Skip to content
2000
image of Blockade of Interleukin-6 Receptor with Tocilizumab During the Acute Phase of Childhood Immune-Mediated Epilepsy can Lead to a Favorable Outcome - an Observational Study

Abstract

Introduction

To explore the role of tocilizumab in treating childhood immune-mediated epilepsy and determine the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in its pathogenesis.

Methods

We collected and analyzed clinical information of pediatric patients diagnosed with immune-mediated epilepsy and treated with tocilizumab at Xiangya Hospital.

Results

This study included four males with a median age of onset of 4.3 years. They presented with seizures, fever, and neuropsychiatric manifestations. A combination of different anti-seizure medications (ASMs) and first-line immunotherapy could not control seizures. All patients had elevated levels of IL-6 in their serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid at some points. The median time from disease onset to the first dose of tocilizumab was 25 days. Patients 2 and 3 received tocilizumab in the acute phase of the disease, but patients 1 and 4 received this therapy in the subacute phase. At the last follow-up, patients 2 and 3 had no seizures, while patients 1 and 4 still had chronic epilepsy, but with > 50% reduction of seizure frequency. All patients regained normal cognition.

Discussion

IL-6 may play a role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated epilepsy, and introducing tocilizumab in the acute phase might be effective in preventing the disease from progressing into the chronic phase.

Conclusion

Tocilizumab is effective for the management of immune-mediated epilepsy in children when given early enough.

© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X455475251203194508
2026-01-15
2026-02-05

