Skip to content
2000
Volume 32, Issue 39
  • ISSN: 0929-8673
  • E-ISSN: 1875-533X

Abstract

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients are at increased risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This heavy CVD risk cannot be solely attributed to traditional Framingham risk factors. Oxidative stress, defined as the disruption of the balance between prooxidants and antioxidants in favor of the former, has emerged as a novel risk factor for CVD and CKD progression. Specifically, lipid peroxidation has been identified as a trigger for endothelial dysfunction, the first step towards atherogenesis, and protein oxidation has been associated with CKD progression. The oxidation of proteins and lipids starts early in CKD, increases gradually with disease progression, and is further exacerbated in ESKD due to dialysis-related factors. In order to counteract the deleterious effects of free radicals and thereby ameliorate, or delay, CV disease and progression of CKD, exogenous administration of antioxidants has been proposed. Here, we attempt to summarize existing data from experimental and clinical studies that test antioxidants for their possible beneficial effects against CVD and CKD progression, such as vitamins E and C, statins, omega-3 fatty acids, trace elements, polyphenols, and N-acetylcysteine.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673298815240605071808
2025-06-15
2025-10-18

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673298815240605071808
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. BikbovB. PurcellC.A. LeveyA.S. SmithM. AbdoliA. AbebeM. AdebayoO.M. AfaridehM. AgarwalS.K. Agudelo-BoteroM. AhmadianE. Al-AlyZ. AlipourV. Almasi-HashianiA. Al-RaddadiR.M. Alvis-GuzmanN. AminiS. AndreiT. AndreiC.L. AndualemZ. AnjomshoaM. ArablooJ. AshagreA.F. AsmelashD. AtaroZ. AtoutM.M.W. AyanoreM.A. BadawiA. BakhtiariA. BallewS.H. BalouchiA. BanachM. BarqueraS. BasuS. BayihM.T. BediN. BelloA.K. BensenorI.M. BijaniA. BoloorA. BorzìA.M. CámeraL.A. CarreroJ.J. CarvalhoF. CastroF. Catalá-LópezF. ChangA.R. ChinK.L. ChungS-C. CirilloM. CousinE. DandonaL. DandonaR. DaryaniA. Das GuptaR. DemekeF.M. DemozG.T. DestaD.M. DoH.P. DuncanB.B. EftekhariA. EsteghamatiA. FatimaS.S. FernandesJ.C. FernandesE. FischerF. FreitasM. GadM.M. GebremeskelG.G. GebresillassieB.M. GetaB. GhafourifardM. GhajarA. GhithN. GillP.S. GinawiI.A. GuptaR. Hafezi-NejadN. Haj-MirzaianA. Haj-MirzaianA. HariyaniN. HasanM. HasankhaniM. HasanzadehA. HassenH.Y. HayS.I. HeidariB. HerteliuC. HoangC.L. HosseiniM. HostiucM. IrvaniS.S.N. IslamS.M.S. Jafari BalalamiN. JamesS.L. JassalS.K. JhaV. JonasJ.B. JoukarF. JozwiakJ.J. KabirA. KahsayA. KasaeianA. KassaT.D. KassayeH.G. KhaderY.S. KhalilovR. KhanE.A. KhanM.S. KhangY-H. KisaA. KovesdyC.P. Kuate DefoB. KumarG.A. LarssonA.O. LimL-L. LopezA.D. LotufoP.A. MajeedA. MalekzadehR. MärzW. MasakaA. MeheretuH.A.A. MiazgowskiT. MiricaA. MirrakhimovE.M. MithraP. MoazenB. MohammadD.K. MohammadpourhodkiR. MohammedS. MokdadA.H. MoralesL. Moreno VelasquezI. MousaviS.M. MukhopadhyayS. NachegaJ.B. NadkarniG.N. NansseuJ.R. NatarajanG. NazariJ. NealB. NegoiR.I. NguyenC.T. NikbakhshR. NoubiapJ.J. NowakC. OlagunjuA.T. OrtizA. OwolabiM.O. PalladinoR. PathakM. PoustchiH. PrakashS. PrasadN. RafieiA. RajuS.B. RamezanzadehK. RawafS. RawafD.L. RawalL. ReinerR.C.Jr RezapourA. RibeiroD.C. RoeverL. RothenbacherD. RwegereraG.M. SaadatagahS. SafariS. SahleB.W. SalemH. SanabriaJ. SantosI.S. SarveazadA. SawhneyM. SchaeffnerE. SchmidtM.I. SchutteA.E. SepanlouS.G. ShaikhM.A. SharafiZ. SharifM. SharifiA. SilvaD.A.S. SinghJ.A. SinghN.P. SisayM.M.M. SoheiliA. SutradharI. TeklehaimanotB.F. TesfayB. TeshomeG.F. ThakurJ.S. TonelliM. TranK.B. TranB.X. Tran NgocC. UllahI. ValdezP.R. VarugheseS. VosT. VuL.G. WaheedY. WerdeckerA. WoldeH.F. WondmienehA.B. Wulf HansonS. YamadaT. YeshawY. YonemotoN. YusefzadehH. ZaidiZ. ZakiL. ZamanS.B. ZamoraN. ZarghiA. ZewdieK.A. ÄrnlövJ. CoreshJ. PericoN. RemuzziG. MurrayC.J.L. VosT. GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.Lancet20203951022570973310.1016/S0140‑6736(20)30045‑332061315
     [Google Scholar]
  2. FormanH.J. ZhangH. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: Promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy.Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.202120968970910.1038/s41573‑021‑00233‑134194012
     [Google Scholar]
  3. HuangM. ZhengL. XuH. TangD. LinL. ZhangJ. LiC. WangW. YuanQ. TaoL. YeZ. Oxidative stress contributes to vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease.J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.202013825626810.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.12.00631866376
     [Google Scholar]
  4. DounousiE. PapavasiliouE. MakedouA. IoannouK. KatopodisK.P. TselepisA. SiamopoulosK.C. TsakirisD. Oxidative stress is progressively enhanced with advancing stages of CKD.Am. J. Kidney Dis.200648575276010.1053/j.ajkd.2006.08.01517059994
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Miranda-DíazA.G. Pazarín-VillaseñorL. Yanowsky-EscatellF.G. Andrade-SierraJ. Oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy with early chronic kidney disease.Antioxidants 201691092510.1155/2016/7047238
     [Google Scholar]
  6. WangJ. LiangM. XuJ. CaoW. WangG.B. ZhouZ.M. TianJ.W. JiaN. ZhangZ. NieJ. LiuY. HouF.F. Renal expression of advanced oxidative protein products predicts progression of renal fibrosis in patients with IgA nephropathy.Lab. Invest.201494996697710.1038/labinvest.2014.9025068662
     [Google Scholar]
  7. LiX. ZhangT. GengJ. WuZ. XuL. LiuJ. TianJ. ZhouZ. NieJ. BaiX. Advanced oxidation protein products promote lipotoxicity and tubulointerstitial fibrosis via CD36/β-catenin pathway in diabetic nephropathy.Antioxid. Redox Signal.201931752153810.1089/ars.2018.763431084358
     [Google Scholar]
  8. ChenB.L. SheuM.L. TsaiK.S. LanK.C. GuanS.S. WuC.T. ChenL.P. HungK.Y. HuangJ.W. ChiangC.K. LiuS.H. CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein deficiency attenuates oxidative stress and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.Antioxid. Redox Signal.201523151233124510.1089/ars.2013.576825178318
     [Google Scholar]
  9. LiuY.J. WenY.B. TaoJ.L. LiJ.H. SuY. YeW. LiH. LiX.M. LiX.W. Correlations of podocyte injury with glucose regulated protein 78 expression and proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy.Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao201234435936310.3881/j.issn.1000‑503x.2012.04.00922954118
     [Google Scholar]
  10. BaruttaF. BelliniS. GrudenG. Mechanisms of podocyte injury and implications for diabetic nephropathy.Clin. Sci. (Lond.)2022136749352010.1042/CS2021062535415751
     [Google Scholar]
  11. WalterM.F. JacobR.F. BjorkR.E. JeffersB. BuchJ. MizunoY. MasonR.P. InvestigatorsP. PREVENT Investigators Circulating lipid hydroperoxides predict cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease: The PREVENT study.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.200851121196120210.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.05118355658
     [Google Scholar]
  12. RoumeliotisS. VeljkovicA. GeorgianosP.I. LazarevicG. PerisicZ. Hadzi-DjokicJ. LiakopoulosV. KocicG. Association between biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation with cardiac necrosis and heart failure in non-st segment elevation myocardial infarction patients and various degrees of kidney function.Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.2021202111210.1155/2021/309012034760045
