Skip to content
2000
Volume 33, Issue 4
  • ISSN: 0929-8673
  • E-ISSN: 1875-533X

Abstract

Vitamin D is a crucial nutrient that plays a significant role in various aspects of health. This review explores the importance of vitamin D and its cofactors in preventing and managing diseases, mainly focusing on diabetes and its complications. The evidence reveals a strong link between low vitamin D levels and increased risks of type 2 diabetes (T2D), gestational diabetes, and type 1 diabetes. Vitamin D supplementation, which has shown promising results in reducing the incidence of these diseases and improving outcomes, offers hope in the fight against diabetes. Additionally, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of complications in diabetes, including depression, cancer, peripheral neuropathy, and diabetic foot ulcers. Adequate vitamin D levels have been shown to prevent and treat these complications, improving symptoms and overall outcomes. The review also highlights the global vitamin D deficiency pandemic. It explores strategies for optimizing vitamin D levels, including sun exposure, dietary sources, supplementation, and the role of cofactors such as magnesium and vitamin K2. It underscores the importance of raising awareness about the significance of vitamin D optimization and the need for everyone to play a role in implementing these strategies, as it can profoundly impact disease prevention and management.

© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673360987250621042131
2025-07-09
2026-02-27

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673360987250621042131
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. BikleD.D. VitaminD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications.Chem. Biol.201421331932910.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.01624529992
     [Google Scholar]
  2. YeH. WangJ. WangN. WuD. LiH. GengF. Ultrasound-assisted pH-shifting remodels egg-yolk low-density lipoprotein to enable construction of a stable aqueous solution of vitamin D3.Curr. Res. Food. Sci.2022596497210.1016/j.crfs.2022.05.01335721392
     [Google Scholar]
  3. PalaciosC. Trak-FellermeierM.A. MartinezR.X. Lopez-PerezL. LipsP. SalisiJ.A. JohnJ.C. Peña-RosasJ.P. Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy.Cochrane Libr.2019201910CD01344610.1002/14651858.CD01344631581312
     [Google Scholar]
  4. AhmedA. SaleemM.A. SaeedF. AfzaalM. ImranA. AkramS. HussainM. KhanA. Al JbawiE. A comprehensive review on the impact of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency and allied metabolic disorders in females.Food Sci. Nutr.20231195004502710.1002/fsn3.351937701195
     [Google Scholar]
  5. LairdE. WardM. McSorleyE. StrainJ.J. WallaceJ. Vitamin D and bone health: Potential mechanisms.Nutrients20102769372410.3390/nu207069322254049
     [Google Scholar]
  6. CuiA. ZhangT. XiaoP. FanZ. WangH. ZhuangY. Global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies from 2000 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 7.9 million participants.Front. Nutr.202310107080810.3389/fnut.2023.107080837006940
     [Google Scholar]
  7. LevineM.A. Diagnosis and management of vitamin D dependent rickets.Front Pediatr.2020831510.3389/fped.2020.0031532596195
     [Google Scholar]
  8. RajakumarK. VitaminD. Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: A historical perspective.Pediatrics20031122e132e13510.1542/peds.112.2.e13212897318
     [Google Scholar]
  9. YaoL. WangT. PersiaM. HorstR.L. HigginsM. Effects of vitamin D(3) -enriched diet on egg yolk vitamin D(3) content and yolk quality.J. Food Sci.2013782C178C18310.1111/1750‑3841.1203223331294
     [Google Scholar]
  10. ChenL. DongY. ChenJ. HuangY. ZhuH. Epigenetics predicts serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Response to Vitamin D3supplementation in African Americans.Mol. Nutr. Food Res.2020641190073810.1002/mnfr.20190073831667917
     [Google Scholar]
  11. SchümmerT. StanglG.I. WätjenW. Safety assessment of vitamin D and its photo-isomers in UV-Irradiated Baker’s yeast.Foods20211012314210.3390/foods1012314234945693
     [Google Scholar]
  12. RíosP. RodríguezA. ConejeroS. Activation of Si–H and B–H bonds by Lewis acidic transition metals and p-block nlms: Same, but different.Chem. Sci. (Camb.)202213257392741810.1039/D2SC02324E35872827
     [Google Scholar]
  13. LeungM.F. CheungP.C.K. Vitamins D and D2 in cultivated mushrooms under ultraviolet irradiation and their bioavailability in humans: A mini-review.Int. J. Med. Mushrooms2021231111510.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.202104039034936304
     [Google Scholar]
  14. VoulgaridouG. PapadopoulouS.K. DetopoulouP. TsoumanaD. GiaginisC. KondyliF.S. LymperakiE. PritsaA. Vitamin D and calcium in osteoporosis, and the role of bone turnover markers: A narrative review of recent data from RCTs.Diseases20231112910.3390/diseases1101002936810543
     [Google Scholar]
  15. BrandiM.L. Indications on the use of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites in clinical phenotypes.Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab.20107324325022460535
     [Google Scholar]
  16. PikeJ.W. ChristakosS. Biology and mechanisms of action of the vitamin D hormone.Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am.201746481584310.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.00129080638
     [Google Scholar]
  17. DuchowE.G. Sibilska-KaminskiI.K. PlumL.A. DeLucaH.F. Vitamin D esters are the major form of vitamin D produced by UV irradiation in mice.Photochem. Photobiol. Sci.20222181399140410.1007/s43630‑022‑00230‑235488978