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X455475251203194508
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Bhatia S. Schmitt S.E. Treating immune-related epilepsy. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2018 18 3 10 10.1007/s11910‑018‑0821‑y 29445957
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Husari K.S. Dubey D. Autoimmune epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2019 16 3 685 702 10.1007/s13311‑019‑00750‑3 31240596
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Schubert R.D. Wilson M.R. A tale of two approaches: How metagenomics and proteomics are shaping the future of encephalitis diagnostics. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2015 28 3 283 287 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000198 25923127
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Suleiman J. Brilot F. Lang B. Vincent A. Dale R.C. Autoimmune epilepsy in children: Case series and proposed guidelines for identification. Epilepsia 2013 54 6 1036 1045 10.1111/epi.12142 23551014
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Wright S. Geerts A.T. Jol-van der Zijde C.M. Jacobson L. Lang B. Waters P. van Tol M.J.D. Stroink H. Neuteboom R.F. Brouwer O.F. Vincent A. Neuronal antibodies in pediatric epilepsy: Clinical features and long‐term outcomes of a historical cohort not treated with immunotherapy. Epilepsia 2016 57 5 823 831 10.1111/epi.13356 26996997
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Suleiman J. Wright S. Gill D. Brilot F. Waters P. Peacock K. Procopis P. Nibber A. Vincent A. Dale R.C. Lang B. Autoantibodies to neuronal antigens in children with new‐onset seizures classified according to the revised ILAE organization of seizures and epilepsies. Epilepsia 2013 54 12 2091 2100 10.1111/epi.12405 24151870
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Toledano M. Britton J.W. McKeon A. Shin C. Lennon V.A. Quek A.M.L. So E. Worrell G.A. Cascino G.D. Klein C.J. Lagerlund T.D. Wirrell E.C. Nickels K.C. Pittock S.J. Utility of an immunotherapy trial in evaluating patients with presumed autoimmune epilepsy. Neurology 2014 82 18 1578 1586 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000383 24706013
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Sheppard M. Laskou F. Stapleton P.P. Hadavi S. Dasgupta B. Tocilizumab (Actemra). Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2017 13 9 1972 1988 10.1080/21645515.2017.1316909 28841363
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Lotan I. McGowan R. Levy M. Anti-IL-6 therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A systematic review of safety and efficacy. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2021 19 2 220 232 10.2174/18756190MTA2cMjAm1 32348222
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Tang Q. Yao M. Huang Y. Bian J. Wang Y. Ji W. A comparison of the efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A study protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2023 102 4 32748 10.1097/MD.0000000000032748 36705346
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Kharel S. Shrestha S. Ojha R. Guragain N. Ghimire R. Safety and efficacy of interleukin-6-receptor inhibitors in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2021 21 1 458 10.1186/s12883‑021‑02488‑y 34814882
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Akiyama M. Kaneko Y. Takeuchi T. Effectiveness of tocilizumab in Behcet’s disease: A systematic literature review. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2020 50 4 797 804 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.05.017 32544751
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Choy E.H. De Benedetti F. Takeuchi T. Hashizume M. John M.R. Kishimoto T. Translating IL-6 biology into effective treatments. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2020 16 6 335 345 10.1038/s41584‑020‑0419‑z 32327746
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Narazaki M. Kishimoto T. Current status and prospects of IL-6–targeting therapy. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2022 15 5 575 592 10.1080/17512433.2022.2097905 35791866
    [Google Scholar]
  15. El-Haggar S.M. Hegazy S.K. Mustafa W. Khrieba M.O. Possible immuno-modulatory effects of tocilizumab in patients with refractory status epilepticus. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2023 27 4 1512 1521 10.26355/eurrev_202302_31392 36876691
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Jun J.S. Lee S.T. Kim R. Chu K. Lee S.K. Tocilizumab treatment for new onset refractory status epilepticus. Ann. Neurol. 2018 84 6 940 945 10.1002/ana.25374 30408233
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kwack D.W. Kim D.W. The increased interleukin-6 levels can be an early diagnostic marker for new-onset refractory status epilepticus. J. Epilepsy Res. 2022 12 2 78 81 10.14581/jer.22015 36685741
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Palacios-Mendoza M. Gómez A. Prieto J. Barrios J.C. Orera M. Massot-Tarrús A. Response to anakinra in new-onset refractory status epilepticus: A clinical case. Seizure 2022 94 92 94 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.11.014 34875544