     [Google Scholar]
  13. EpifânioA.P.S. BalbinoK.P. RibeiroS.M.R. FranceschiniS.C.C. HermsdorffH.H.M. Clinical-nutritional, inflammatory and oxidative stress predictors in hemodialysis mortality: A review.Nutr. Hosp.201835246146810.20960/nh.126629756982
     [Google Scholar]
  14. SunT. YuX. FGF23 actions in CKD-MBD and other organs during CKD.Curr. Med. Chem.202330784185610.2174/092986732966622062712273335761503
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Elsurer AfsarR. AfsarB. IkizlerT.A. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and muscle wasting: A metabolic point of view.Kidney Int. Rep.2023871301131410.1016/j.ekir.2023.04.02737441473
     [Google Scholar]
  16. StepanovaN. KorolL. BurdeynaO. Oxidative stress in peritoneal dialysis patients: Association with the dialysis adequacy and technique survival.Indian J. Nephrol.201929530931610.4103/ijn.IJN_242_1831571736
     [Google Scholar]
  17. García-LópezE. CarreroJ.J. SulimanM.E. LindholmB. StenvinkelP. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.Perit. Dial. Int.200727Suppl. 220520910.1177/089686080702702s3517556305
     [Google Scholar]
  18. RoumeliotisS. RoumeliotisA. StamouA. PanagoutsosS. ManolopoulosV.G. TsetsosF. GeorgitsiM. LiakopoulosV. Association of rs11780592 polymorphism in the human soluble epoxide hydrolase gene (EPHX2) with oxidized LDL and mortality in patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease.Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.202120211810.1155/2021/881750234040693
     [Google Scholar]
  19. MohanyM. AhmedM.M. Al-RejaieS.S. Molecular mechanistic pathways targeted by natural antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease.Antioxidants20211111510.3390/antiox1101001535052518
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Van HoydonckP.G.A. TemmeE.H.M. SchoutenE.G. A dietary oxidative balance score of vitamin C, β-carotene and iron intakes and mortality risk in male smoking Belgians.J. Nutr.2002132475676110.1093/jn/132.4.75611925473
     [Google Scholar]
  21. IloriT.O. Sun RoY. KongS.Y. GutierrezO.M. OjoA.O. JuddS.E. NarayanK.M.V. GoodmanM. PlantingaL. McClellanW. Oxidative balance score and chronic kidney disease.Am. J. Nephrol.201542432032710.1159/00044162326569393
     [Google Scholar]
  22. DehkordiA.H. GhaderiM. MardaniH. JoneghaniA.S. DehkordiA.H. Antioxidants and their role in the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD), perspective of complementary nursing and medicine: A review.Epidemiological Review/Przegląd Epidemiologiczny20227615157
     [Google Scholar]
  23. CasanovaA.G. López-HernándezF.J. Vicente-VicenteL. MoralesA.I. Are antioxidants useful in preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease?Antioxidants20211011166910.3390/antiox1011166934829540
     [Google Scholar]
  24. SunY. JinD. ZhangZ. ZhangY. ZhangY. KangX. JiangL. TongX. LianF. Effects of antioxidants on diabetic kidney diseases: Mechanistic interpretations and clinical assessment.Chin. Med.2023181310.1186/s13020‑022‑00700‑w36624538
     [Google Scholar]
  25. SinghU. DevarajS. JialalI. Vitamin E, oxidative stress, and inflammation.Annu. Rev. Nutr.200525115117410.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.13244616011463
     [Google Scholar]
  26. LiakopoulosV. RoumeliotisS. BozikasA. EleftheriadisT. DounousiE. Antioxidant supplementation in renal replacement therapy patients: Is there evidence?Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.2019201912310.1155/2019/910947330774749
     [Google Scholar]
  27. BaltusnikieneA. StanevicieneI. JansenE. Beneficial and adverse effects of vitamin E on the kidney.Front. Physiol.202314114521610.3389/fphys.2023.114521637007997
     [Google Scholar]
  28. ChazotC. JeanG. KoppleJ.D. Can outcomes be improved in dialysis patients by optimizing trace mineral, micronutrient, and antioxidant status? The impact of vitamins and their supplementation.Semin Dial.20162913948
     [Google Scholar]
  29. GalliF. BonominiM. BartoliniD. ZatiniL. ReboldiG. MarcantoniniG. GentileG. SirolliV. Di PietroN. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) metabolism and nutrition in chronic kidney disease.Antioxidants202211598910.3390/antiox1105098935624853
     [Google Scholar]
  30. GalliF. VargaZ. BallaJ. FerraroB. CanestrariF. FloridiA. KakukG. BuoncristianiU. Vitamin E, lipid profile, and peroxidation in hemodialysis patients.Kidney Int.200159S148S15410.1046/j.1523‑1755.2001.59780148.x11169001
     [Google Scholar]
  31. DomeniciF.A. VannucchiM.T.I. JordãoA.A.Jr MeirellesM.S.S. VannucchiH. DNA oxidative damage in patients with dialysis treatment.Ren. Fail.200527668969410.1080/0886022050024267816350819
     [Google Scholar]
  32. MannJ.F.E. LonnE.M. YiQ. GersteinH.C. HoogwerfB.J. PogueJ. BoschJ. DagenaisG.R. YusufS. on behalf of the HOPE Investigators Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular outcomes in people with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency: Results of the HOPE Study.Kidney Int.20046541375138010.1111/j.1523‑1755.2004.00513.x15086477
     [Google Scholar]
  33. RamosL.F. KaneJ. McMonagleE. LeP. WuP. ShintaniA. IkizlerT.A. HimmelfarbJ. Effects of combination tocopherols and alpha lipoic acid therapy on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in chronic kidney disease.J. Ren. Nutr.201121321121810.1053/j.jrn.2010.08.00321185738
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Di VincenzoA. TanaC. El HadiH. PaganoC. VettorR. RossatoM. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols: Clinical implications for vitamin E supplementation in diabetic kidney disease.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20192020510110.3390/ijms2020510131618817
     [Google Scholar]
  35. KoayY.Y. TanG.C.J. PhangS.C.W. HoJ.I. ChuarP.F. HoL.S. AhmadB. Abdul KadirK. A phase IIb randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E on diabetic kidney disease.Nutrients202113125810.3390/nu1301025833477404
     [Google Scholar]
  36. ZitouniK. SteynM.R.C.P. LykaE. KellyF.J. CookP. SterI.C. EarleK.A. Derepression of glomerular filtration, renal blood flow and antioxidant defence in patients with type 2 diabetes at high-risk of cardiorenal disease.Free Radic. Biol. Med.202016128328910.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.00533039650
     [Google Scholar]
  37. MonamiM. CignarelliA. PintoS. D’OnofrioL. MilluzzoA. MiccoliR. PennoG. MannucciE. Alpha-Tocopherol and contrast-induced nephropathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res.2019911-218819631017554
     [Google Scholar]
  38. BerginP. LeggettA. CardwellC.R. WoodsideJ.V. ThakkinstianA. MaxwellA.P. McKayG.J. The effects of vitamin E supplementation on malondialdehyde as a biomarker of oxidative stress in haemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Nephrol.202122112610.1186/s12882‑021‑02328‑833832458
     [Google Scholar]
  39. KhorB.H. NarayananS. SahathevanS. GaforA. DaudZ. KhoslaP. SabatinoA. FiaccadoriE. ChinnaK. KarupaiahT. Efficacy of nutritional interventions on inflammatory markers in haemodialysis patients: A systematic review and limited meta-analysis.Nutrients201810439710.3390/nu1004039729570616
     [Google Scholar]
