Skip to content
2000
Volume 18, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2949-6810
  • E-ISSN: 2949-6829

Abstract

Objective

A unique liquid chromatography-tendon mass spectrometric technique for the determination of metformin and vildagliptin in K3EDTA human plasma was developed and verified as per the USFDA guidelines of bioanalysis.

Methods

The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Cosmosil CN (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with an isocratic elution pattern using 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 5.0) and methanol in the ratio of 30:70 v/v as a mobile phase. A mass spectrometer coupled with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in the positive ion was used for detection. Data were obtained in the multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. Metformin D6 and vildagliptin D7 were used as internal standards, with the flow rate at 1.0 mL/min throughout the experiment. The drugs were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) packed with Phenomenex Strata-X. Extraction of the drug was achieved using methanol: 5 mM sodium lauryl sulphate solvent mixture in equal proportions.

Results

The retention time for MET and VLG were 3.2 and 3.8 minutes individually. The drugs were extracted by SPE with good recovery of 89.44% and 87.57% for metformin and ISTD and 92.26% and 89.58% for vildagliptin and ISTD, respectively. Sample elution was performed using solid phase extraction (SPE), and this technique produced very pure extracts with good recovery rates. A liner calibration curve was found in the range of 0.5-400 ng/mL for MET and 0.2-160 ng/mL for VLG with a correlation coefficient r2 > 0.99.

Conclusion

The aforementioned technique is reliable and effective for monitoring bioequivalence investigations in human participants.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/dmbl/10.2174/0118723128357810250304055648
2025-03-19
2025-10-22