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Wadayama T. Shimizu M. Yata T. Ishikura T. Kajiyama Y. Hirozawa D. Okuno T. Mochizuki H. Cryptogenic new-onset refractory status epilepticus responded to anti-interleukin-6 treatment. J. Neuroimmunol. 2022 363 577789 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577789 34973472
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Hanin A. Muscal E. Hirsch L.J. Second‐line immunotherapy in new onset refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2024 65 5 1203 1223 10.1111/epi.17933 38430119
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kessi M. Xiong J. Wu L. Yang L. He F. Chen C. Pang N. Duan H. Zhang W. Arafat A. Yin F. Peng J. Rare copy number variations and predictors in children with intellectual disability and epilepsy. Front. Neurol. 2018 9 947 10.3389/fneur.2018.00947 30510536
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kessi M. Chen B. Shan L.D. Wang Y. Yang L. Yin F. He F. Peng J. Wang G. Genotype-phenotype correlations of STXBP1 pathogenic variants and the treatment choices for STXBP1-related disorders in China. BMC Med. Genomics 2023 16 1 46 10.1186/s12920‑023‑01474‑2 36882827
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Shevell M. Global developmental delay and mental retardation or intellectual disability: Conceptualization, evaluation, and etiology. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 2008 55 5 1071 1084 10.1016/j.pcl.2008.07.010 18929052
    [Google Scholar]
  24. He Y. Wu J. Fan C. Li Z. Liu J. Li K. Wang Q. Qian S. Observational study of tocilizumab in children with febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 2025 12 9 1753 1761 10.1002/acn3.70120 40556126
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Harrar D.B. Genser I. Najjar M. Davies E. Sule S. Wistinghausen B. Goldbach-Mansky R. Wells E. Successful management of febrile infection–related epilepsy syndrome using cytokine-directed therapy. J. Child Neurol. 2024 39 11-12 440 445 10.1177/08830738241273448 39196283
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Stredny C.M. Case S. Sansevere A.J. Son M. Henderson L. Gorman M.P. Interleukin-6 blockade with tocilizumab in anakinrarefractory febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). Child Neurol. Open 2020 7 2329048X20979253 10.1177/2329048X20979253 33403221
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Shin Y.W. Hong S.B. Lee S.K. Analysis of early EEG changes after tocilizumab treatment in new-onset refractory status epilepticus. Brain Sci. 2025 15 6 638 10.3390/brainsci15060638 40563808
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Wan L. Liu J. Wang J. Zhu L. Wang W. Li S. Wang R. Yang G. Favorable outcomes and FDG-PET changes following tocilizumab treatment for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome in a child. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2025 146 113872 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113872 39689594
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Thanuja B. Kamate M. A prospective single-arm cohort study of immune-mediated seizures/epilepsy without encephalopathy (ISEWE) in children from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol. 2024 27 6 710 714 10.4103/aian.aian_408_24 39670661
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Sheikh Z. Hirsch L.J. A practical approach to in-hospital management of new-onset refractory status epilepticus/febrile infection related epilepsy syndrome. Front. Neurol. 2023 14 1150496 10.3389/fneur.2023.1150496 37251223
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Jang Y. Ahn S.H. Park K.I. Jang B.S. Lee H.S. Bae J.H. Lee Y. Sunwoo J.S. Jun J.S. Kim K.T. Mon S.Y. You J.H. Kim T.J. Shin H. Han D. Cho Y.W. Dubey D. Chu K. Lee S.K. Lee S.T. Prognosis prediction and immunotherapy optimisation for cryptogenic new-onset refractory status epilepticus. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2025 96 1 26 37 10.1136/jnnp‑2024‑334285 39237150
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Nakamura Y. Ueda M. Kodama S. Kimura T. Shirota Y. Hamada M. Ishiura H. Iizuka T. Toda T. Treatment of cryptogenic new-onset refractory status epilepticus (C-NORSE) with tocilizumab. Intern. Med. 2024 63 24 3377 3382 10.2169/internalmedicine.3392‑23 38658340
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Okochi R. Sakai J. Shimohama S. Ishizuchi K. Nakahara J. Iizuka T. Oyama M. Early recovery from cryptogenic NORSE following repeated c-norse score assessment and cyclophosphamide treatment. Case Rep. Intern. Med. 2025 Oct 6055 25 10.2169/internalmedicine.6055‑25 41125373
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Feng L. Li H. Ma L. Hu M. Hui B. Sun Z. Wang X. Wang Y. Jiang W. Minocycline in chronic management of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): A case series and literature review of treatment strategies. Acta Epileptol. 2025 7 1 35 10.1186/s42494‑025‑00224‑4 40481521