  40. BoazM. SmetanaS. WeinsteinT. MatasZ. GafterU. IainaA. KnechtA. WeissgartenY. BrunnerD. FainaruM. GreenM.S. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): Randomised placebo-controlled trial.Lancet200035692371213121810.1016/S0140‑6736(00)02783‑511072938
     [Google Scholar]
  41. AslehR. BriasoulisA. BerinsteinE. WienerJ. PallaM. KushwahaS. LevyA. Meta-analysis of the association of the haptoglobin genotype with cardiovascular outcomes and the pharmacogenomic interactions with vitamin E supplementation.Pharm. Genomics Pers. Med.201811718210.2147/PGPM.S15945429731659
     [Google Scholar]
  42. NguyenT.T.U. YeomJ. KimW. Beneficial effects of vitamin E supplementation on endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients receiving hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202122211192310.3390/ijms22211192334769353
     [Google Scholar]
  43. BoudourisG. VerginadisI.I. SimosY.V. ZouridakisA. RagosV. KarkabounasS.C. EvangelouA.M. Oxidative stress in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and the significant role of vitamin C and E supplementation.Int. Urol. Nephrol.20134541137114410.1007/s11255‑012‑0334‑623212145
     [Google Scholar]
  44. AntoniadiG. EleftheriadisT. LiakopoulosV. KakasiE. KartsiosC. PassadakisP. VargemezisV. Effect of one-year oral alpha-tocopherol administration on the antioxidant defense system in hemodialysis patients.Ther. Apher. Dial.200812323724210.1111/j.1744‑9987.2008.00580.x18503702
     [Google Scholar]
  45. HodkovaM. Dusilova-SulkovaS. SkalickaA. KalousovaM. ZimaT. BartunkovaJ. Influence of parenteral iron therapy and oral vitamin E supplementation on neutrophil respiratory burst in chronic hemodialysis patients.Ren. Fail.200527213514110.1081/JDI‑4824515807176
     [Google Scholar]
  46. CoombesJ.S. FassettR.G. Antioxidant therapy in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review.Kidney Int.201281323324610.1038/ki.2011.34121975860
     [Google Scholar]
  47. HimmelfarbJ. IkizlerT.A. EllisC. WuP. ShintaniA. DalalS. KaplanM. ChoncholM. HakimR.M. Provision of antioxidant therapy in hemodialysis (PATH): A randomized clinical trial.J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.201425362363310.1681/ASN.201305054524371300
     [Google Scholar]
  48. YangC.C. HsuS.P. WuM.S. HsuS.M. ChienC.T. Effects of vitamin C infusion and vitamin E-coated membrane on hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress.Kidney Int.200669470671410.1038/sj.ki.500010916395251
     [Google Scholar]
  49. RodriguesA.F. RoeckerR. JungesG.M. de LimaD.D. da CruzJ.G.P. WyseA.T.S. Dal MagroD.D. Hypoxanthine induces oxidative stress in kidney of rats: Protective effect of vitamins E plus C and allopurinol.Cell Biochem. Funct.201432438739410.1002/cbf.302924578313
     [Google Scholar]
  50. SchmaldienstS. HörlW.H. Degranulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by dialysis membranes-the mystery clears up?Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.200015121909191010.1093/ndt/15.12.190911096129
     [Google Scholar]
  51. PiroddiM. PilolliF. AritomiM. GalliF. Vitamin E as a functional and biocompatibility modifier of synthetic hemodialyzer membranes: An overview of the literature on vitamin E-modified hemodialyzer membranes.Am. J. Nephrol.201235655957210.1159/00033880722677717
     [Google Scholar]
  52. D’ArrigoG. BaggettaR. TripepiG. GalliF. BolignanoD. Effects of vitamin E-coated versus conventional membranes in chronic hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Blood Purif.2017431-310112210.1159/00045344427960188
     [Google Scholar]
  53. LocatelliF. AndrulliS. ViganòS.M. ConcettiM. UrbiniS. GiacchinoF. BroccoliR. AucellaF. CossuM. ContiP. FattoriL. PunzoG. AngeliniD. PeruzziniM. Di GiulioS. PiroddiM. GalliF. Del VecchioL. Evaluation of the impact of a new synthetic vitamin e-bonded membrane on the hypo-responsiveness to the erythropoietin therapy in hemodialysis patients: A multicenter study.Blood Purif.201743433834510.1159/00045344228249254
     [Google Scholar]
  54. QiX. YangN. LuoY. JiaX. ZhaoJ. FengX. ChenL. ZhaoY. Resveratrol as a plant type antioxidant modifier for polysulfone membranes to improve hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress.Mater. Sci. Eng. C202112311195310.1016/j.msec.2021.11195333812581
     [Google Scholar]
  55. KirmizisD. PapagianniA. EfstratiadisG. MemmosD. Impact of inflammation on anti-oxidative effects of vitamin E -coated membrane dialyzer in patients on chronic hemodialysis.Hemodial. Int.201418475175710.1111/hdi.1215424641709
     [Google Scholar]
  56. YangS.K. XiaoL. XuB. XuX.X. LiuF.Y. SunL. Effects of vitamin E-coated dialyzer on oxidative stress and inflammation status in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Ren. Fail.201436572273110.3109/0886022X.2014.89085824575826
     [Google Scholar]
  57. BargnouxA.S. CristolJ.P. JaussentI. ChalabiL. BoriesP. DionJ.J. HenriP. DelageM. DupuyA.M. BadiouS. CanaudB. MorenaM. Vitamin E-coated polysulfone membrane improved red blood cell antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients.J. Nephrol.201326355656310.5301/jn.500019522956433
     [Google Scholar]
  58. DjuricP. SuvakovS. SimicT. MarkovicD. JeroticD. JankovicA. BulatovicA. Tosic DragovicJ. DamjanovicT. MarinkovicJ. NaumovicR. DimkovicN. Vitamin E-bonded membranes do not influence markers of oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with homozygous glutathione transferase M1 gene deletion.Toxins202012635210.3390/toxins1206035232471186
     [Google Scholar]
  59. YangN. JiaX. WangD. WeiC. HeY. ChenL. ZhaoY. Silibinin as a natural antioxidant for modifying polysulfone membranes to suppress hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress.J. Membr. Sci.2019574869910.1016/j.memsci.2018.12.056
     [Google Scholar]
  60. NiC. ZhouW. YuM. LiX. LiJ. CuiY. CuiW. VitaminE. Vitamin E treatment improves the antioxidant capacity of patients receiving dialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Mol. Nutr. Food Res.20236722230026910.1002/mnfr.20230026937726247
     [Google Scholar]
  61. SchwotzerN. KanemitsuM. KisslingS. DarioliR. BenghezalM. RezziS. BurnierM. PruijmM. Water- soluble vitamin levels and supplementation in chronic online hemodiafiltration patients.Kidney Int. Rep.20205122160216710.1016/j.ekir.2020.09.00933305108
     [Google Scholar]
  62. DennisJ. WittingP. Protective role for antioxidants in acute kidney disease.Nutrients20179771810.3390/nu907071828686196
     [Google Scholar]
  63. NavareseE.P. GurbelP.A. AndreottiF. KołodziejczakM.M. PalmerS.C. DiasS. BuffonA. KubicaJ. KowalewskiM. JadczykT. LaskiewiczM. JędrzejekM. BrockmeyerM. AiroldiF. RuospoM. De ServiS. WojakowskiW. O’ ConnorC. StrippoliG.F.M. Prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiovascular procedures-a systematic review and network meta-analysis.PLoS One2017122e016872610.1371/journal.pone.016872628151965
     [Google Scholar]
  64. AbdollahzadH. EghtesadiS. NourmohammadiI. Khadem-AnsariM. Nejad-GashtiH. EsmaillzadehA. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and lipid profiles in hemodialysis patients.Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res.2009795628128710.1024/0300‑9831.79.56.28120533214
     [Google Scholar]
  65. CandanF. GültekinF. CandanF. Effect of vitamin C and zinc on osmotic fragility and lipid peroxidation in zinc-deficient haemodialysis patients.Cell Biochem. Funct.2002202959810.1002/cbf.94711979503
