Recent Advances in Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Based Nanoprobes as Multifunctional Theranostic Agents for Breast Cancer Imaging and Therapy

Background: Breast cancer accounts for nearly one in three cancers, and it is the most common cancer diagnosed among women. The death rate of breast cancer is estimated to be 14%. Hence, accurate diagnosis in early stage and effective treatment in any stage are critical for the survival of breast cancer. Mammogram has been the most common technique administered to detect breast cancer. However, the radiation dose from mammogram is harmful to patients. Fortunately, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can diagnose breast cancer without any radiation dose, and enhanced MRI can make earlier and differential diagnosis. Therefore, as contrast materials, superparamagnetic iron oxide based nanoprobes (SPIONs) have generated a great deal of attention. Objective: This review covers recent advances in SPIONs as multifunctional theranostic agents. Methods: Besides synthesis and surface modification of SPIONs, passive and active targeted imaging is also discussed. Moreover, a serial of potential therapy for breast cancer is further described, such as photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, chemotherapy and magnetic hyperthermia therapy. Conclusion: Preparation and surface modification of SPIONs is critical for imaging diagnosis of breast cancer and further potential treatment.