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Fisher K.S. Ankar A. Cokley J. Muscal E. Riviello J.J. Lai Y.C. Combined systemic immunotherapy and intrathecal dexamethasone in febrile infection related epilepsy syndrome. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 2025 12 4 871 875 10.1002/acn3.70011 39932904
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Nagase H. Yamaguchi H. Tokumoto S. Ishida Y. Tomioka K. Nishiyama M. Nozu K. Maruyama A. Timing of therapeutic interventions against infection-triggered encephalopathy syndrome: A scoping review of the pediatric literature. Front. Neurosci. 2023 17 1150868 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150868 37674514
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Aledo-Serrano A. Hariramani R. Gonzalez-Martinez A. Álvarez-Troncoso J. Toledano R. Bayat A. Garcia-Morales I. Becerra J.L. Villegas-Martínez I. Beltran-Corbellini A. Gil-Nagel A. Anakinra and tocilizumab in the chronic phase of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): Effectiveness and safety from a case-series. Seizure 2022 100 51 55 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.06.012 35759951
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Spoden T. Hoftman A. Rascoff N. McCurdy D. A case series and review of febrile-infection related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). Children 2025 12 4 485 10.3390/children12040485 40310164
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Kurimoto T. Matsuoka T. Ami Y. Kanno K. Fujii T. Fujiwara N. Matsuoka T. Anti‐inflammatory and immune‐mediated therapy for a case of febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome with rapid recurrence. Clin. Case Rep. 2022 10 6 5952 10.1002/ccr3.5952 35685830
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Yorichika Y. Neshige S. Sakahara H. Ono N. Nonaka M. Tagane Y. Watanabe T. Tachiyama K. Ishibashi H. Nakamori M. Shishido T. Aoki S. Ueno H. Yamazaki Y. Iizuka T. Maruyama H. Early initiation of intravenous cyclophosphamide and one‐year outcome in super‐refractory cryptogenic‐new onset refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia Open 2025 10 1 307 313 10.1002/epi4.13055 39701580
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Pasqualini N. Falcicchio G. Vogrig A. Pellicciari R. Defazio G. Gelormini D. Liviero M.C. Gottin L. Bonetti B. Zivelonghi C. Ferlisi M. Zanoni T. Dramatic response to delayed treatment with tocilizumab in new-onset refractory status epilepticus. Neurol. Sci. 2025 46 7 3281 3285 10.1007/s10072‑025‑08108‑8 40100558
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Smith K.M. Budhram A. Geis C. McKeon A. Steriade C. Stredny C.M. Titulaer M.J. Britton J.W. Autoimmune‐associated seizure disorders. Epileptic Disord. 2024 26 4 415 434 10.1002/epd2.20231 38818801
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Reyes-Cuayahuitl A. Estrada-Garcia D.A. Orea-Méndez N. Vega-Garcia A. Chew-Irra M.L. -López, E.R.; Orozco-Suarez, S. Immune-mediated inflammatory conditions in epilepsy: Role of autoimmunity. Epilepsy Behav. 2025 172 110675 10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110675 40885027
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Carson R. Stredny C.M. Severe, refractory seizures: New-onset refractory status epilepticus and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome. Med. Clin. North Am. 2024 108 1 201 213 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.05.020 37951651
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Lee W.J. Lee S.T. Moon J. Sunwoo J.S. Byun J.I. Lim J.A. Kim T.J. Shin Y.W. Lee K.J. Jun J.S. Lee H.S. Kim S. Park K.I. Jung K.H. Jung K.Y. Kim M. Lee S.K. Chu K. Tocilizumab in autoimmune encephalitis refractory to rituximab: An institutional cohort study. Neurotherapeutics 2016 13 4 824 832 10.1007/s13311‑016‑0442‑6 27215218
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Sveinsson O. Granqvist M. Forslin Y. Blennow K. Zetterberg H. Piehl F. Successful combined targeting of B- and plasma ] cells in treatment refractory anti-NMDAR encephalitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 2017 312 15 18 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.08.011 28886955
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Lee W.J. Lee S.T. Shin Y.W. Lee H.S. Shin H.R. Kim D.Y. Kim S. Lim J.A. Moon J. Park K.I. Kim H.S. Chu K. Lee S.K. Teratoma removal, steroid, IVIG, rituximab and tocilizumab (T-SIRT) in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurotherapeutics 2021 18 1 474 487 10.1007/s13311‑020‑00921‑7 32880854
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Zhan X. Zhang X. Chen X. Niu X. Xuan T. He J. Ren Y. Meng Y. Guo T. Li H. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis triggered by EBV and HSV-1: A case report and literature review. Medicine 2025 104 28 43338 10.1097/MD.0000000000043338 40660546
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Randell R.L. Adams A.V. Van Mater H. Tocilizumab in refractory autoimmune encephalitis: A series of pediatric cases. Pediatr. Neurol. 2018 86 66 68 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.07.016 30177347