     [Google Scholar]
  66. GhiadoniL. CupistiA. HuangY. MatteiP. CardinalH. FavillaS. RindiP. BarsottiG. TaddeiS. SalvettiA. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in chronic renal failure.J. Nephrol.200417451251915372412
     [Google Scholar]
  67. ShiX.F. DingF. ZhuQ.Y. XueJ. LuF.M. GuY. LinS.T. Use of ascorbate-rich dialysate to attenuate oxidative stress in maintenance hemodialysis patients.Ren. Fail.200527221321910.1081/JDI‑4953315807188
     [Google Scholar]
  68. SarandolE. ErdincS. SenolE. ErsoyA. Surmen-GurE. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in patients on long-term hemodialysis.Nefrología202343335135910.1016/j.nefroe.2022.11.02436494280
     [Google Scholar]
  69. OmarS. El BorolossyR.M. ElsaidT. SabriN.A. Evaluation of the combination effect of rutin and vitamin C supplementation on the oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis patients.Front. Pharmacol.20221396159010.3389/fphar.2022.96159036160426
     [Google Scholar]
  70. SundlI. RoobJ.M. MeinitzerA. TiranB. KhoschsorurG. HaditschB. HolzerH. Winklhofer-RoobB.M. Antioxidant status of patients on peritoneal dialysis: Associations with inflammation and glycoxidative stress.Perit. Dial. Int.20092918910110.1177/08968608090290011319164258
     [Google Scholar]
  71. FinkelsteinF.O. JuergensenP. WangS. SantacroceS. LevineM. KotankoP. LevinN.W. HandelmanG.J. Hemoglobin and plasma vitamin C levels in patients on peritoneal dialysis.Perit. Dial. Int.2011311747910.3747/pdi.2009.0015420558814
     [Google Scholar]
  72. ChanD. IrishA. CroftK.D. DograG. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on plasma isoprostanes in haemodialysis patients.Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.200621123423510.1093/ndt/gfi15416204285
     [Google Scholar]
  73. WashioK. InagakiM. TsujiM. MorioY. AkiyamaS. GotohH. GotohT. GotohY. OguchiK. Oral vitamin C supplementation in hemodialysis patients and its effect on the plasma level of oxidized ascorbic acid and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, an oxidative stress marker.Nephron Clin. Pract.20081092c49c5410.1159/00013762818544955
     [Google Scholar]
  74. RamosR. Martínez-CastelaoA. Lipoperoxidation and hemodialysis.Metabolism200857101369137410.1016/j.metabol.2008.05.00418803940
     [Google Scholar]
  75. FumeronC. Nguyen-KhoaT. SaltielC. KebedeM. BuissonC. DrüekeT.B. LacourB. MassyZ.A. Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation status in haemodialysis patients.Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.20052091874187910.1093/ndt/gfh92815972322
     [Google Scholar]
  76. De VrieseA.S. BorreyD. MahieuE. ClaeysI. StevensL. VanhaeverbekeA. RoelensM. LangloisM.R. Oral vitamin C administration increases lipid peroxidation in hemodialysis patients.Nephron Clin. Pract.20071081c28c3410.1159/00011252618087169
     [Google Scholar]
  77. EiseltJ. RacekJ. OpatrnýK.Jr TrefilL. StehlíkP. The effect of intravenous iron on oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients at various levels of vitamin C.Blood Purif.2006245-653153710.1159/00009647417077626
     [Google Scholar]
  78. MartinsM.L. da SilvaA.T. MachadoR.P. RamosH.P. MartinelliC. SilveiraT.T. da SilvaE.L. WazlawikE. Vitamin C decreases reduced glutathione in chronic haemodialysis patients: A pilot, randomised, double-blind trial.Int. Urol. Nephrol.20215381695170410.1007/s11255‑021‑02797‑833905041
     [Google Scholar]
  79. HungS.C. HungS.H. TarngD.C. YangW.C. ChenT.W. HuangT.P. Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients.Am. J. Kidney Dis.200138594194710.1053/ajkd.2001.2857811684545
     [Google Scholar]
  80. MoradiH. SaidH.M. Functional thiamine deficiency in end-stage renal disease: malnutrition despite ample nutrients.Kidney Int.201690225225410.1016/j.kint.2016.04.01727418090
     [Google Scholar]
  81. StopperH. TreutleinA.T. BahnerU. SchuppN. SchmidU. BrinkA. PernaA. HeidlandA. Reduction of the genomic damage level in haemodialysis patients by folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation.Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.200823103272327910.1093/ndt/gfn25418469307
     [Google Scholar]
  82. ZhengF. ZengY. PlatiA.R. ElliotS.J. BerhoM. PotierM. StrikerL.J. StrikerG.E. Combined AGE inhibition and ACEi decreases the progression of established diabetic nephropathy in B6 db/db mice.Kidney Int.200670350751410.1038/sj.ki.500157816775596
     [Google Scholar]
  83. MetzT.O. AldersonN.L. ThorpeS.R. BaynesJ.W. Pyridoxamine, an inhibitor of advanced glycation and lipoxidation reactions: A novel therapy for treatment of diabetic complications.Arch. Biochem. Biophys.20034191414910.1016/j.abb.2003.08.02114568007
     [Google Scholar]
  84. AldersonN.L. ChachichM.E. YoussefN.N. BeattieR.J. NachtigalM. ThorpeS.R. BaynesJ.W. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits lipemia and development of renal and vascular disease in Zucker obese rats.Kidney Int.20036362123213310.1046/j.1523‑1755.2003.00027.x12753299
     [Google Scholar]
  85. WilliamsM.E. BoltonW.K. KhalifahR.G. DegenhardtT.P. SchotzingerR.J. McGillJ.B. Effects of pyridoxamine in combined phase 2 studies of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy.Am. J. Nephrol.200727660561410.1159/00010810417823506
     [Google Scholar]
  86. NascimentoM.M. SulimanM.E. MurayamaY. NihiM. HayashiS.Y. StenvinkelP. RiellaM.C. LindholmB. Effect of high-dose thiamine and pyridoxine on advanced glycation end products and other oxidative stress markers in hemodialysis patients: A randomized placebo- controlled study.J. Ren. Nutr.200616211912410.1053/j.jrn.2006.01.00216567267
     [Google Scholar]
  87. BayésB. PastorM.C. BonalJ. JuncàJ. RomeroR. Homocysteine and lipid peroxidation in haemodialysis: role of folinic acid and vitamin E.Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.200116112172217510.1093/ndt/16.11.217211682663
     [Google Scholar]
  88. ApelandT. MansoorM.A. SeljeflotI. BrønstadI. GøranssonL. StrandjordR.E. Homocysteine, malondialdehyde and endothelial markers in dialysis patients during low-dose folinic acid therapy.J. Intern. Med.2002252545646410.1046/j.1365‑2796.2002.01056.x12528764
     [Google Scholar]
  89. NigwekarS.U. KangA. ZoungasS. CassA. GallagherM.P. KulshresthaS. NavaneethanS.D. PerkovicV. StrippoliG.F.M. JardineM.J. Interventions for lowering plasma homocysteine levels in dialysis patients.Cochrane Libr.201620165CD00468310.1002/14651858.CD004683.pub427243372
     [Google Scholar]
  90. van de LagemaatE. de GrootL. van den HeuvelE. Vitamin B12 in relation to oxidative stress: A systematic review.Nutrients201911248210.3390/nu1102048230823595
     [Google Scholar]
  91. KrassilnikovaM. OstrowK. BaderA. HeegerP. MehrotraA. Low dietary intake of vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency in hemodialysis patients.J. Nephrol. Ther.201443410.4172/2161‑0959.100016625068077
     [Google Scholar]
  92. HeW. KangY.S. DaiC. LiuY. Blockade of Wnt/β- catenin signaling by paricalcitol ameliorates proteinuria and kidney injury.J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.20112219010310.1681/ASN.200912123621030600
     [Google Scholar]
  93. DebD.K. SunT. WongK.E. ZhangZ. NingG. ZhangY. KongJ. ShiH. ChangA. LiY.C. Combined vitamin D analog and AT1 receptor antagonist synergistically block the development of kidney disease in a model of type 2 diabetes.Kidney Int.201077111000100910.1038/ki.2010.2220182412