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/dmbl/10.2174/0118723128357810250304055648
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. SchweizerA. SchweizerA. MinicB. FoleyJ. DejagerS. Combination treatment in the management of type 2 diabetes: Focus on vildagliptin and metformin as a single tablet.Vasc. Health Risk Manag.20084348149210.2147/VHRM.S2503 18827867
     [Google Scholar]
  2. SetterS.M. IltzJ.L. ThamsJ. CampbellR.K. Metformin hydrochloride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A clinical review with a focus on dual therapy.Clin. Ther.200325122991302610.1016/S0149‑2918(03)90089‑0 14749143
     [Google Scholar]
  3. American Diabetes Association Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Care201033Suppl. 1S62S6910.2337/dc10‑S062 20042775
     [Google Scholar]
  4. MakrilakisK. The Role of DPP-4 Inhibitors in the treatment algorithm of type 2 diabetes mellitus: When to select, what to expect.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20191615272010.3390/ijerph16152720 31366085
     [Google Scholar]
  5. ChahalH. ChowdhuryT.A. Gliptins: A new class of oral hypoglycaemic agent.QJM20071001167167710.1093/qjmed/hcm081 17881415
     [Google Scholar]
  6. MosesR. Fixed combination of repaglinide and metformin in the management of type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes.2009210110910.2147/DMSO.S4436 21437123
     [Google Scholar]
  7. PhilipJ. FernandezC.J. Efficacy and cardiovascular safety of meglitinides.Curr. Drug Saf.202116220721610.2174/1574886315666201026125848 33106149
     [Google Scholar]
  8. FismanE.Z. TenenbaumA. Antidiabetic treatment with gliptins: focus on cardiovascular effects and outcomes.Cardiovasc. Diabetol.201514112910.1186/s12933‑015‑0294‑0 26415691
     [Google Scholar]
  9. GuptaV. KalraS. Choosing a gliptin.Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.201115429830810.4103/2230‑8210.85583 22029001
     [Google Scholar]
  10. GumieniczekA. Berecka-RycerzA. FornalE. Żyżyńska-GranicaB. GranicaS. Comprehensive insight into chemical stability of important antidiabetic drug vildagliptin using chromatography (LC-UV and UHPLC-DAD-MS) and spectroscopy (Mid-IR and NIR with PCA).Molecules20212618563210.3390/molecules26185632 34577104
     [Google Scholar]
  11. AyoubB.M. ElkadyE.F. El-BagaryR.I. Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of sitagliptin and vildagliptin in bulk and dosage forms.Int. J. Biomed. Sci.201171556110.59566/IJBS.2011.7055 23675221
     [Google Scholar]
  12. WuJ. LuoW. WangX. cheng, Q.; Sun, C.; Li, H. A new application of WT-ANN method to control the preparation process of metformin hydrochloride tablets by near infrared spectroscopy compared to PLS.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.20138018619110.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.004 23587532
     [Google Scholar]
  13. HabibI. KamelM.S. Near infra-red reflectance spectroscopic determination of metformin in tablets.Talanta200360118519010.1016/S0039‑9140(03)00123‑1 18969039
     [Google Scholar]
  14. PatelR. PurohitS. SolankiR. KhuntD. PatelC. PatelR. ParikhS. Development and validation of an analytical method for trace‐level quantification of genotoxic nitrosamine impurities in losartan and hydrochlorothiazide fixed‐dose combination tablets using ultra performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.2023378e948810.1002/rcm.9488 36740827
     [Google Scholar]
  15. UberC.P. PontesF.L.D. GasparettoJ.C. FranciscoT.M.G. PiantaviniM.S. CardosoM.A. PontaroloR. HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of vildagliptin, metformin, and metformin-related compounds in tablets.Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.20226203207
     [Google Scholar]
  16. AlkatherZ. HailatM. Al-ShdefatR. Abu DayyihW. Development and validation of an HPLC method for five gliptins in pharmaceutical dosage forms in finished marketed products.Curr. Pharm. Anal.202117101263127110.2174/1573412917999201102212635
     [Google Scholar]
  17. MahajanN. DeshmukhS. FarooquiM. Stability indicating method for known and unknown impurities profiling for vildagliptin in vildagliptin tablet.Curr. Pharm. Anal.202117101293130210.2174/1573412917999201016094821
     [Google Scholar]
  18. SenD.B. BaldhaK. SenA.K. MaheshwariR.A. ZanwarA.S. KP, G.; Pradhan, P.K. Synchronized assessment of lobeglitazone sulfate and metformin hydrochloride in tablet by robust, high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method.Curr. Pharm. Anal.20242034535710.2174/0115734129303749240607083542
     [Google Scholar]
  19. KotadiyaR. JoshiP. Progress in analytical techniques for remogliflozin etabonate, vildagliptin and metformin hydrochloride: A recently, approved FDC.Curr. Pharm. Anal.202319213616210.2174/1573412919666221025103613
     [Google Scholar]
  20. SethyK. PadhyG.K. Rajeswari KattaR. A green reversed phase HPLC and HPTLC methods and their validation for simultaneous estimation of remogliflozin, vildgliptin and metformin in fixed dose combination formulation.J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol.2023111210.1080/10826076.2023.2284721
     [Google Scholar]
  21. ShakoorA. AhmedM. IkramR. HussainS. TahirA. JanB.M. AdnanA. Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of metformin hydrochloride and vildagliptin in tablet and biological samples.Acta Chromatogr.2020321394310.1556/1326.2019.00555
