Melatonin As An Antioxidant Agent In Disease Prevention: A Biochemical Focus

In recent years, free radicals and oxidative stress are associated with aging, cancer, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Confirming the role of oxidants in numerous pathological situations, including cancer, developing antioxidants as therapeutic platforms are needed. It has been well established that melatonin and its derived metabolites function as endogenous free-radical scavengers and broad-spectrum antioxidants. To achieve this function, melatonin can directly detoxify reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species and indirectly overexpress antioxidant enzymes while suppressing the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes. Many investigations have also confirmed the role of melatonin and its derivatives in different physiological processes and therapeutic functions, such as controlling the circadian rhythm and immune functions. This review aimed to focus on melatonin as a beneficial agent for the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of lipid peroxidation and to evaluate its contribution to protection against oxidative damages. In addition, the clinical application of melatonin in several diseases is discussed. Finally, the safety and efficacy of melatonin in clinical backgrounds are also reviewed.