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Sanchez-NiñoM.D. BozicM. Córdoba-LanúsE. ValchevaP. GraciaO. IbarzM. FernandezE. Navarro-GonzalezJ.F. OrtizA. ValdivielsoJ.M. Beyond proteinuria: VDR activation reduces renal inflammation in experimental diabetic nephropathy.Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.20123026F647F65710.1152/ajprenal.00090.201122169009
     [Google Scholar]
  95. FreundlichM. QuirozY. ZhangZ. ZhangY. BravoY. WeisingerJ.R. LiY.C. Rodriguez-IturbeB. Suppression of renin–angiotensin gene expression in the kidney by paricalcitol.Kidney Int.200874111394140210.1038/ki.2008.40818813285
     [Google Scholar]
  96. WuC.C. ChangJ.H. ChenC.C. SuS.B. YangL.K. MaW.Y. ZhengC.M. DiangL.K. LuK.C. Calcitriol treatment attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.Tohoku J. Exp. Med.2011223315315910.1620/tjem.223.15321350317
     [Google Scholar]
  97. TanakaM. TokunagaK. KomabaH. ItohK. MatsushitaK. WatanabeH. KadowakiD. MaruyamaT. OtagiriM. FukagawaM. Vitamin D receptor activator reduces oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.Ther. Apher. Dial.201115216116810.1111/j.1744‑9987.2010.00890.x21426509
     [Google Scholar]
  98. TamadonM.R. SoleimaniA. KeneshlouF. MojarradM.Z. BahmaniF. NaseriA. KashaniH.H. HosseiniE.S. AsemiZ. Clinical trial on the effects of vitamin d supplementation on metabolic profiles in diabetic hemodialysis.Horm. Metab. Res.2018501505510.1055/s‑0043‑11922128958110
     [Google Scholar]
  99. YangL. FanY. ZhangX. LiuJ. MaJ. Effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on high glucose-induced autophagy inhibition in peritoneum.Mol. Med. Rep.20171657080708510.3892/mmr.2017.740828901396
     [Google Scholar]
  100. YangL. FanY. ZhangX. HuangW. MaJ. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment attenuates high glucose-induced peritoneal epithelial to mesenchymal transition in mice.Mol. Med. Rep.20171643817382410.3892/mmr.2017.709628765896
     [Google Scholar]
  101. YangL. WuL. DuS. HuY. FanY. MaJ. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits high glucose-induced apoptosis and ROS production in human peritoneal mesothelial cells via the MAPK/P38 pathway.Mol. Med. Rep.201614183984410.3892/mmr.2016.532327220355
     [Google Scholar]
  102. DragerL.F. AndradeL. Barros de ToledoJ.F. LaurindoF.R.M. Machado CésarL.A. SeguroA.C. Renal effects of N-acetylcysteine in patients at risk for contrast nephropathy: decrease in oxidant stress-mediated renal tubular injury.Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.20041971803180710.1093/ndt/gfh26115128882
     [Google Scholar]
  103. RehmanT. FoughtJ. SolomonR. N-acetylcysteine effect on serum creatinine and cystatin C levels in CKD patients.Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.2008361610161410.2215/CJN.0156040818667743
     [Google Scholar]
  104. RASIH.S. Angiotensin receptor blocker and N-acetyl cysteine for reduction of proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Iran J Kidney Dis.2012613943
     [Google Scholar]
  105. SolomonR. Antioxidants do not PRESERVE kidney function after contrast exposure.Nat. Rev. Nephrol.201814314814910.1038/nrneph.2017.18529355174
     [Google Scholar]
  106. TrimarchiH. MongitoreM.R. BaglioniP. ForresterM. FreixasE.A.R. SchroppM. PereyraH. AlonsoM. N-acetylcysteine reduces malondialdehyde levels in chronic hemodialysis patients - A pilot study.Clin. Nephrol.200359644144610.5414/CNP5944112834176
     [Google Scholar]
  107. AmoreA. FormicaM. GiacchinoF. GigliolaG. BonelloF. ContiG. CamillaR. CoppoR. N-Acetylcysteine in hemodialysis diabetic patients resets the activation of NF-kB in lymphomonocytes to normal values.J. Nephrol.201326477878610.5301/jn.500016723065916
     [Google Scholar]
  108. GiannikourisI. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative serum biomarkers of hemodialysis patients.Hippokratia201519213113527418761
     [Google Scholar]
  109. HsuS.P. ChiangC.K. YangS.Y. ChienC.T. N-acetylcysteine for the management of anemia and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients.Nephron Clin. Pract.20101163c207c21610.1159/00031720120606481
     [Google Scholar]
  110. HungK.-Y. LiuS.-Y. YangT.-C. LiaoT.-L. KaoS.-H. High-dialysate-glucose-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells.Oxid. Med. Cell Longev.2014201464279310.1155/2014/642793
     [Google Scholar]
  111. LeeE. SeoE. KwonY. HaH. Rapid and reliable measurement for evaluating directly the reactivity of N-acetylcysteine with glucose degradation products in peritoneal dialysis fluids.Anal. Chem.20118351518152210.1021/ac200046y21299245
     [Google Scholar]
  112. BozkurtD. HurE. UlkudenB. SezakM. NarH. PurclutepeO. SenS. DumanS. Can N-acetylcysteine preserve peritoneal function and morphology in encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis?Perit. Dial. Int.200929Suppl. 220220510.1177/089686080902902S4119270218
     [Google Scholar]
  113. YeM. LinW. ZhengJ. LinS. N-acetylcysteine for chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Am. J. Transl. Res.20211342472248534017406
     [Google Scholar]
  114. MoistL. SontropJ.M. GalloK. MainraR. CutlerM. FreemanD. HouseA.A. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on serum creatinine and kidney function: results of a randomized controlled trial.Am. J. Kidney Dis.201056464365010.1053/j.ajkd.2010.03.02820541301
     [Google Scholar]
  115. MainraR. GalloK. MoistL. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease.Nephrology (Carlton)200712551051310.1111/j.1440‑1797.2007.00833.x17803476
     [Google Scholar]
  116. RenkeM. TylickiL. RutkowskiP. LarczyńskiW. AleksandrowiczE. Łysiak-SzydłowskaW. RutkowskiB. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on proteinuria and markers of tubular injury in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. A placebo-controlled, randomized, open, cross-over study.Kidney Blood Press. Res.200831640441010.1159/00018582819092257
     [Google Scholar]
  117. AgarwalR. VasavadaN. SachsN.G. ChaseS. Oxidative stress and renal injury with intravenous iron in patients with chronic kidney disease.Kidney Int.20046562279228910.1111/j.1523‑1755.2004.00648.x15149341
     [Google Scholar]
  118. ThahaM. Widodo PranawaW. YogiantoroM. TominoY. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine during hemodialysis reduces asymmetric dimethylarginine level in end-stage renal disease patients.Clin. Nephrol.2008691243210.5414/CNP6902418226399
     [Google Scholar]
  119. SwarnalathaG. RamR. NeelaP. NaiduM.U. Dakshina MurtyK.V. Oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients receiving intravenous iron therapy and the role of N-acetylcysteine in preventing oxidative stress.Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl.201021585285820814119
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Garcia-FernandezN. Randomized clinical trial on acute effects of i.v. iron sucrose during haemodialysis.Nephrology20101517818310.1111/j.1440‑1797.2009.01174.x
     [Google Scholar]
  121. TepelM. van der GietM. StatzM. JankowskiJ. ZidekW. The antioxidant acetylcysteine reduces cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal failure: A randomized, controlled trial.Circulation2003107799299510.1161/01.CIR.0000050628.11305.3012600912