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Chen S. Kessi M. Tan J. He F. Zhang C. Yin F. Yang L. Peng J. Anti-GAD65 antibodies related refractory epilepsy successfully treated with tocilizumab: A case report and systematic literature review. ImmunoTargets Ther. 2025 14 491 500 10.2147/ITT.S520026 40264689
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Jaafar F. Haddad L. Koleilat N. Sharara-Chami R. Shbarou R. Super refractory status epilepticus secondary to anti-GAD antibody encephalitis successfully treated with aggressive immunotherapy. Epilepsy Behav. Rep. 2020 14 100396 10.1016/j.ebr.2020.100396 33305253
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Jang S. Kim S.Y. Kim W.J. Chae J-H. Kim K.J. Lim B.C. A case of pediatric anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 encephalitis with faciobrachial dystonic seizure. Brain Dev. 2023 45 6 348 353 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.02.003 36858863
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Benucci M. Tramacere L. Infantino M. Manfredi M. Grossi V. Damiani A. Gobbi F.L. Piccininni M. Zaccara G. Cincotta M. Efficacy of tocilizumab in limbic encephalitis with anti-CASPR2 antibodies. Case Rep. Neurol. Med. 2020 2020 5697670 10.1155/2020/5697670 32110453
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Krogias C. Hoepner R. Müller A. Schneider-Gold C. Schröder A. Gold R. Successful treatment of anti-Caspr2 syndrome by interleukin 6 receptor blockade through tocilizumab. JAMA Neurol. 2013 70 8 1056 1059 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.143 23778873
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Hanin A. Jimenez A.D. Gopaul M. Asbell H. Aydemir S. Basha M.M. Batra A. Damien C. Day G.S. Eka O. Eschbach K. Fatima S. Fields M.C. Foreman B. Gerard E.E. Gofton T.E. Haider H.A. Hantus S.T. Hocker S. Jongeling A. Kalkach Aparicio M. Kandula P. Kang P. Kazazian K. Kellogg M.A. Kim M. Lee J.W. Marcuse L.V. McGraw C.M. Mohamed W. Orozco J. Pimentel C.M. Punia V. Ramirez A.M. Steriade C. Struck A.F. Taraschenko O. Treister A.K. Wainwright M.S. Yoo J.Y. Zafar S. Zhou D.J. Zutshi D. Gaspard N. Hirsch L.J. Trends in management of patients with new‐onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) from 2016 to 2023: An interim analysis. Epilepsia 2024 65 8 e148 e155 10.1111/epi.18014 38837761
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Chin H. Kim S.Y. Lim B.C. Chae J.H. Kim K.J. Cho J.S. Cho A. Kim H. Kim W.J. Pediatric new-onset super-refractory status epilepticus (NOSRSE): A case-series. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 2025 56 67 73 10.1016/j.ejpn.2025.04.008 40318399
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Sudersanan K. Sarangi B. Srivastava K. Early intrathecal dexamethasone (IT-Dexa) associated with faster recovery and good outcome in an adolescent with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). BMJ Case Rep. 2025 18 2 262592 10.1136/bcr‑2024‑262592 39900388
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Girardin M.L. Flamand T. Roignot O. Abi Warde M.T. Mutschler V. Voulleminot P. Guillot M. Dinkelacker V. De Saint-Martin A. Treatment of new onset refractory status epilepticus/febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome with tocilizumab in a child and a young adult. Epilepsia 2023 64 6 e87 e92 10.1111/epi.17591 36961094
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Shah P.D. Voss-Hoynes H.A. Pauley R.A. Update in new-onset refractory status epilepticus and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2025 37 6 550 554 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001501 40831349
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hanin A. Hirsch L.J. Immune dysregulation in new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE): Current insights and therapeutic perspectives. Brain Dev. 2025 47 5 104406 10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104406 40712353
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Giussani G. Bianchi E. Bonardi C.M. Sartori S. Buratti S. Campostrini E. Cantalupo G. Ghobert A.L. Cesaroni C.A. Fetta A. Freri E. Giordano L. Olivotto S. Toscano G. Papa A. Brustia F. Vissani M. Micheli S. Dilena R. Retrospective multicenter study on cryptogenic NORSE/FIRES patients treated with anakinra. Seizure 2025 130 141 146 10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.022 40614647
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Cerovic M. Di Nunzio M. Craparotta I. Vezzani A. An in vitro model of drug-resistant seizures for selecting clinically effective antiseizure medications in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome. Front. Neurol. 2023 14 1129138 10.3389/fneur.2023.1129138 37034097
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Leo A. Nesci V. Tallarico M. Amodio N. Gallo Cantafio E.M. De Sarro G. Constanti A. Russo E. Citraro R. IL-6 receptor blockade by tocilizumab has anti-absence and anti-epileptogenic effects in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2020 17 4 2004 2014 10.1007/s13311‑020‑00893‑8 32681356