     [Google Scholar]
  18. NairR. MaseehA. VitaminD. Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin.J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother.20123211812622629085
     [Google Scholar]
  19. DaryaborG. GholijaniN. KahminiF.R. A review of the critical role of vitamin D axis on the immune system.Exp. Mol. Pathol.2023132-13310486610.1016/j.yexmp.2023.10486637572961
     [Google Scholar]
  20. AggeletopoulouI. MarangosM. AssimakopoulosS.F. MouzakiA. ThomopoulosK. TriantosC. Vitamin D and microbiome.Am. J. Pathol.2023193665666810.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.00436868465
     [Google Scholar]
  21. AbukannaA.M.A. AlanaziR.F.A. AlruwailiF.S. AlayyashiA.Z.M. AlanziF. VitaminD. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for diabetes and poor glycemic control in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review.Cureus20231511e4857710.7759/cureus.4857738073984
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Domínguez GarcíaA. Centeno ÁlvarezC. Muñoz RodríguezJ. Bonfill AbellaT. Capdevila GonzaloM. de Verdonces RomanL. Mayordomo FerrerO. Azuara InvernonP. Casado BurgosE. Prats LópezJ. Serra AracilX. Prevalence of metabolic acidosis in ileal diversions more than one year after radical cystectomy and associated secondary metabolic effects.Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition)202347849450210.1016/j.acuroe.2023.04.01037086841
     [Google Scholar]
  23. DragomirR.E. Gheoca MutuD.E. SimaR.M. ToaderO.D. StănculescuR.V. The impact of vitamin D deficiency on gestational diabetes mellitus risk: A retrospective study.Cureus2024167e6503710.7759/cureus.6503739035594
     [Google Scholar]
  24. AlbiñanaC. ZhuZ. Borbye-LorenzenN. BoeltS.G. CohenA.S. SkogstrandK. WrayN.R. RevezJ.A. PrivéF. PetersenL.V. BulikC.M. Plana-RipollO. MuslinerK.L. AgerboE. BørglumA.D. HougaardD.M. NordentoftM. WergeT. MortensenP.B. VilhjálmssonB.J. McGrathJ.J. Genetic correlates of vitamin D-binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in neonatal dried blood spots.Nat. Commun.202314185210.1038/s41467‑023‑36392‑536792583
     [Google Scholar]
  25. CharoenngamN. HolickM.F. Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease.Nutrients2020127209710.3390/nu12072097
     [Google Scholar]
  26. PinzonR.T. TjungA. PradanaA.W. Is there any relationship between vitamin D levels and the severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy?Rom. J. Neurol.2020192899510.37897/RJN.2020.2.6
     [Google Scholar]
  27. YanX. LiX. LiuB. HuangJ. XiangY. HuY. TangX. ZhangZ. HuangG. XieZ. ZhouH. LiuZ. WangX. LeslieR.D. ZhouZ. Combination therapy with saxagliptin and vitamin D for the preservation of β- cell function in adult-onset type 1 diabetes: A multi-center, randomized, controlled trial.Signal Transduct. Target. Ther.20238115810.1038/s41392‑023‑01369‑937076476
     [Google Scholar]
  28. NeillH.R. GillC.I.R. McDonaldE.J. McRobertsW.C. PourshahidiL.K. VitaminD. Vitamin D biofortification of pork may offer a food-based strategy to increase vitamin D intakes in the UK population.Front. Nutr.2021877736410.3389/fnut.2021.77736434926552
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Morshed-BehbahaniB. DoryanizadehL. ShahaliS. ShahabiS. MontazeriA. Effect of and the association between vitamin D and outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques among infertile men and women: Protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis.BMJ Open2023133e06048310.1136/bmjopen‑2021‑06048336882256
     [Google Scholar]
  30. ChalcraftJ.R. CardinalL.M. WechslerP.J. HollisB.W. GerowK.G. AlexanderB.M. KeithJ.F. Larson-MeyerD.E. Vitamin D synthesis following a single bout of sun exposure in older and younger men and women.Nutrients202012223710.3390/nu12082237
     [Google Scholar]
  31. HolickM.F. ChenT.C. LuZ. SauterE. Vitamin D and skin physiology: A D-lightful story.J. Bone Miner. Res.200722S2Suppl. 2V28V3310.1359/jbmr.07s21118290718
     [Google Scholar]
  32. CalvoM.S. Lessons Learned from a randomized controlled trial with vitamin D fortified milk in colombian adolescents: Importance to vitamin D fortification policies in latin America.J. Nutr.2023153491791910.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.00636792032
     [Google Scholar]
  33. WackerM. HolickM.F. Sunlight and vitamin D: A global perspective for health.Dermatoendocrinol.2013515110810.4161/derm.2449424494042
     [Google Scholar]
  34. ChristakosS. AjibadeD.V. DhawanP. FechnerA.J. MadyL.J. VitaminD. Vitamin D: Metabolism.Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am.201039224325310.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.00220511049
     [Google Scholar]
  35. LeeS.A. Torres-MendozaL.J. SteinH.H. Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) and 1-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-OH-D3) on serum bone biomarkers and calcium and phosphorus balance and concentrations of energy in diets without or with microbial phytase fed to sows in late gestation.J. Anim. Sci.202210010skac29910.1093/jas/skac29936074541
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Castillo PeinadoL.D.S. Calderón-SantiagoM. Sánchez- Cano, R.L. Determination of vitamin D3 conjugated metabolites: A complementary view to hydroxylated metabolites.The Analyst2023Vol. 14865466410.1039/d2an01982e.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. ChristakosS. DhawanP. VerstuyfA. VerlindenL. CarmelietG. VitaminD. Vitamin D: Metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects.Physiol. Rev.201696136540810.1152/physrev.00014.201526681795