     [Google Scholar]
  122. SaddadiF. AlatabS. PashaF. GanjiM. SoleimanianT. The effect of treatment with N-acetylcysteine on the serum levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients on hemodialysis.Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl.2014251667210.4103/1319‑2442.12448924434384
     [Google Scholar]
  123. FeldmanL. ShaniM. SinuaniI. BeberashviliI. WeissgartenJ. N-acetylcysteine may improve residual renal function in hemodialysis patients: A pilot study.Hemodial. Int.201216451251610.1111/j.1542‑4758.2012.00702.x22541137
     [Google Scholar]
  124. AhmadiF. AbbaszadehM. RazeghiE. MaziarS. KhoidakiS.D. NajafiM.T. Lessan-PezeshkiM. Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine for preserving residual renal function in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: multicenter randomized clinical trial.Clin. Exp. Nephrol.201721234234910.1007/s10157‑016‑1277‑527206513
     [Google Scholar]
  125. GhorbaniA. ShahbazianH. ShayanpourS. Evaluation of administration of oral N-acetylcysteine to reduce oxidative stress in chronic hemodialysis patients: A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl.2016271889310.4103/1319‑2442.17408426787572
     [Google Scholar]
  126. TsaiJ.P. YangF.L. WangC.H. FangT.C. LeeR.P. HsuB.G. Effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine on plasma total homocysteine and inflammatory cytokines during high flux hemodialysis.Tzu-Chi Med. J.2010222909510.1016/S1016‑3190(10)60047‑X
     [Google Scholar]
  127. ThahaM. YogiantoroM. TominoY. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine during haemodialysis reduces the plasma concentration of homocysteine in patients with end-stage renal disease.Clin. Drug Investig.200626419520210.2165/00044011‑200626040‑0000317163251
     [Google Scholar]
  128. PernaA.F. ViolettiE. LanzaD. SepeI. BellinghieriG. SavicaV. SantoroD. SattaE. CirilloG. LupoA. Therapy of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients: Effects of folates and N-acetylcysteine.J. Ren. Nutr.20122250751410.1053/j.jrn.2011.10.007
     [Google Scholar]
  129. FriedmanA.N. BostomA.G. LalibertyP. SelhubJ. SheminD. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on plasma total homocysteine levels in hemodialysis: A randomized, controlled study.Am. J. Kidney Dis.200341244244610.1053/ajkd.2003.5005412552508
     [Google Scholar]
  130. BashardoustB. AlaeiR. KebarS.M. HasaniS. HabibzadehA. The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine on serum high sensitive CRP and plasma hemoglobin levels in end-stage renal disease patients under routine hemodialysis; A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.J. Nephropathol.201820187
     [Google Scholar]
  131. ModarresiA. ZiaieS. SalamzadehJ. SahraeiZ. NafarM. PanahiY. ParvinM. EinollahiB. Study of the effects of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress status of patients on maintenance-hemodialysis undergoing cadaveric kidney transplantation.Iran. J. Pharm. Res.20171641631163829552072
     [Google Scholar]
  132. NascimentoM.M. SulimanM.E. SilvaM. ChinagliaT. MarchioroJ. HayashiS.Y. RiellaM.C. LindholmB. AnderstamB. Effect of oral N-acetylcysteine treatment on plasma inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in peritoneal dialysis patients: A placebo-controlled study.Perit. Dial. Int.201030333634210.3747/pdi.2009.0007320190028
     [Google Scholar]
  133. PurwantoB. PrasetyoD.H. Effect of oral N-acetylcysteine treatment on immune system in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.Acta Med. Indones.201244214014422745145
     [Google Scholar]
  134. FeldmanL. ShaniM. EfratiS. BeberashviliI. Yakov-HaiI. AbramovE. SinuaniI. RosenbergR. WeissgartenJ. N-acetylcysteine improves residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients: A pilot study.Perit. Dial. Int.201131554555010.3747/pdi.2009.0026320705950
     [Google Scholar]
  135. NajafiF. Mousavi-RoknabadiR.S. PirdehghanA. RahimianM. NourimajalanN. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on hsCRP in patients on continues ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: A quasi-experimental study.Nephrourol. Mon.20211331310.5812/numonthly.113990
     [Google Scholar]
  136. AshkarF. BhullarK.S. WuJ. The effect of polyphenols on kidney disease: Targeting mitochondria.Nutrients20221415311510.3390/nu1415311535956292
     [Google Scholar]
  137. BaoN. ChenF. DaiD. The regulation of host intestinal microbiota by polyphenols in the development and prevention of chronic kidney disease.Front. Immunol.202010298110.3389/fimmu.2019.0298131969882
     [Google Scholar]
  138. MirmiranP. YuzbashianE. RahbarinejadP. AsghariG. AziziF. Dietary intakes of total polyphenol and its subclasses in association with the incidence of chronic kidney diseases: A prospective population-based cohort study.BMC Nephrol.20212218410.1186/s12882‑021‑02286‑133691637
     [Google Scholar]
  139. CastillaP. DávalosA. TeruelJ.L. CerratoF. Fernández-LucasM. MerinoJ.L. Sánchez-MartínC.C. OrtuñoJ. LasunciónM.A. Comparative effects of dietary supplementation with red grape juice and vitamin E on production of superoxide by circulating neutrophil NADPH oxidase in hemodialysis patients.Am. J. Clin. Nutr.20088741053106110.1093/ajcn/87.4.105318400731
     [Google Scholar]
  140. CastillaP. EcharriR. DávalosA. CerratoF. OrtegaH. TeruelJ.L. LucasM.F. Gómez-CoronadoD. OrtuñoJ. LasunciónM.A. Concentrated red grape juice exerts antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiinflammatory effects in both hemodialysis patients and healthy subjects.Am. J. Clin. Nutr.200684125226210.1093/ajcn/84.1.25216825703
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Awuah BoadiE. ShinS. BandyopadhyayB.C. Tannic acid attenuates vascular calcification-induced proximal tubular cells damage through paracrine signaling.Biomed. Pharmacother.202114011176210.1016/j.biopha.2021.11176234126317
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Barati BoldajiR. AkhlaghiM. SaghebM.M. EsmaeilinezhadZ. Pomegranate juice improves cardiometabolic risk factors, biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: A randomized crossover trial.J. Sci. Food Agric.2020100284685410.1002/jsfa.1009631646650
     [Google Scholar]
  143. LinC.T. SunX.Y. LinA.X. Supplementation with high-dose trans-resveratrol improves ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis patients: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.Ren. Fail.201638221422110.3109/0886022X.2015.112823626727506
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Murillo OrtizB.O. Fuentes PreciadoA.R. Ramírez EmilianoJ. Martínez GarzaS. Ramos RodríguezE. de Alba MacíasL.A. Recovery of bone and muscle mass in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron overload on hemodialysis and taking combined supplementation with curcumin and resveratrol.Clin. Interv. Aging2019142055206210.2147/CIA.S22380531819387
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Sanz-LamoraH. MarreroP.F. HaroD. RelatJ. A mixture of pure, isolated polyphenols worsens the insulin resistance and induces kidney and liver fibrosis markers in diet-induced obese mice.Antioxidants202211112010.3390/antiox1101012035052623
     [Google Scholar]
