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image of Addressing Unmet Needs in Clostridium difficile Infection: Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Abstract

Introduction

infection (CDI) is a serious global health concern characterized by toxin-induced colonic damage, ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening conditions. Despite improved diagnostics and treatments, recurrence rates of up to 30% underscore persistent gaps in effective disease management.

Methods

CDI pathogenesis is driven by the disruption of the gut microbiota, often due to broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Risk factors such as advanced age, hospitalization, IBD, and immunosuppression increase the severity and recurrence of the infection. The hypervirulent ribotype 027 strain has been associated with increased mortality and treatment resistance, necessitating targeted therapies.

Results

Emerging treatments such as FMT and monoclonal antibodies show promise for CDI management, with FDA approvals marking progress in microbiome restoration. However, hurdles remain in safety, regulation, and donor screening. Advances in diagnostic and scoring tools have aided in the detection and treatment, but differentiating between colonization and infection remains a challenge. Preventive measures and novel agents such as bacteriocins and bacteriophages offer targeted, microbiome-sparing strategies.

Discussion

Despite recent advances, CDI management remains challenging because of diagnostic uncertainty and frequent recurrences. Innovative treatments such as FMT and monoclonal antibodies are promising but face limitations in safety, access, and cost. Preventive strategies and decision tools help, yet distinguishing colonization from infection remains difficult, underscoring the need for ongoing and multidisciplinary innovation.

Conclusion

This review highlights current approaches to CDI diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, stressing the urgent need for innovative strategies to reduce recurrence. Targeted research and policy efforts are vital to improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected.

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2025-10-17
2025-11-05

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Addressing Unmet Needs in Clostridium difficile Infection: Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298673381785251008222034
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673381785251008222034
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673381785251008222034
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  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: infection ; diarrhea ; unmet need ; colonization ; Clostridium difficile ; antibiotics ; toxins prevention ; recurrence ; vaccine

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