     [Google Scholar]
  38. AzizA. ShahM. SirajS. IqbalW. JanA. KhanI. AhmedS. VitaleS.G. AngioniS. Association of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs7975232) with risk of preeclampsia.Gynecol. Endocrinol.2023391214608910.1080/09513590.2022.214608936395814
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Mohd GhozaliN. GiribabuN. SallehN. Mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency to impaired metabolism: An overview.Int. J. Endocrinol.2022202211610.1155/2022/645388235859985
     [Google Scholar]
  40. ZhangX. ZhangL. WenY. ZhangM. LiuS. XiaoH. VitaminD. Vitamin D ameliorates podocyte injury by enhancing autophagy activity in diabetic kidney disease.Kidney Blood Press. Res.202348131432510.1159/00053040337054686
     [Google Scholar]
  41. VaghaK. TaksandeA. LohiyaS. JavvajiC.K. VaghaJ.D. UkeP. Unlocking vitality: A comprehensive review of vitamin D’s impact on clinical outcomes in critically ill children.Cureus2024165e6084010.7759/cureus.6084038910623
     [Google Scholar]
  42. BerghausL.J. CathcartJ. BerghausR.D. HartK.A. Age-related changes in vitamin D metabolism and vitamin D receptor expression in equine alveolar macrophages: A preliminary study.Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.202325911059310.1016/j.vetimm.2023.11059337030152
     [Google Scholar]
  43. HameedI. MasoodiS.R. MirS.A. NabiM. GhazanfarK. GanaiB.A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: From a metabolic disorder to an inflammatory condition.World J. Diabetes20156459861210.4239/wjd.v6.i4.59825987957
     [Google Scholar]
  44. LiuX. SongR. WeiR. ZhaoB. ChuY. Beneficial regulation of vitamin D3-rich extract from the processing by-products of Penaeus sinensis on preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and improvement of bone health in VD-deficient mice.Food Funct.20231483732374510.1039/D3FO00143A36988234
     [Google Scholar]
  45. KhudayarM. NadeemA. LodiM.N. RehmanK. JawaidS.I. MehboobA. AleemA.S. MirzaR.E.F. AhmedM. AbbasK. The association between deficiency of vitamin D and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2).Cureus2022142e2222110.7759/cureus.2222135340511
     [Google Scholar]
  46. KhanZ. MuhammadS.A. CarpioJ. YousifY. GulA. HamidS. GuptaA. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.Cureus2023153e3677510.7759/cureus.3677537123701
     [Google Scholar]
  47. XiangQ. XuH. ZhanJ. LuS. LiS. WangY. WangY. HeJ. NiY. LiL. LiuY. LiuY. Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and vitamin D status in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nutrients2023154069m10.3390/nu15184069
     [Google Scholar]
  48. RyuO.H. LeeS. YuJ. ChoiM.G. YooH.J. ManteroF. A prospective randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on long-term glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus of Korea.Endocr. J.201461216717610.1507/endocrj.EJ13‑035624240575
     [Google Scholar]
  49. RebelosE. TentolourisN. JudeE. The role of vitamin D in health and disease: A narrative review on the mechanisms linking vitamin D with disease and the effects of supplementation.Drugs202383866568510.1007/s40265‑023‑01875‑837148471
     [Google Scholar]
  50. CojicM. KocicR. KlisicA. KocicG. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic and oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 6-month follow up randomized controlled study.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)20211261089310.3389/fendo.2021.61089334489860
     [Google Scholar]
  51. LoA.C.Q. LoC.C.W. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control/glucose metabolism and maternal-neonatal outcomes in women with established gestational diabetes mellitus: An updated meta-analysis.Clin. Nutr.202241102420242310.1016/j.clnu.2022.08.01436085062
     [Google Scholar]
  52. VranićL. MikolaševićI. MilićS. VitaminD. Vitamin D deficiency: Consequence or cause of obesity?Medicina (Kaunas)201955954110.3390/medicina5509054131466220
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Nur-EkeR. EkeI. The impact of vitamin D deficiency on depression in obese adults.Clin. Lab.20236902/202310.7754/Clin.Lab.2022.22052636787573
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Al-QahtaniF.S. AlshaikhA.A. AlfaifiS.H. The association between vitamin D deficiency and the level of fasting C peptide among patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study.Cureus2024164e5813310.7759/cureus.5813338741878
     [Google Scholar]
  55. MusazadehV. KavyaniZ. MirhosseiniN. DehghanP. VajdiM. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on type 2 diabetes biomarkers: An umbrella of interventional meta-analyses.Diabetol. Metab. Syndr.20231517610.1186/s13098‑023‑01010‑337072813
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Contreras-BolívarV. García-FontanaB. García-FontanaC. Muñoz-TorresM. Mechanisms involved in the relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance: Impact on clinical practice.Nutrients20211310349110.3390/nu1310349134684492
     [Google Scholar]
  57. NakshineV.S. JogdandS.D. A comprehensive review of gestational diabetes mellitus: Impacts on maternal health, fetal development, childhood outcomes, and long-term treatment strategies.Cureus20231510e4750010.7759/cureus.4750038021940
     [Google Scholar]
  58. WuC. SongY. WangX. VitaminD. Vitamin D supplementation for the outcomes of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and neonates: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Int. J. Clin. Pract.2023202311210.1155/2023/190722236713951
