Current Nanomaterials - Volume 8, Issue 3, 2023

Graphene, a layered allotropic form of graphitic carbon, has fascinated the scientific world since its discovery. Its unique structural, physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties find application in many areas. Because of its large surface area and its apt electrical property, it is used in electromagnetic interference shielding. With excellent carrier mobility, it is used for sensing purposes. Mechanical strength and elastic properties coupled with its lightweight make graphene a promising material as a supercapacitor. The 2-dimensional structural properties of the graphene layers can be used for the purification treatment of water and gas. The number of research in graphene applications is increasing every day, showing the importance and excellency of graphene properties. This short review provides a comprehensive understanding of graphene's properties and progress in electromagnetic interference shielding, sensors, water treatment, energy production, storage, and conversion applications such as supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells and electrocatalysts.

Background: Nanoemulsions are submicron-sized suspensions that are being studied extensively as pharmacological vehicles for enhancing the outcomes of drug delivery. Nanoemulsions are isotropic thermodynamic systems in which two immiscible liquids (water and oil) are combined to form a single phase using pertinent surfactants. Nano-emulsions are resilient to sedimentation or creaming due to their nano-droplet size. Ostwald ripening represents the principal process accountable for the disintegration of nanoemulsion. Droplet diameters in nanoemulsions typically range from 20 to 500 nanometers. The diameter and surface parameters of nanoemulsion droplets play are of paramount significance in determining the bioactivity of the formulation. Nanoemulsion offers a promising future in various industries like cosmetology, diagnosis, pharmacological regimens, and biomedicine in the future. Methods: Pharmaceutical surfactants are utilized to synthesize nanoemulsions, which are Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS). The stability of the NEs against coalescence mainly depends on the type and concentration of the surfactant employed. Nanoemulsions are formulated from a variety of oils, notably natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic oils. Results: Over the past decade, various patents and clinical research have exemplified the applications of the NE system. Their application as a drug delivery entity in the ophthalmic, topical, transdermal, intranasal, intravenous, and oral routes is widely appreciated. Also, they have gained remarkable importance in the cosmetic industry. Conclusion: This review presents the importance of various components of NE and their importance in droplet formation and provides a brief insight into various drug administration routes of NE.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an emerging topic with many significant applications in environmental and biomedical fields. The main aim of green synthesis is the development of ecofriendly nanoparticles using biological materials, like plants and microbes and thus, reducing the practice of utilizing toxic substances. Different plant-derived materials are regularly utilized to synthesise sustainable nanoparticles with almost comparable properties yet utilize less hazardous manufacturing processes. This review aims to update these green synthetic processes for developing nanoparticles.

This review describes the basic and application aspects of the optical properties of nanoparticles (NPs), which determine the dynamics and results of optical (laser) radiation interaction with NPs and their surroundings through NP light absorption and heat generation. In addition to the importance of primary optical processes, the thermal application of the light–NP interaction has attracted significant interest from various areas ranging from photochemistry to laser material processing and nanobiomedicine. First of all, the information provided is intended for laser specialists, photochemists and nanobiologists who are not so familiar with various optical data for understanding of the influence of NP optical properties on the results of optical or laser action on NPs and medium. Secondly, our review will be useful for researchers who conduct high-temperature investigations of the intense optical action on NPs that needs to take into account the dependence of NP optical properties on its temperature under NP heating. Our attention is focused on two variants of the applications of NP optical properties. Firstly, we shortly reviewed the optical properties of NPs at their initial or slightly higher temperatures reached under the influence of moderate radiation intensity. They are presented in numerous publications and are used as basic data. On the other side, the development of modern hightemperature laser and optical technologies needs to use the NPs optical properties at temperatures of about 1x10³ K and more. For high power laser and optical technologies, it is necessary to take into account the temperature dependences of the optical parameters of various metals, dielectrics and other materials. Among these technologies, one should list laser processing of NPs, thermal laser biomedicine, solar and photo nanocatalysis, solar nanostructured absorbers. The selection and use of suitable optical properties of NPs are crucial to successful achievements and results in high-temperature experiments and applications. Novel information on optical property dependence on temperature obtained from currently available literature has been presented for possible applications in optical and laser high-temperature processes interactions with NPs. However, unfortunately, the essential information on the effect of temperature on the optical properties of NPs is currently limited. In addition to the latest information, this review also includes the figures obtained by our own calculations to provide readers with a better understanding of the NP optical properties. From the side of the application, the use of NP optical properties is considered, which provide multiple varieties of moderate and hightemperature technology opportunities, many of which are ongoing and some of them are promising bright results in the near future. The beneficial outcome and the results of further activities in the research of intense laser and optical interactions with NPs can influence various fields of science and technology: nano and photochemistry, biomedicine, nanophysics, material science, etc.