  146. SupriyadiR. KoswaraM.I.A. SoelaemanM.A. HuangI. The effect of antioxidants supplementation on oxidative stress and proinflammatory biomarkers in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.20232741413142636876681
     [Google Scholar]
  147. MarxW. KellyJ. MarshallS. NakosS. CampbellK. ItsiopoulosC. The effect of polyphenol-rich interventions on cardiovascular risk factors in haemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients2017912134510.3390/nu912134529232891
     [Google Scholar]
  148. ShoskesD. LapierreC. Cruz-CorerraM. MuruveN. RosarioR. FromkinB. BraunM. CopleyJ. Beneficial effects of the bioflavonoids curcumin and quercetin on early function in cadaveric renal transplantation: A randomized placebo controlled trial.Transplantation200580111556155910.1097/01.tp.0000183290.64309.2116371925
     [Google Scholar]
  149. PakfetratM. AkmaliM. MalekmakanL. DabaghimaneshM. KhorsandM. Role of turmeric in oxidative modulation in end-stage renal disease patients.Hemodial. Int.201519112413110.1111/hdi.1220425131305
     [Google Scholar]
  150. SeddikA.A. The effect of turmeric and ginger on oxidative modulation in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.Int. J.20153657670
     [Google Scholar]
  151. RodriguesH.C.N. MartinsT.F.P. SantanaN.C.F.S. BragaC.C. SilvaM.A.C. CunhaL.C. SugizakiC.S.A. FreitasA.T.V.S. CostaN.A. PeixotoM.R.G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response to curcumin supplementation in hemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Clin. Nutr. ESPEN20214413614210.1016/j.clnesp.2021.06.00634330457
     [Google Scholar]
  152. JaturapisanukulS. KurathongS. NgamvichchukornT. TrakarnvanichT. Curcuminoids can prevent post-contrast acute kidney injury in chronic kidney disease patients: A randomized controlled trial.Medicine202210139e3075310.1097/MD.000000000003075336181056
     [Google Scholar]
  153. EmamiE. Heidari-SoureshjaniS. SherwinC.M. Anti-inflammatory response to curcumin supplementation in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Avicenna J. Phytomed.202212657658836583173
     [Google Scholar]
  154. MoS.F. ZhouF. LvY.Z. HuQ.H. ZhangD.M. KongL.D. Hypouricemic action of selected flavonoids in mice: Structure-activity relationships.Biol. Pharm. Bull.20073081551155610.1248/bpb.30.155117666819
     [Google Scholar]
  155. ElbeH. VardiN. EsrefogluM. AtesB. YologluS. TaskapanC. Amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy by melatonin, quercetin, and resveratrol in rats.Hum. Exp. Toxicol.201534110011310.1177/096032711453199524812155
     [Google Scholar]
  156. FallahzadehM.K. DormaneshB. SaghebM.M. RoozbehJ. VessalG. PakfetratM. DaneshbodY. Kamali-SarvestaniE. LankaraniK.B. Effect of addition of silymarin to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Am. J. Kidney Dis.201260689690310.1053/j.ajkd.2012.06.00522770926
     [Google Scholar]
  157. RoozbehJ. ShahriyariB. AkmaliM. VessalG. PakfetratM. Raees JalaliG.A. AfsharianiR. HasheminasabM. GhahramaniN. Comparative effects of silymarin and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress markers, and hemoglobin levels among patients on hemodialysis.Ren. Fail.201133211812310.3109/0886022X.2010.54157921332331
     [Google Scholar]
  158. NazemianF. KarimiG. MoatamediM. CharkaziS. ShamsaraJ. MohammadpourA.H. Effect of silymarin administration on TNF-α serum concentration in peritoneal dialysis patients.Phytother. Res.201024111654165710.1002/ptr.317521031623
     [Google Scholar]
  159. FiruziO. KhajehrezaeiS. EzzatzadeganS. NejatiM. JahanshahiK.A. RoozbehJ. Effects of silymarin on biochemical and oxidative stress markers in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.Hemodial. Int.201620455856310.1111/hdi.1241327040041
     [Google Scholar]
  160. SemenK.O. WeselerA.R. JanssenM.J.W. Drittij-ReijndersM.J. le NobleJ.L.M.L. BastA. Effects of monomeric and oligomeric flavanols on kidney function, inflammation and oxidative stress in runners: A randomized double-blind pilot study.Nutrients2020126163410.3390/nu1206163432492913
     [Google Scholar]
  161. WangX. LiuF. LiJ. YangX. ChenJ. CaoJ. WuX. LuX. HuangJ. LiY. ZhaoL. ShenC. HuD. YuL. LiuX. WuX. WuS. GuD. Tea consumption and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: The China-PAR project.Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol.202027181956196310.1177/204748731989468531914807
     [Google Scholar]
  162. EllingerS. MüllerN. StehleP. Ulrich-MerzenichG. Consumption of green tea or green tea products: Is there an evidence for antioxidant effects from controlled interventional studies?Phytomedicine2011181190391510.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.00621802928
     [Google Scholar]
  163. BaoH. PengA. The Green Tea Polyphenol(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and its beneficial roles in chronic kidney disease.J. Transl. Int. Med.2016439910310.1515/jtim‑2016‑003128191529
     [Google Scholar]
  164. PengA. YeT. RakhejaD. TuY. WangT. DuY. ZhouJ.K. VaziriN.D. HuZ. MohanC. ZhouX.J. The green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates experimental immune-mediated glomerulonephritis.Kidney Int.201180660161110.1038/ki.2011.12121544063
     [Google Scholar]
  165. YeT. ZhenJ. DuY. ZhouJ.K. PengA. VaziriN.D. MohanC. XuY. ZhouX.J. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate restores Nrf2 activity and ameliorates crescentic glomerulonephritis.PLoS One2015103e011954310.1371/journal.pone.011954325785827
     [Google Scholar]
  166. TsaiP.Y. KaS.M. ChangJ.M. ChenH.C. ShuiH.A. LiC.Y. HuaK.F. ChangW.L. HuangJ.J. YangS.S. ChenA. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents lupus nephritis development in mice via enhancing the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.Free Radic. Biol. Med.201151374475410.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.01621641991
     [Google Scholar]
  167. ParkC.S. KimW. WooJ.S. HaS.J. KangW.Y. HwangS.H. ParkY.W. KimY.S. AhnY.K. JeongM.H. KimW. Green tea consumption improves endothelial function but not circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with chronic renal failure.Int. J. Cardiol.2010145226126210.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.47119962201
     [Google Scholar]
  168. HsuS.P. WuM.S. YangC.C. HuangK.C. LiouS.Y. HsuS.M. ChienC.T. Chronic green tea extract supplementation reduces hemodialysis-enhanced production of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid, atherosclerotic factors, and proinflammatory cytokines.Am. J. Clin. Nutr.20078651539154710.1093/ajcn/86.5.153917991670
     [Google Scholar]
  169. CaloL.A. VertolliU. DavisP.A. MasoL.D. PagninE. RavarottoV. MaiolinoG. LupiaM. SecciaT.M. RossiG.P. Molecular biology based assessment of green tea effects on oxidative stress and cardiac remodelling in dialysis patients.Clin. Nutr.201433343744210.1016/j.clnu.2013.06.01023845383
     [Google Scholar]
  170. FuS. ZhouQ. GaoY. YangY. ChenH. YuanL. LiZ. ChenQ. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of hydroxyl safflower yellow a in diabetic nephropathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front. Pharmacol.20221392916910.3389/fphar.2022.92916936034830
     [Google Scholar]
  171. ChanT.M. LeungJ.K.H. TsangR.C.W. LiuZ.H. LiL.S. YungS. Emodin ameliorates glucose-induced matrix synthesis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells.Kidney Int.200364251953310.1046/j.1523‑1755.2003.00113.x12846747