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Mirzaei-AzandaryaniZ. Mohammad-Alizadeh-CharandabiS. ShasebE. AbbasalizadehS. MirghafourvandM. Effects of vitamin D on insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose in pregnant women with insufficient or deficient vitamin D: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.BMC Endocr. Disord.202222125410.1186/s12902‑022‑01159‑436266683
     [Google Scholar]
  60. OjoO. WeldonS.M. ThompsonT. VargoE.J. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20191610171610.3390/ijerph1610171631100793
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Camarena PulidoE.E. Mora GonzálezS. Corona GutiérrezA.A. Robledo AcevesM. Basso BarbaP. Salgado LeyvaY. Effect of supplementation with 5,000 IU of vitamin D on the glycemic profile of women with gestational diabetes mellitus.J. Perinat. Med.20225091225122910.1515/jpm‑2022‑009635786512
     [Google Scholar]
  62. AmraeiM. MohamadpourS. SayehmiriK. MousaviS.F. ShirzadpourE. MoayeriA. Effects of vitamin D deficiency on incidence risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)20189710.3389/fendo.2018.0000729449829
     [Google Scholar]
  63. JacobsenR. HypponenE. SørensenT.I.A. VaagA.A. HeitmannB.L. Gestational and early infancy exposure to margarine fortified with vitamin D through a national danish programme and the risk of type 1 diabetes: The D-Tect study.PLoS One2015106e012863110.1371/journal.pone.012863126030061
     [Google Scholar]
  64. de OliveiraC.S. BaptistellaM.M. SiqueiraA.P. CarvalhoM.O. RamosL.F. SoutoB.S. de AlmeidaL.A. dos SantosE.G. NovaesR.D. NogueiraE.S.C. de OliveiraP.F. Combination of vitamin D and probiotics inhibits chemically induced colorectal carcinogenesis in Wistar rats.Life Sci.202332212161710.1016/j.lfs.2023.12161737003542
     [Google Scholar]
  65. CagiranF.T. KaliZ. Role of vitamin D on gestational hypertension, diabetes mellitus, timing and mode of delivery.Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.202327251151636734709
     [Google Scholar]
  66. PopoviciuM.S. KakaN. SethiY. PatelN. ChopraH. CavaluS. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune diseases: A critical review of the association and the application of personalized medicine.J. Pers. Med.202313342210.3390/jpm1303042236983604
     [Google Scholar]
  67. PereiraA.S. MironV.V. CastroM.F.V. BottariN.B. AssmannC.E. NaudererJ.N. BissacottiB.F. MostardeiroV.B. StefanelloN. BaldissarelliJ. PalmaT.V. MorschV.M.M. SchetingerM.R.C. Neuromodulatory effect of the combination of metformin and vitamin D3 triggered by purinergic signaling in type 1 diabetes induced-rats.Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.202356311185210.1016/j.mce.2023.11185236657632
     [Google Scholar]
  68. DingY. WuQ. 1,25D/VDR inhibits pancreatic β cell ferroptosis by downregulating FOXO1 expression in diabetes mellitus.Cell. Signal.202310511056410.1016/j.cellsig.2022.11056436581217
     [Google Scholar]
  69. KriegelM.A. MansonJ.E. CostenbaderK.H. Does vitamin D affect risk of developing autoimmune disease?: A systematic review.Semin. Arthritis Rheum.2011406512531.e810.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.07.00921047669
     [Google Scholar]
  70. BurlakaI. MityuryayevaI.O. To the question of vitamin D network in Type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in children nursed in ukrainian endocrinology unit.SAGE Open Nurs.202282377960822114512210.1177/2377960822114512236533257
     [Google Scholar]
  71. MitriJ. PittasA.G. Vitamin D and diabetes.Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am.201443120523210.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.01024582099
     [Google Scholar]
  72. YuJ. SharmaP. GirgisC.M. GuntonJ.E. Vitamin D and beta cells in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202223221443410.3390/ijms23221443436430915
     [Google Scholar]
  73. SavastioS. PozziE. MancioppiV. Boggio SolaV. CarreraD. AntoniottiV. CorsettoP.A. MontorfanoG. RizzoA.M. BagnatiM. RabboneI. ProdamF. VitaminD. Vitamin D repletion and AA/EPA intake in children with type 1 diabetes: Influences on metabolic status.Nutrients20221421460310.3390/nu1421460336364863
     [Google Scholar]
  74. ChoeY. LeeY.J. KimJ.H. LeeK. ShinC.H. LeeY.A. SongJ. Free, bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and their association with diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type 1 diabetes at diagnosis.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)20221399763110.3389/fendo.2022.99763136339444
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Aranaz, P.; Navarro-Herrera, D.; Zabala, M.; Miguéliz, I.; Romo-Hualde, A.; López-Yoldi, M. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Care.2009321S6219118289
     [Google Scholar]
  76. CorbinK.D. PittasA.G. DesouzaC. GrdinovacK.K. HerzigK.H. KashyapS.R. KimS.H. NelsonJ. RasouliN. VickeryE.M. KnowlerW.C. PratleyR.E. Indices of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in prediabetes and association with diabetes development in the vitamin D and type 2 diabetes study.J. Diabetes Complications202337610847510.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.10847537104979
     [Google Scholar]
  77. ChristakosS. VitaminD. A critical regulator of intestinal physiology.JBMR Plus2021512e1055410.1002/jbm4.1055434950825
     [Google Scholar]