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Sebba A. Tocilizumab: The first interleukin-6-receptor inhibitor. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2008 65 15 1413 1418 10.2146/ajhp070449 18653811
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Wickstrom R. Taraschenko O. Dilena R. Payne E.T. Specchio N. Nabbout R. Koh S. Gaspard N. Hirsch L.J. International consensus recommendations for management of new onset refractory status epilepticus including febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome: Statements and supporting evidence. Epilepsia 2022 63 11 2840 2864 10.1111/epi.17397 35997591
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Tanaka T. Narazaki M. Kishimoto T. Anti‐interleukin‐6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. FEBS Lett. 2011 585 23 3699 3709 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.023 21419125
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Roche G.A. Lagares D.C. Élez E. Roca F.R. Cytokine release syndrome. Reviewing a new entity in the intensive care unit. Med. Intensiva 2019 43 8 480 488 10.1016/j.medine.2019.01.011 30922608
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Vezzani A. Dingledine R. Rossetti A.O. Immunity and inflammation in status epilepticus and its sequelae: Possibilities for therapeutic application. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2015 15 9 1081 1092 10.1586/14737175.2015.1079130 26312647
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Grebenciucova E. VanHaerents S. Interleukin 6: At the interface of human health and disease. Front. Immunol. 2023 14 1255533 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255533 37841263
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Foiadelli T. Santangelo A. Costagliola G. Costa E. Scacciati M. Riva A. Volpedo G. Smaldone M. Bonuccelli A. Clemente A.M. Ferretti A. Savasta S. Striano P. Orsini A. Neuroinflammation and status epilepticus: A narrative review unraveling a complex interplay. Front Pediatr. 2023 11 1251914 10.3389/fped.2023.1251914 38078329
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Guillemaud M. Chavez M. Kobeissy F. Vezzani A. Jimenez A.D. Basha M.M. Batra A. Demeret S. Eka O. Eschbach K. Foreman B. Gaspard N. Gerard E.E. Gofton T.E. Haider H.A. Hantus S.T. Howe C.L. Jongeling A. Kalkach-Aparicio M. Kandula P. Kazazian K. Kim M. Lai Y.C. Marois C. Mellor A. Mohamed W. Morales M. Pimentel C.M. Ramirez A.M. Steriade C. Struck A.F. Taraschenko O. Torcida Sedano N. Wainwright M.S. Yoo J.Y. Wang K.K.W. Navarro V. Hirsch L.J. Hanin A. Identification of distinct biological groups of patients with cryptogenic NORSE via inflammatory profiling. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 2025 12 4 200403 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200403 40334176
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Goh Y. Tay S.H. Yeo L.L.L. Rathakrishnan R. Bridging the gap: Tailoring an approach to treatment in febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome. Neurology 2023 100 24 1151 1155 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207068 36797068
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Saad K. Aboelgheet A.M. Hamed Y. Alruwaili T.A.M. Ibrahim M.F.M. Elhoufey A. Dailah H.G. Taha S.A. Al-Atram A.A. Taha S. Abu-Elnaga O. Hassan A.E. Gad E.F. Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) in children: A retrospective cohort study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2025 184 3 206 10.1007/s00431‑025‑06047‑2 39988600
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Bandi R. Jain V. Lingappa L. Sharma R. Kannoth S. Konanki R. Challenges in management of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome: Real-world experience from a large cohort of pediatric patients. Pediatr. Neurol. 2025 165 9 15 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.01.014 39908710
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Dalmau J. Armangué T. Planagumà J. Radosevic M. Mannara F. Leypoldt F. Geis C. Lancaster E. Titulaer M.J. Rosenfeld M.R. Graus F. An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: Mechanisms and models. Lancet Neurol. 2019 18 11 1045 1057 10.1016/S1474‑4422(19)30244‑3 31326280
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X455475251203194508
Loading
Blockade of Interleukin-6 Receptor with Tocilizumab During the Acute Phase of Childhood Immune-Mediated Epilepsy can Lead to a Favorable Outcome - an Observational Study
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X455475251203194508
/content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X455475251203194508
/content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X455475251203194508
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material is available on the publisher’s website along with the published article.

file format download Download

  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: immune-mediated epilepsy ; efficacy ; interleukin-6 ; safety ; children ; Tocilizumab

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test