     [Google Scholar]
  22. SenA.K. GhodasaraS. SenD.B. MaheshwariR.A. ZanwarA.S. DumpalaR.L. Evaluation of remogliflozin, vildagliptin, and metformin in tablet dosage form using modern and cost-effective UV spectroscopic methods.J. Appl. Pharm. Sci.202313912113210.7324/JAPS.2023.136050
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Al-SabtiB. HarbaliJ. Development and validation of an analytical method for quantitative determination of three potentially genotoxic impurities in vildagliptin drug material using HPLC‐MS.J. Sep. Sci.202144132587259510.1002/jssc.202100136 33934507
     [Google Scholar]
  24. KrishnanB. MishraK. Quality by design based development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of sitagliptin and metformin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.Int. J. Pharm. Investig.202010451251810.5530/ijpi.2020.4.89
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Thomas BardenA. PiccoliB.L. VolpatoN.M. SteppeM. Second-order derivative uv spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC methods for the analysis of vildagliptin and application for dissolution study.Drug Analyt. Res.201821465310.22456/2527‑2616.86511
     [Google Scholar]
  26. GedawyA. Al-SalamiH. DassC.R. Development and validation of a new analytical HPLC method for simultaneous determination of the antidiabetic drugs, metformin and gliclazide.Yao Wu Shi Pin Fen Xi2019271315322 30648585
     [Google Scholar]
  27. PatelV. PandyaC. PandyaA. PatelD. PatelZ. Novel UHPLC DAD method for simultaneous determination of vildagliptin and metformin in bulk and its tablet formulation.Res. J. Pharm. Techn.20211484143415010.52711/0974‑360X.2021.00717
     [Google Scholar]
  28. KiranT.N.R. ParvathiP. KumarJ.N.S. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of linagliptin, empagliflozin and metformin in solid dosage forms.Asian J. Pharm. Ana.202010311712410.5958/2231‑5675.2020.00021.6
     [Google Scholar]
  29. KallemR.R. RameshM. SeshagiriraoJ.V.L.N. Validated LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of felodipine and metoprolol in rat plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats.Biomed. Chromatogr.201327678479110.1002/bmc.2861 23303553
     [Google Scholar]
  30. KosekiN. KawashitaH. NiinaM. NagaeY. MasudaN. Development and validation for high selective quantitative determination of metformin in human plasma by cation exchanging with normal-phase LC/MS/MS.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.20053651063107210.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.007 15620533
     [Google Scholar]
  31. GiteS. PatravaleV. Validation of RP-HPLC method and stress degradation for the combination of metformin HCl, atorvastatin calcium and glimepiride: Application to nanoparticles.J. Chromatogr. Sci.201553101654166210.1093/chromsci/bmv068 26071607
     [Google Scholar]
  32. MansooryN.M. JainA. Simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride, pioglitazone hydrochloride and gliclazide by validated rp-hplc method in solid dosage form.Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.201247276
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Ben-SaghrouneH. SbaiH. AbdessadekM. El attari, A.; Achour, S.; El Bouazzaoui, A.; Kanjaa, N. Simple HPLC-UV method for the quantification of bupivacaine in human plasma with one step protein precipitation.Med. Palliat.202019312613310.1016/j.medpal.2020.01.005
     [Google Scholar]
  34. LakshmiK.S. RajeshT. SharmaS. Simultaneous determination of metformin and pioglitazone by reversed phase HPLC in pharmaceutical dosage forms.Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.20091162166
     [Google Scholar]
  35. JainD. JainS. JainD. AminM. Simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride, pioglitazone hydrochloride, and glimepiride by RP-HPLC in tablet formulation.J. Chromatogr. Sci.200846650150410.1093/chromsci/46.6.501 18647470
     [Google Scholar]
  36. WangY. TangY. GuJ. FawcettJ.P. BaiX. Rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantitation of metformin in human plasma.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.2004808221521910.1016/j.jchromb.2004.05.006 15261814
     [Google Scholar]
  37. AshutoshK.S. ManidipaD. SeshagiriR. GowriS.D. New validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of metformin and alogliptin in human plasma.J. Chromatogr. Sep. Tech.2015616
     [Google Scholar]
  38. KharabeP.M. JumadeP.P. KhataleP.N. KatolkarP.P. ButleS.R. KshirsagarM.D. PendharkarV.V. SawaleA.V. ChoudhariK.S. Reverse phase, ion exchange, HILIC and mix-mode chromatography for the determination of metformin and evogliptin in human plasma and pharmaceutical formulations.Talanta Open2024910027410.1016/j.talo.2023.100274
     [Google Scholar]
  39. GumieniczekA. Berecka-RycerzA. MroczekT. WojtanowskiK. Determination of chemical stability of two oral antidiabetics, metformin and repaglinide in the solid state and solutions using LC-UV, LC-MS, and FT-IR methods.Molecules20192424443010.3390/molecules24244430 31817112
     [Google Scholar]
  40. ALquadeib B.T.; Aloudah, N.M.; Almurshedi, A.S.; ALfagih, I.M.; ALdosari, B.N.; ALmeleky, A.S.; Almubyedh, N.M. Development and validation of a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of metformin in dried blood spot its application as an indicator for medication adherence.Int. J. Gen. Med.2021143225323310.2147/IJGM.S312633 34267540