  78. VasdekiD. TsamosG. DimakakosE. PatriarcheasV. KoufakisT. KotsaK. CholewkaA. StanekA. VitaminD. Vitamin D supplementation: Shedding light on the role of the sunshine vitamin in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and its complications.Nutrients20241621365110.3390/nu1621365139519484
     [Google Scholar]
  79. MenonV. KarS.K. SutharN. NebhinaniN. Vitamin D and depression: A critical appraisal of the evidence and future directions.Indian J. Psychol. Med.2020421112110.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_160_1931997861
     [Google Scholar]
  80. MacGirlleyR. MokgalaboniK. The effect of vitamin D on inflammation and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.JMIR Res. Protoc.202312e4219310.2196/4219336917169
     [Google Scholar]
  81. GiovannucciE. HarlanD.M. ArcherM.C. BergenstalR.M. GapsturS.M. HabelL.A. PollakM. RegensteinerJ.G. YeeD. Diabetes and cancer.Diabetes Care20103371674168510.2337/dc10‑066620587728
     [Google Scholar]
  82. DuffyM.J. MulloolyM. BennettK. CrownJ. VitaminD. Vitamin D supplementation: Does it have a preventative or therapeutic role in cancer?Nutr. Cancer202375245046010.1080/01635581.2022.214531836495143
     [Google Scholar]
  83. SalehifarE. SoltaniM. A letter to the editor: High prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in multiple myeloma patients and the impact of vitamin D levels, a cross-sectional study.Support Care Cancer2023313188
     [Google Scholar]
  84. AranowC. Vitamin D and the immune system.J. Investig. Med.201159688188610.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b875521527855
     [Google Scholar]
  85. KinesyaE. SantosoD. Gde AryaN. Putri CintyaE. Seriari AmbariniP. KinesyaB. Stephanie KartjitoM. MannagalliY. Vitamin D as adjuvant therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: Systematic review and meta-analysis approach.Clin. Nutr. ESPEN20235413714310.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.01136963855
     [Google Scholar]
  86. IwamotoJ. YehJ.K. TakedaT. IchimuraS. SatoY. Retraction notice to “comparative effects of vitamin K and vitamin D supplementation on prevention of osteopenia in calcium-deficient young rats” [BONE 33(4) (2003) 557–566].Bone202317011670810.1016/j.bone.2023.11670836857876
     [Google Scholar]
  87. LiuL. ZhangF. JamaliM. GuimarãesN.S. RadkhahN. JamilianP. WangQ. The role of vitamin D in diabetic foot ulcer: An umbrella review of meta-analyses.Front. Nutr.202411145477910.3389/fnut.2024.145477939444578
     [Google Scholar]
  88. GulerE. BaripogluY.E. AleneziH. ArikanA. BabazadeR. UnalS. DuruksuG. AlfaresF.S. YazirY. OktarF.N. GunduzO. EdirisingheM. CamM.E. VitaminD. Vitamin D3/vitamin K2/magnesium-loaded polylactic acid/tricalcium phosphate/polycaprolactone composite nanofibers demonstrated osteoinductive effect by increasing Runx2 via Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Int. J. Biol. Macromol.202119024425810.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.19634492244
     [Google Scholar]
  89. ZhuZ. ZhuX. GuL. ZhanY. ChenL. LiX. Association between vitamin D and influenza: Meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Front. Nutr.2022879970910.3389/fnut.2021.79970935071300
     [Google Scholar]
  90. PalaciosC. GonzalezL. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol.201414413814510.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003
     [Google Scholar]
  91. MavarM. SorićT. BagarićE. SarićA. Matek SarićM. The power of Vitamin D: Is the future in precision nutrition through personalized supplementation plans?Nutrients202416117610.3390/nu16081176
     [Google Scholar]
  92. AzarpeykanS. GeeE.K. ThompsonK.G. DittmerK.E. Undetectable vitamin D3 in equine skin irradiated with ultraviolet light.J. Equine Sci.2022333454910.1294/jes.33.4536196139
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Lamberg-AllardtC. Vitamin D in foods and as supplements.Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol.2006921333810.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.01716618499
     [Google Scholar]
  94. VerniaF. Burrelli ScottiG. BertettiN.S. DonatoG. NecozioneS. VerniaP. PallottaN. Low VitaminK. VitaminD. Low vitamin K and vitamin D dietary intake in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.Nutrients2023157167810.3390/nu1507167837049518
     [Google Scholar]
  95. KligmanE.W. WatkinsA. JohnsonK. KronlandR. The impact of lifestyle factors on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in older adults: A preliminary study.Fam. Pract. Res. J.19899111192610008
     [Google Scholar]
  96. DominguezL.J. FarruggiaM. VeroneseN. BarbagalloM. VitaminD. Vitamin D sources, metabolism, and deficiency: Available compounds and guidelines for its treatment.Metabolites202111425510.3390/metabo1104025533924215
     [Google Scholar]
  97. SahayM. SahayR. Rickets-vitamin D deficiency and dependency.Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.201216216417610.4103/2230‑8210.9373222470851
     [Google Scholar]
  98. HolickM.F. Photosynthesis of vitamin D in the skin: effect of environmental and life-style variables.Fed. Proc.1987465187618823030826
     [Google Scholar]
  99. ScraggR. KhawK.T. MurphyS. Life-style factors associated with winter serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in elderly adults.Age Ageing199524427127510.1093/ageing/24.4.2717484480
     [Google Scholar]
  100. KanasuoE. SiiskonenH. HaimakainenS. KomulainenJ. HarvimaI.T. Regular use of vitamin D supplement is associated with fewer melanoma cases compared to non-use: A cross-sectional study in 498 adult subjects at risk of skin cancers.Melanoma Res.202333212613510.1097/CMR.000000000000087036580363
