) and a small frequency range (< 500 Hz). In the presence of various common-mode interferences, biomedical signals are difficult to detect. Instrumentation amplifiers (INAs) are usually preferred to detect these signals due to their high commonmode rejection ratio (CMRR). Gain accuracy and CMRR are two important parameters associated with any INA. This article, therefore, focuses on the improvement of the gain accuracy and CMRR of a low power INA topology. Objective: The objective of this article is to achieve high gain accuracy and CMRR of low power INA by having high gain operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), which are the building blocks of the INAs. Methods: For the implementation of the Op-Amps and the INAs, the Cadence Virtuoso tool was used. All the designs and implementation were realized in 0.18 μ m CMOS technology. Results: Three different Op-Amp topologies namely single-stage differential Op-Amp, folded cascode Op-Amp, and multi-stage Op-Amp were implemented. Using these Op-Amp topologies separately, three Op-Amp-based INAs were realized and compared. The INA designed using the high gain multistage Op-Amp topology of low-frequency gain of 123.89 dB achieves a CMRR of 164.1 dB, with the INA’ s gain accuracy as good as 99% , which is the best when compared to the other two INAs realized using the other two Op-Amp topologies implemented. Conclusion: Using very high gain Op-Amps as the building blocks of the INA improves the gain accuracy of the INA and enhances the CMRR of the INA. The three Op-Amp-based INA designed with the multi-stage Op-Amps shows state-of-the-art characteristics as its gain accuracy is 99% and CMRR is as high as 164.1 dB. The power consumed by this INA is 29.25 μ W by operating on a power supply of ± 0.9V. This makes this INA highly suitable for low power measurement applications.

Background: In this paper we have design and analyzed 4-bit binary to 4-bit gray code and 4-bit gray to 4-bit gray code converter using dual control dual semiconductor optical amplifier terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (DCDS-TOAD). We used control pulse as a Soliton pulse train. We calculate the extinction ratio, contrast ratio and Q value and found very high values. The high values of E.R., C.R. and Q value distinguishes the high (‘1’) level to the low(‘0’) very clearly also shown the variation of E.R., C.R. and Q value with control pulse energy and amplified spontaneous emission power factor. Methods: The basic equations governing the TOAD performance is simulated using MATLAB. The extinction ratio, contrast ratio and Q value are calculated for analysis of the device. Results: Results of operation for the code converters are performed at a bit rate of 100Gbps. The structure of DCDSTOAD enable us to achieve high values of ER(~81dB), CR(~83dB) and Q factor (86dB). A high Q factor shows very low bit error rate (BER). The eye diagram shows a large eye opening (REOP~98.5%). Conclusions: Design and analyzed 4-bit binary to 4-bit gray code and 4-bit gray to 4-bit gray code converter using dual control dual semiconductor optical amplifier terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (DCDS-TOAD) is proposed and analyzed. We used control pulse as a Soliton pulse train. The proposed X-OR gate finds applications in many devices.

Aims: The Quantum-dot Cellular Automata explores a unique perspective in the arena of the architectural design of future quantum computers, precisely due to its ultra-low packing density, high operating speed, and low power dissipation. On the other side, reversible computing allows the implementation of extreme low power-consuming circuits by avoiding energy dissipation during the time of computation. Objective: In this paper, we have explored the QCA design of reversible binary to gray and gray to binary code converters based on the application of a unique model of Feynman gate using the layered T exclusive-OR module (abbreviated in this work as LTEx Feynman gate). Methods: We have proposed algorithms to produce multi-control reversible binary to gray and gray to binary code converters and to develop cost-efficient QCA layouts. Results: Our systematic literature survey on the existing QCA designs of reversible binary to gray and gray to binary code converters helped us to compare and analyze the proposed design with the existing ones and identify it as the best design in terms of reversible, and QCA design metrics. Conclusion: Significant improvements in design metrics owing to successful experimentations over the previous designs are reported while instantiating 3X3,4X4, and 8X8 counterpart layouts.

Aim:Calculation of dispersion profile and photonic bandgap for negative refractive index based onedimensional photonic crystal structure. Objective: Determine mathematically the variation of first and second photonic bandgaps under angular incidence variation for the metamaterial-based 1D PhC structure for both TE and TM mode of propagations. Method: Two lowermost photonic bandgap widths of metamaterial-based one-dimensional photonic crystal are analytically computed from the dispersion relation under the propagation of transverse electromagnetic wave along the direction of confinement. Three practically realizable double negative index materials are considered for computation of bandgaps, where air-gaps are considered along with the artificially made materials as the composite grating structure. This is a combination of negative positive indices materials, where incident angles are tailored within practical limit to calculate the variation of bandgaps, which may be quasi or complete depending on the material composition and angle of incidence. Results: Results are compared with that obtained for TE mode propagation, and are highly important for design of the all-optical filter with DNG materials.