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Adhi PradanaD. KristinE. NugrohoA.K. NugrahaningsihD.A.A. MustofaM. WibowoA. Bioanalytical method Validation of metformin hydrochloride in human plasma by HPLC-UV for preliminary Population-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling study.Indones. J. Chem.202323493710.22146/ijc.77903
     [Google Scholar]
  42. PatelM.M. PatelD. ShahU. KachhiyaH.M. A simple, precise, and sensitive RP-HPLC Method for quantification of teneligliptin hydrobromide and metformin hydrochloride: Development and validation.Res. J. Pharm. Tech.202316249550110.52711/0974‑360X.2023.00084
     [Google Scholar]
  43. RanaK. SharmaP. Analytical method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride and alogliptin by RP-HPLC in bulk and tablet dosage forms.Res. J. Sci. Tech.202113211111810.52711/2349‑2988.2021.00017
     [Google Scholar]
  44. GolluG. GummadiS. A rapid LC-PDA method for the simultaneous quantification of metformin, empagliflozin and linagliptin in pharmaceutical dosage form.Ann. Pharm. Fr.2022801485810.1016/j.pharma.2021.06.003 34157314
     [Google Scholar]
  45. SirishaR. VasanthP.M. RameshT. MalothuR. Rp-Hplc method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of metformin and sitagliptin in tablet dosage forms.Int. J. Chemtech Res.2020611510.20902/IJCTR.2018.111149
     [Google Scholar]
  46. VetapalemR. YejellaR.P. AtmakuriL.R. Development and validation of a stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of teneligliptin and metformin.Turk. J. Pharm. Sci.202017214114710.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.16768 32454773
     [Google Scholar]
  47. PharneA.B. SanthakumariB. GhemudA.S. JainH.K. KulkarniM.J. Bioanalytical method development and validation of vildagliptin a novel dipeptidyl peptidase Iv inhibitor by RP-HPLC method.Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.20124119123
     [Google Scholar]
  48. BardenA.T. SalamonB. SchapovalE.E.S. SteppeM. Stability-indicating RP-LC method for the determination of vildagliptin and mass spectrometry detection for a main degradation product.J. Chromatogr. Sci.201250542643210.1093/chromsci/bms024 22511486
     [Google Scholar]
  49. de AndradeC. de Araújo LockG. PigattoM.C. HaasS.E. CostaT.D. de AraújoB.V. Validation of LC‐MS/MS method applied to evaluation of free tissue concentrations of vildagliptin in diabetic rats by microdialysis.Biomed. Chromatogr.201428121722172710.1002/bmc.3212 24771661
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Satya Raga DeviA. Ashutosh KumarS. SaravananJ. DebnathM. GreeshmaV. Sai KrishnaN. RaoC.N.M. A new RP-HPLC method development for simultaneous estimation of metformin and gliclazide in bulk as well as in pharmaceutical formulation by using PDA detector.Res. J. Pharm. Technol.20147142150
     [Google Scholar]
  51. MuruganathanG. ThangavelM. KochupapyR.T. Stability-Indicating HPTLC method for determination of remogliflozin etabonate and vildagliptin in tablets.J. Chromatogr. Sci.2023621273410.1093/chromsci/bmad001 36670546
     [Google Scholar]
  52. ArarS. Al-QudahE. AlzweiriM. SweidanK. New forced degradation products of vildagliptin: Identification and structural elucidation using LC-MS, with proposed formation mechanisms.J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol.20204315-1663364410.1080/10826076.2020.1779084
     [Google Scholar]
  53. PrajapatiP. RanaB. PulusuV.S. ShahS. Simultaneous chromatographic estimation of vildagliptin and dapagliflozin using hybrid principles of white analytical chemistry and analytical quality by design.J. AOAC Int.2024107121222210.1093/jaoacint/qsad108 37698979
     [Google Scholar]
  54. PatelB.H. TeraiyaN.H. Simultaneous estimation and stability indicating method of vildagliptin and dapagliflozin by RP-HPLC in pharmaceutical dosage form. Int. Inter. Med. J.,202424100610.21203/rs.3.rs‑4080300/v1
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Al-QudahE. ArarS. SweidanK. Forced degradation studies of vildagliptin raw material alone and in the presence of excipients using HPLC-UV analysis.J. Excip. Food Chem.20201122941
     [Google Scholar]
  56. BendaleA.R. SinghR.P. VidyasagarG. Development and validation stability indicating Hptlc method for determination of vildagliptin and metformin hydrochloride in the pharmaceutical dosage forms.Int. J. Appl. Pharma.2018101364510.22159/ijap.2018v10i1.20555
     [Google Scholar]
  57. PontaroloR. GimenezA.C. de FranciscoT.M.G. RibeiroR.P. PontesF.L.D. GasparettoJ.C. Simultaneous determination of metformin and vildagliptin in human plasma by a HILIC-MS/MS method.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.201496513314110.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.023 25016166
     [Google Scholar]
  58. SatheeshkumarN. PradeepkumarM. ShanthikumarS. RaoV.J. Development of validated stability indicating assay method for simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride and vildagliptin by RP-HPLC.Drug Res. (Stuttg.)2014643124129 24081820
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Al BrattyM. AlhazmiH.A. JavedS.A. LalithaK.G. AsmariM. WölkerJ. El DeebS. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of metformin and four gliptins in human plasma.Chromatographia201780689189910.1007/s10337‑017‑3288‑0