     [Google Scholar]
  101. LiuZ. HuangS. YuanX. WangY. LiuY. ZhouJ. The role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of paediatric diseases.Ann. Med.202355112713510.1080/07853890.2022.215438136495273
     [Google Scholar]
  102. NyakundiP.N. Némethné KontárZ. KovácsA. JáromiL. ZandA. LohnerS. Fortification of staple foods for household use with vitamin D: An overview of systematic reviews.Nutrients20231517374210.3390/nu1517374237686773
     [Google Scholar]
  103. LeeK.C. KimJ.S. KwakY.S. Relation of pandemics with solar cycles through ozone, cloud seeds, and vitamin D.Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.2022305138271383610.1007/s11356‑022‑22982‑136149564
     [Google Scholar]
  104. SeilerN. TsiglopoulosJ. KeemM. DasS. WaterdrinkerA. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among psychiatric inpatients: A systematic review.Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract.202226433033610.1080/13651501.2021.202270136469622
     [Google Scholar]
  105. HolickM.F. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention.Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.201718215316510.1007/s11154‑017‑9424‑128516265
     [Google Scholar]
  106. IsmailovaA. WhiteJ.H. VitaminD. Vitamin D, infections and immunity.Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.202223226527710.1007/s11154‑021‑09679‑534322844
     [Google Scholar]
  107. RettbergP. HorneckG. ZittermannA. HeerM. Biological dosimetry to determine the UV radiation climate inside the MIR station and its role in vitamin D biosynthesis.Adv. Space Res.199822121643165210.1016/S0273‑1177(99)00029‑011542408
     [Google Scholar]
  108. HaddadJ.G.Jr HahnT.J. Natural and synthetic sources of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man.Nature1973244541751551710.1038/244515a04621128
     [Google Scholar]
  109. GacadM.A. DeseranM.W. AdamsJ.S. Influence of ultraviolet B radiation on vitamin D3 metabolism in vitamin D3-resistant New World primates.Am. J. Primatol.199228426327010.1002/ajp.135028040431941204
     [Google Scholar]
  110. UwitonzeA.M. RazzaqueM.S. Role of magnesium in vitamin D activation and function.J Am Osteopath Assoc.2018118318110.7556/jaoa.2018.037
     [Google Scholar]
  111. BoulierA. SchwarzJ. LespesaillesE. BanielA. ToméD. BlaisA. Combination of micellar casein with calcium and vitamins D2 and K2 improves bone status of ovariectomized mice.Osteoporos. Int.201627103103311210.1007/s00198‑016‑3638‑z27222105
     [Google Scholar]
  112. KennelK.A. DrakeM.T. HurleyD.L. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: When to test and how to treat.Mayo Clin. Proc.201085875275810.4065/mcp.2010.013820675513
     [Google Scholar]
  113. PedersenJ.N. FrislevH.S. PedersenJ.S. OtzenD.E. Using protein-fatty acid complexes to improve vitamin D stability.J. Dairy Sci.201699107755776710.3168/jds.2016‑1134327474981
     [Google Scholar]
  114. PelczyńskaM. MoszakM. BogdańskiP. The role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.Nutrients2022149171410.3390/nu1409171435565682
     [Google Scholar]
  115. DallR.D. CheungM.M. ShewokisP.A. AltasanA. VolpeS.L. AmoriR. SinghH. SukumarD. Combined vitamin D and magnesium supplementation does not influence markers of bone turnover or glycemic control: A randomized controlled clinical trial.Nutr. Res.2023110334310.1016/j.nutres.2022.12.00536640582
     [Google Scholar]
  116. BravoM. SimónJ. González-RecioI. Martinez-CruzL.A. Goikoetxea-UsandizagaN. Martínez-ChantarM.L. Magnesium and liver metabolism through the lifespan.Adv. Nutr.202314473975110.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.00937207838
     [Google Scholar]
  117. HolickM.F. Vitamin D status: Measurement, interpretation, and clinical application.Ann. Epidemiol.2009192737810.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.00118329892
     [Google Scholar]
  118. MahlbacherK. SicuroA. GerberH. HulterH.N. KrapfR. Growth hormone corrects acidosis-induced renal nitrogen wasting and renal phosphate depletion and attenuates renal magnesium wasting in humans.Metabolism199948676377010.1016/S0026‑0495(99)90177‑410381152
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Hosseini DastgerdiA. Ghanbari RadM. SoltaniN. The therapeutic effects of magnesium in insulin secretion and insulin resistance.Adv. Biomed. Res.20221115410.4103/abr.abr_366_2135982863
     [Google Scholar]
  120. WuJ. AtkinsA. DownesM. WeiZ. Vitamin D in diabetes: Uncovering the sunshine hormone’s role in glucose metabolism and beyond.Nutrients2023158199710.3390/nu1508199737111216
     [Google Scholar]
  121. LiuH. LiN. JinM. MiaoX. ZhangX. ZhongW. Magnesium supplementation enhances insulin sensitivity and decreases insulin resistance in diabetic rats.Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci.202023899099832952944
     [Google Scholar]
  122. ChenQ. ZhaoL. MeiL. ZhaoX. HanP. LiuJ. MengC. LiR. ZhongR. WangK. LiJ. Vitamin C and vitamin D3 alleviate metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by regulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism via the gut-liver axis.Front. Pharmacol.202314116369410.3389/fphar.2023.116369437089915
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Al-HaririM.T. AbualrahiA.M. AlhanabiF.H. AlalloushR.S. AlsalmanZ.H. AlbakerW.I. AlSheikhM.H. AlmuzainF.A. Assessment of dietary magnesium intake in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.J. Med. Life202316121789179510.25122/jml‑2023‑027938585527
     [Google Scholar]