Aims: The article focusses on the working principle of devising a display board and introduction to a working model of a single unit of a novel prototype of a computer display board for blind people. Objectives: The developed prototype is aimed at converting a conventional computer screen to a braille screen based tactile display board. The arrangement will enable the blind people to accesses soft data as a converted braille language text. In addition, the position of the write-up will also be recognizable by the blind. Methods: The system employs six number of micro linear actuators providing haptics feedback. Results: The ABCD display unit was tested with the blind and was found to be received well by the community. According to the survey, this raised dot mechanism is very effective for blind communication.

Background: In the region of image processing, a varied number of methods have already initiated the concept of data sciences optimization, in which, numerous global researchers have put their efforts upon the reduction of compression ratio and increment of PSNR. Additionally, the efforts have also separated into hardware and processing sections, that would help in emerging more prospective outcomes from the research. In this particular paper, a mystical concept for the image segmentation has been developed that helps in splitting the image into two different halves', which is further termed as the atomic image. In-depth, the separations were done on the bases of even and odd pixels present within the size of the original image in the spatial domain. Furthermore, by splitting the original image into an atomic image will reflect an efficient result in experimental data. Additionally, the time for compression and decompression of the original image with both Quadtree and Huffman is also processed to receive the higher results observed in the result section. The superiority of the proposed schemes is further described upon the comparison basis of performances through the conventional Quadtree decomposition process. Objective: The objective of this present work is to find out the minimum resources required to reconstruct the image after compression. Method: The popular method of quadtree decomposition with Huffman encoding used for image compression. Results: The proposed algorithm was implemented on six types of images and got maximum PSNR of 30.12dB for Lena Image and a maximum compression ratio of 25.96 for MRI image. Conclusion: Different types of images are tested and a high compression ratio with acceptable PSNR was obtained.

In this paper, we have simulated a bi-organic polymer multilayered Light Emitting Diode (LED). It presents the transient analysis of the OLED device. Poly (9, 9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) is used as an interlayer between Hole Transport Layer (HTL) and Lithium fluoride (LiF) which is responsible for enhancing the electron injection in the device. Hence, it is called as Electron Injection Layer (EIL). PFO acts as a photo catalyst, which improves the device performance. Silvaco TCAD is used for the extraction of electro-optical characteristics. It is done using 1 and 2-dimentional simulation process. Solution of differential equations is derived from Langevin recombination model. Transient response analysis and comparison is done for exciton density and anode current for different thickness of PFO layer. It is found that transient response with respect to anode current and exciton density is better when a Poly (9, 9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) layer is inserted between anode and Hole Injection Layer (HIL). The analysis and comparison is done for 65 nm, 120 nm and 240 nm thick layers and it is observed that transient response is best at 65 nm layer thicknesses for both exciton density and anode current. Also, J-V characteristics has been found for the structure where current density is 1.8 A/m² which is remarkably high as compared to the devices discussed in prose. The results agree well with that available in literature. Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) results in low operating voltage of the device which is 4V here.

Background: MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System) has many applications in various fields. Objective: Development and fabrication of micro needle for biomedical application is one of that area. Method: Application of micro to nano-scale technology in fabrication process, yields wide range of progress and produces micro mechanical devices, which provide easy transport of biological fluids into or away from living body with less effort or pain. Conclusion: This paper presents the excursion of solid to hollow micro needles, considering their shapes, materials, with different fabrication processes. This survey discusses the application on specific body parts and drug delivery systems. Our paper suggests that hollow tubes are most effective design for application.

Aim: This paper proposed the design and implementation of a 2-input XOR gate using 4- transistor. Method: The XOR gate can be designed using NOT gate and 2:1 multiplexer. The NOT gate is designed using two metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors MOSFETs and an approximate 2:1 multiplexer. The 2:1 multiplexer is designed using two MOSFETs. So, an XOR gate can be designed using four transistors. Results: The proposed work theoretically and experimentally describes the 2-input XOR gate using 4- transistor. The proposed work was verified using Xilinx (ISE Design Suite).

Background: Microfluidic channels have been widely applied in biomedicine and microelectronics. However, the manufacturing methods of microfluidic channel devices, such as photolithography, three-dimensional printing and Melt-electrospinning direct writing (MEDW), have the problem of high cost and complex process, which still can't reach a sub-micron scale stably. Method: To improve the resolution of microfluidic channels, we developed a simple and flexible method to fabricate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) submicrofluidic channels. It depends on the following steps: (1) Direct Writing Polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofiber by Near-field Electrospinning (NFES). (2) Packaging the nanofiber with PDMS. (3) Obtaining the PDMS submicrofluidic channel by inverted mode of PEO nanofiber. Results: According to the result of the experiment, nanofiber can be stably prepared under the following conditions, the electrode-to-collector distance of 3.0 mm, the voltage of 1.7 KV, the collector moving speed of 80mm/s and the mixed solutions of ethanol and deionized water (1:1). Finally, the PDMS submicrofluidic channel was manufactured by NFES and PDMS molding technique, and the diameter of the channel was 0.84±0.08 μm. Conclusion: The result verified the rationality of that method. In addition, the method can be easily integrated with high resolution channels for various usages, such as microelectronics, micro electro mechanical systems, and biomedical.