     [Google Scholar]
  60. El-ZaherA.A. HashemH.A. ElkadyE.F. AllamM.A. A validated LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method for the simultaneous determination of dapagliflozin or saxagliptin with metformin in human plasma.Microchem. J.201914910401710.1016/j.microc.2019.104017
     [Google Scholar]
  61. DayyihW.A. HamadM. MallahE. DayyihA.A. AwadR. ZakariaZ. ArafatT. Method development and validation of vildagliptin and metformin HCl in pharmaceutical dosage form by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.2018929652972
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Sai PrudhviN. VenkateswarluB.S. KumudhavalliM.V. MurugananthamV. Novel stability indicating LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous estimation of remogliflozin etabonate and vildagiption human plasma.J. Med. Pharm. Alli. Sci.20211053718372510.22270/jmpas.V10I5.1655
     [Google Scholar]
  63. MohiteP. BhusalR. KhandreY. PandhareR. PawarA. A new gas chromatographic method for quantification of Metformin hydrochloride and Vildagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form: development and validation.Future J. Pharm. Sci.20241016210.1186/s43094‑024‑00635‑z
     [Google Scholar]
  64. ElgawishM.S. NasserS. SalamaI. AbbasA.M. MostafaS.M. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of metformin and pioglitazone in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.20191124475710.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.036 31177048
     [Google Scholar]
  65. KulkarniP. KaranamA. GurjarM. DhobleS. NaikA.B. VidhunB.H. GotaV. Effect of various anticoagulants on the bioanalysis of drugs in rat blood: Implication for pharmacokinetic studies of anticancer drugs.Springerplus201651210210.1186/s40064‑016‑3770‑4 28053832
     [Google Scholar]
  66. WangL. ShangK. FengT. DongW. WangF. ShenX. LC-MS/MS method assay for simultaneous determination of the apixaban and metformin in rat plasma: Assessment of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study.J. Chromatogr. Sci.202261652252910.1093/chromsci/bmac076 36097794
     [Google Scholar]
  67. LouY. QinH. HuQ. ChaiY. ZhouH. ChenM. WangQ. HuangP. GuJ. ZhangY. Development and validation of a novel LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitative determination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in human plasma.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.2022120812339410.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123394 35932695
     [Google Scholar]
  68. TomášováP. BugáňováM. PelantováH. HolubováM. ŠediváB. ŽeleznáB. HaluzíkM. MaletínskáL. KunešJ. KuzmaM. Metabolomics based on MS in mice with diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The effect of vildagliptin, metformin, and their combination.Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.2019188116518410.1007/s12010‑018‑2899‑8 30393821
     [Google Scholar]
  69. ArboucheN. RaulJ.S. KintzP. Development of a new LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of 13 antidiabetic drugs in human hair.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.2022120512333510.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123335 35716545
     [Google Scholar]
  70. NarikimalliA. GallaR. AQbD based approach for UPLC procedure development for the concurrent quantification of Metformin, Vildagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Sitagliptin in bulk and tablets: Response surface methodology paradigm.Anal. Chem. Lett.202414452854810.1080/22297928.2024.2376118
     [Google Scholar]
  71. ShahP.A. ShrivastavP.S. VanolP.G. SanyalM. Mechanistic study for the simultaneous determination of metformin and teneligliptin in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-MS/MS.Bioanalysis201810747548810.4155/bio‑2018‑0007 29561645
     [Google Scholar]
  72. FDA Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation.2022Available from: https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Bioanalytical-Method-Validation-Guidance-for-Industry.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  73. ICH-Q2 R2 : Validation of Analytical Procedures, International Conference on Harmonization; European Medicines Agency: Geneva, 2022, p. 33.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Procedures, A. Methods Validation-Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Documentation. US Department of Health and Human Services; Drug Information Center for Drug Evaluation and Research: Beltsville, MD, 2000, p. 18.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/dmbl/10.2174/0118723128357810250304055648
Loading
Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Metformin and Vildagliptin in K3EDTA Human Plasma Using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS
Drug Metab. Bioanal. Lett. 18, 71 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0118723128357810250304055648
/content/journals/dmbl/10.2174/0118723128357810250304055648
/content/journals/dmbl/10.2174/0118723128357810250304055648
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): Bioanalysis; LC-MS/MS; metformin; multi-reaction monitoring; solid phase extraction; vildagliptin

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test