  124. GiustinaA. di FilippoL. AlloraA. BikleD.D. CavestroG.M. FeldmanD. LatellaG. MinisolaS. NapoliN. TrasciattiS. UygurM. BilezikianJ.P. Vitamin D and malabsorptive gastrointestinal conditions: A bidirectional relationship?Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.202324212113810.1007/s11154‑023‑09792‑736813995
     [Google Scholar]
  125. BeggsM.R. AppelI. SvenningsenP. SkjødtK. AlexanderR.T. DimkeH. Expression of transcellular and paracellular calcium and magnesium transport proteins in renal and intestinal epithelia during lactation.Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.20173133F629F64010.1152/ajprenal.00680.201628539338
     [Google Scholar]
  126. ErkilicB. DalgicG.S. The preventive role of vitamin D in the prevention and management of Fibromyalgia syndrome.Nutr. Health202329222322910.1177/0260106022114480136591895
     [Google Scholar]
  127. HuangW. GuL. WangJ. WangY. CaoF. JinT. ChengY. Causal association between vitamin D and diabetic neuropathy: A Mendelian randomization analysis.Endocrine202380232833510.1007/s12020‑023‑03315‑936754931
     [Google Scholar]
  128. van BallegooijenA.J. PilzS. TomaschitzA. GrüblerM.R. VerheyenN. The synergistic interplay between vitamins D and K for bone and cardiovascular health: A narrative review.Int. J. Endocrinol.2017201711210.1155/2017/745437629138634
     [Google Scholar]
  129. KhalilZ. AlamB. AkbariA.R. SharmaH. The medical benefits of vitamin K2 on calcium-related disorders.Nutrients202113269110.3390/nu1302069133670005
     [Google Scholar]
  130. AasethJ.O. FinnesT.E. AskimM. AlexanderJ. The importance of vitamin K and the combination of vitamins K and D for calcium metabolism and bone health: A review.Nutrients20241615242010.3390/nu1615242039125301
     [Google Scholar]
  131. O’SullivanS.M. E BallM.E. McDonaldE. HullG.L.J. DanaherM. CashmanK.D. Biofortification of chicken eggs with vitamin K-nutritional and quality improvements.Foods2020911161910.3390/foods911161933172200
     [Google Scholar]
  132. AlHajriL. AyoubA. AhmedH. AlMullaM. Effect of vitamin K2 alone or in combination on various bone turnover markers amongst postmenopausal females.J. Bone Metab.2021281112610.11005/jbm.2021.28.1.1133730780
     [Google Scholar]
  133. ZhangY. LiuL. WeiC. WangX. LiR. XuX. ZhangY. GengG. DangK. MingZ. TaoX. XuH. YanX. ZhangJ. HuJ. LiY. Vitamin K2 supplementation improves impaired glycemic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes through gut microbiome and fecal metabolites.BMC Med.202321117410.1186/s12916‑023‑02880‑037147641
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Aguayo-RuizJ.I. García-CobiánT.A. Pascoe-GonzálezS. Sánchez-EnríquezS. Llamas-CovarrubiasI.M. García-IglesiasT. López-QuinteroA. Llamas-CovarrubiasM.A. Trujillo-QuirozJ. Rivera-LeonE.A. Effect of supplementation with vitamins D3 and K2 on undercarboxylated osteocalcin and insulin serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.Diabetol. Metab. Syndr.20201217310.1186/s13098‑020‑00580‑w32831908
     [Google Scholar]
  135. SchröderM. RiksenE.A. HeJ. SkallerudB.H. MøllerM.E. LianA.M. SyversenU. ReselandJ.E. Vitamin K2 modulates vitamin D-induced mechanical properties of human 3D Bone Spheroids in vitro. JBMR Plus202049e1039410.1002/jbm4.1039432995695
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals2024Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/#en25
  137. SalihY.A. RasoolM.T. AhmedI.H. MohammedA.A. Impact of vitamin D level on glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2 in Duhok.Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond.)20216410220810.1016/j.amsu.2021.10220833786167
     [Google Scholar]
  138. ShoelsonS.E. LeeJ. GoldfineA.B. Inflammation and insulin resistance.J. Clin. Invest.200611671793180110.1172/JCI2906916823477
     [Google Scholar]
  139. YangQ. VijayakumarA. KahnB.B. Metabolites as regulators of insulin sensitivity and metabolism.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.2018191065467210.1038/s41580‑018‑0044‑830104701
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Al AnoutiF. GrantW. ThomasJ. AlBlooshiS. KarrasS. Associations between dietary intake of vitamin D, sun exposure, and generalized anxiety among college women.Nutrients20221424532710.3390/nu1424532736558485
     [Google Scholar]
  141. WangM. ChenZ. HuY. WangY. WuY. LianF. LiH. YangJ. XuX. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control and maternal-neonatal outcomes in women with established gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin. Nutr.20214053148315710.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.01633386179
     [Google Scholar]
  142. SolomonT.P.J. HausJ.M. KellyK.R. RoccoM. KashyapS.R. KirwanJ.P. Improved pancreatic beta-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients after lifestyle-induced weight loss is related to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.Diabetes Care20103371561156610.2337/dc09‑202120200305
     [Google Scholar]
  143. PouyaB. ShahgheibiS. FarhadifarF. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on gestational diabetes in high-risk women: Results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial.J. Res. Med. Sci.2016211210.4103/1735‑1995.17514827904548
     [Google Scholar]
  144. InfanteM. RicordiC. SanchezJ. Clare-SalzlerM.J. PadillaN. FuenmayorV. ChavezC. AlvarezA. BaidalD. AlejandroR. CaprioM. FabbriA. Influence of vitamin D on islet autoimmunity and beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes.Nutrients2019119218510.3390/nu11092185.