Introduction: A chemical formula of nanocomposite 0.1 Bi2/3Cu3Ti4O12 -0.9 Bi3LaTi3O12 (BCLT-19) was prepared by semi wet route using metal nitrate and solid TiO2. The phase formation of Bi2/3Cu3Ti4O12 (BCT) and Bi3LaTi3O12 (BLT) was confirmed by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. Methods: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed a nanoparticle of size 14 ± 5 nm on average for BCLT-19 composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images exhibited a tubular, spherical, and heterogeneous structure of grains. The root means square roughness, average roughness, and maximum area peak height were explained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results: Study of magnetic properties was determined as weak antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic in nature. The high dielectric constant (' = 3147 at 100Hz to 500 K) of BCLT-19 may be due to the existence of space charge polarization. Conclusion: This paper studies the novel composite materials of BCLT-19 micro-structural properties. This study might be useful for future random-access memory devices and dielectric materials.

Background: Letrozole (LTZ) is an aromatase inhibitor used to treat hormonally positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Letrozole is categorized as a BCS class I drug. It has poor water solubility, rapid metabolism and a range of side effects. Objective: Nanosuspension is a technique that enhances the drug's solubility and bioavailability, resulting in a faster start of the effect. The present study aimed to formulate nanosuspension using probe sonication method to enhance the solubility of Letrozole using poloxamer-188 as a stabilizer. The formulation scheme was generated using Box-Behnken design, a statistical tool for the design of experiments (DOE). Results: By employing the probe sonication method, a total of seventeen formulations were performed for letrozole nanosuspension as suggested by Box-Behnken design. The selected formulations are characterized for particle size and zeta potential. The formulations were checked on the bias percentage between the predicted and observed values and evaluated for drug content and in vitro dissolution study. The formulation was optimized using Box-Behnken design based on in vitro cumulative drug release. Among all the formulations, NS4 (500 mg poloxamer-188, 100mg Letrozole and sonication time of 20 mints) was considered best with a minimum particle size of 923.5 nm, Zeta potential value of -28.7 mV, 96.36% of drug content and 94.02% of drug release within 2 hours. Solubility was determined by the shake flask method. The solubility of the pure drug was found to be only 10%. The solubility studies performed for the optimized formulation of NS4 showed that the solubility has enhanced up to 90% compared to pure drugs. Conclusion: Thus, the present results revealed that Letrozole nanosuspension solubility has enhanced up to 90% compared to pure drugs using poloxamer-188 as a stabilizer.

Background: When halide salts and hydrogen bond donors are combined, they produce deep eutectic solvents, which have a lower freezing/melting point than the individual components. At room temperature, they have emerged as viable alternatives to ionic liquids. The wonderful features of deep eutectic solvents, such as humidity tolerance, high-temperature stability, low cost, nonhazardous, reusable, and recyclable nature, allow them to replace ionic liquids. Objective: This study aimed to prepare two newer ternary deep eutectic solvents using malonic acid with glucose and glutamine and malonic acid with fructose and glutamine. Moreover, using the prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents, silver nanoparticles were synthesized, and their antifungal behavior was studied. Methods: The ternary deep eutectic solvents were prepared by the evaporation method in water and subjected to measure the properties, such as density, pH, conductivity, viscosity, and absorption frequencies of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The prepared deep eutectic solvents were then used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the chemical reduction method in the presence of hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent and sodium hydroxide as a stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis techniques. Results: The characteristic absorption peak of UV-Visible spectroscopy showed that silver nanoparticles were formed. FTIR exposed the metallic and other bonding of the nanoparticles and the capping materials. From the XRD pattern, we found the crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles and the images formed in the SEM were in the nanoscale. The average particle size of silver nanoparticles ranged from 116.87 nm to 26.61 nm. Conclusion: In our study, two types of novel ternary deep eutectic solvents were developed. They act as a better solvent media for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, and the synthesized nanoparticles show antifungal behaviors against some microbes.

Background: Biogenic fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles has been gaining interest over conventional methods. Biological methods make use of plant materials and microbial agents as reducing as well as capping agents. The present work reports the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from agricultural wastes produced in every household. Objectives: A significant portion of municipal solid organic waste (MSOW) consists of agricultural waste. Utilization of this agricultural waste towards cleaning water of pathogens through the synthesis of nanoparticles has far-reaching implications, such as curbing soil pollution and water pollution. Methods: Preliminary confirmation was done by the visual formation of a pale yellow/dirty white precipitate of ZnO NPs. These were further characterized by different spectroscopic techniques, such as FT-IR, SEM, EDAX, and HRTEM. Results: The HRTEM study revealed that NPs obtained had sizes between 30-52 nm. Fabricated ZnO NPs were analyzed for their antibacterial activity by disk diffusion method, and they exhibited striking antibacterial activity against E. coli and bacillus subtilis. Conclusion: Exploring the potential of waste and its conversion into a value-added product is a novel step. ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from agricultural wastes through an environmentally friendly synthetic route, and the synthesized ZnO NPs were found to be potent in inhibiting the growth of bacteria.