     [Google Scholar]
  145. PasqualiL. GiannoukakisN. TruccoM. Induction of immune tolerance to facilitate β cell regeneration in type 1 diabetes.Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.200860210611310.1016/j.addr.2007.08.03218053613
     [Google Scholar]
  146. WangZ. ZhuZ. PanF. ZhengS. ParameswaranV. BlizzardL. DingC. AntonyB. Long-term effects of vitamin D supplementation and maintaining sufficient vitamin D on knee osteoarthritis over 5 years.Arthritis Res. Ther.202325117810.1186/s13075‑023‑03167‑837740217
     [Google Scholar]
  147. ZittermannA. TrummerC. Theiler-SchwetzV. PilzS. Long-term supplementation with 3200 to 4000 IU of vitamin D daily and adverse events: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Eur. J. Nutr.20236241833184410.1007/s00394‑023‑03124‑w36853379
     [Google Scholar]
  148. WilliamsL.H. RutterC.M. KatonW.J. ReiberG.E. CiechanowskiP. HeckbertS.R. LinE.H.B. LudmanE.J. OliverM.M. YoungB.A. Von KorffM. Depression and incident diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective cohort study.Am. J. Med.20101238748754.e310.1016/j.amjmed.2010.01.02320670730
     [Google Scholar]
  149. HobanC. SareenJ. HenriksenC.A. KuzykL. EmbilJ.M. TrepmanE. Mental health issues associated with foot complications of diabetes mellitus.Foot Ankle Surg.2015211495510.1016/j.fas.2014.09.00725682407
     [Google Scholar]
  150. GuoS. DiPietroL.A. Factors affecting wound healing.J. Dent. Res.201089321922910.1177/002203450935912520139336
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Bischoff-FerrariH. VitaminD. Vitamin D: What is an adequate vitamin D level and how much supplementation is necessary?Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.200923678979510.1016/j.berh.2009.09.00519945690
     [Google Scholar]
  152. HolickM.F. Deficiency of sunlight and vitamin D.BMJ200833676571318131910.1136/bmj.39581.411424.8018556276
     [Google Scholar]
  153. KianiA.K. DhuliK. DonatoK. AquilantiB. VellutiV. MateraG. IaconelliA. ConnellyS.T. BellinatoF. GisondiP. BertelliM. Main nutritional deficiencies.J. Prev. Med. Hyg.2022632Suppl. 3E93E10136479498
     [Google Scholar]
  154. RoomiM.A. RoomiM.A. FarooqA. UllahE. LoneK.P. Hypovitaminosis D and its association with lifestyle factors.Pak. J. Med. Sci.20153151236124010.12669/pjms.315.719626649021
     [Google Scholar]
  155. KhazaiN. JuddS.E. TangprichaV. Calcium and vitamin D: Skeletal and extraskeletal health.Curr. Rheumatol. Rep.200810211011710.1007/s11926‑008‑0020‑y18460265
     [Google Scholar]
  156. CalvoM.S. WhitingS.J. Public health strategies to overcome barriers to optimal vitamin D status in populations with special needs.J. Nutr.200613641135113910.1093/jn/136.4.113516549495
     [Google Scholar]
  157. CapozziA. ScambiaG. LelloS. Calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K2, and magnesium supplementation and skeletal health.Maturitas2020140556310.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.02032972636
     [Google Scholar]
  158. MareszK. Proper calcium use: Vitamin K2 as a promoter of bone and cardiovascular health.Integr. Med. (Encinitas)2015141343926770129
     [Google Scholar]
  159. BleizgysA. Zinc, magnesium and vitamin K supplementation in vitamin D deficiency: Pathophysiological background and implications for clinical practice.Nutrients202416683410.3390/nu1606083438542745
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673360987250621042131
Loading
Vitamin D and Diabetes: Exploring the Link, Prevention, and Management
Curr. Med. Chem. 33, 689 (2026); https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298673360987250621042131
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673360987250621042131
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673360987250621042131
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): deficiency; diabetes; foot ulcers; gestational diabetes; type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes; Vitamin D

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test