     [Google Scholar]
  172. WangH.-C. LinX.-H. FangX.-P. MuX.-Y. LiT.-J. LiuJ.-L. Emodin ameliorates the peritoneal dialysis-related peritoneal fibrosis via inhibiting the activation of notch pathway.Sheng li xue bao201668747756
     [Google Scholar]
  173. LiuX. GeM. ZhaiX. XiaoY. ZhangY. XuZ. ZhouZ. MeiZ. YangX. Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: A study-level pooled analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials.Front. Pharmacol.202213100957110.3389/fphar.2022.100957136313382
     [Google Scholar]
  174. PompanoL.M. BoyE. Effects of dose and duration of zinc interventions on risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Adv. Nutr.202112114116010.1093/advances/nmaa08732722790
     [Google Scholar]
  175. ShenY. YinZ. LvY. LuoJ. ShiW. FangJ. ShiX. Plasma element levels and risk of chronic kidney disease in elderly populations (≥ 90 Years old).Chemosphere202025412680910.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.12680932334258
     [Google Scholar]
  176. HasanatoR.M. Assessment of trace elements in sera of patients undergoing renal dialysis.Saudi Med. J.201435436537024749133
     [Google Scholar]
  177. Dashti-KhavidakiS. KhaliliH. VahediS-M. Lessan-PezeshkiM. Serum zinc concentrations in patients on maintenance hemodialysis and its relationship with anemia, parathyroid hormone concentrations and pruritus severity.Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl.201021464164520587866
     [Google Scholar]
  178. TavaresA.P.S.R. MafraD. LealV.O. GamaM.S. VieiraR.M.M.F. BrumI.D.S.C. BorgesN.A. SilvaA.A. Zinc plasma status and sensory perception in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients.J. Ren. Nutr.202131325726210.1053/j.jrn.2020.05.01232693969
     [Google Scholar]
  179. LaoualiN. MacDonaldC.J. ShahS. El FatouhiD. ManciniF.R. FagherazziG. Boutron-RuaultM.C. Dietary copper/zinc ratio and type 2 diabetes risk in women: The E3N cohort study.Nutrients2021138250210.3390/nu1308250234444662
     [Google Scholar]
  180. The age related eye disease study to (AREDS2) research group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial.JAMA2013309192005201510.1001/jama.2013.499723644932
     [Google Scholar]
  181. LeeY.H. BaeS.C. SongG.G. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis.Arch. Med. Res.201243535636210.1016/j.arcmed.2012.06.01122835600
     [Google Scholar]
  182. RizosE.C. NtzaniE.E. BikaE. KostapanosM.S. ElisafM.S. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: A systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA2012308101024103310.1001/2012.jama.1137422968891
     [Google Scholar]
  183. FazelianS. MoradiF. AgahS. HoseiniA. HeydariH. MorvaridzadehM. OmidiA. PizarroA.B. GhafouriA. HeshmatiJ. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on cardio-metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Nephrol.202122116010.1186/s12882‑021‑02351‑933933009
     [Google Scholar]
  184. ShinS. GombedzaF.C. BandyopadhyayB.C. l-ornithine activates Ca2+ signaling to exert its protective function on human proximal tubular cells.Cell. Signal.20206710948410.1016/j.cellsig.2019.10948431770578
     [Google Scholar]
  185. SchincagliaR.M. CuppariL. NeriH.F.S. CintraD.E. Sant’AnaM.R. MotaJ.F. Effects of baru almond oil (Dipteryx alata Vog.) supplementation on body composition, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid profile, and plasma fatty acids of hemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Complement. Ther. Med.20205210247910.1016/j.ctim.2020.10247932951729
     [Google Scholar]
  186. MansouriA. ReinerŽ. RuscicaM. Tedeschi-ReinerE. RadbakhshS. Bagheri EktaM. SahebkarA. Antioxidant effects of statins by modulating Nrf2 and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in different diseases.J. Clin. Med.2022115131310.3390/jcm1105131335268403
     [Google Scholar]
  187. DiepeveenS.H.A. VerhoevenG.W.H.E. Van Der PalenJ. DikkescheiL.D. Van TitsL.J. KolstersG. OffermanJ.J.G. BiloH.J.G. StalenhoefA.F.H. Effects of atorvastatin and vitamin E on lipoproteins and oxidative stress in dialysis patients: A randomised-controlled trial.J. Intern. Med.2005257543844510.1111/j.1365‑2796.2005.01484.x15836660
     [Google Scholar]
  188. Taccone-GallucciM. NoceA. BertucciP. FabbriC. Manca-di-VillahermosaS. Della-RovereF.R. De FrancescoM. LonziM. FedericiG. ScacciaF. DessìM. Chronic treatment with statins increases the availability of selenium in the antioxidant defence systems of hemodialysis patients.J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol.2010241273010.1016/j.jtemb.2009.06.00520122576
     [Google Scholar]
  189. PalmerS.C. NavaneethanS.D. CraigJ.C. JohnsonD.W. PerkovicV. NigwekarS.U. HegbrantJ. StrippoliG.F.M. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for dialysis patients.Cochrane Libr.201320145CD00428910.1002/14651858.CD004289.pub524022428
     [Google Scholar]
  190. DengJ. WuQ. LiaoY. HuoD. YangZ. Effect of statins on chronic inflammation and nutrition status in renal dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nephrology201217654555110.1111/j.1440‑1797.2012.01597.x22429568
     [Google Scholar]
  191. WiniarskaA. KnysakM. NabrdalikK. GumprechtJ. StompórT. Inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic kidney disease: The targets for SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202122191082210.3390/ijms22191082234639160
     [Google Scholar]
  192. Vazquez-AgraN. Marques-AfonsoA.T. Cruces-SandeA. Mendez-AlvarezE. Soto-OteroR. Lopez-PazJ.E. Pose-ReinoA. Hermida-AmeijeirasA. Assessment of oxidative stress markers in hypertensive patients under the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockers.Antioxidants202312480210.3390/antiox1204080237107177
     [Google Scholar]
  193. JunM. VenkataramanV. RazavianM. CooperB. ZoungasS. NinomiyaT. WebsterA.C. PerkovicV. Antioxidants for chronic kidney disease.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.20121010CD00817623076940
     [Google Scholar]
  194. JianZ. WangM. JinX. LiH. WangK. Diet-derived antioxidants and risk of kidney stone disease: Results from the NHANES 2007–2018 and mendelian randomization study.Front. Nutr.2021873830210.3389/fnut.2021.73830234993217
     [Google Scholar]
  195. NakayamaM. ItamiN. SuzukiH. HamadaH. YamamotoR. TsunodaK. OsakaN. NakanoH. MaruyamaY. KabayamaS. NakazawaR. MiyazakiM. ItoS. Novel haemodialysis (HD) treatment employing molecular hydrogen (H2)-enriched dialysis solution improves prognosis of chronic dialysis patients: A prospective observational study.Sci. Rep.20188125410.1038/s41598‑017‑18537‑x29321509
     [Google Scholar]
  196. NakayamaM. NakanoH. HamadaH. ItamiN. NakazawaR. ItoS. A novel bioactive haemodialysis system using dissolved dihydrogen (H2) produced by water electrolysis: A clinical trial.Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.20102593026303310.1093/ndt/gfq19620388631
     [Google Scholar]
  197. MiyazakiY. CersosimoE. TriplittC. DeFronzoR.A. Rosiglitazone decreases albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients.Kidney Int.200772111367137310.1038/sj.ki.500251617805239
     [Google Scholar]
  198. HernandezA.F. GreenJ.B. JanmohamedS. D’AgostinoR.B.Sr GrangerC.B. JonesN.P. LeiterL.A. RosenbergA.E. SigmonK.N. SomervilleM.C. ThorpeK.M. McMurrayJ.J.V. Del PratoS. Del PratoS. McMurrayJ.J.V. D’AgostinoR.B. GrangerC.B. HernandezA.F. JanmohamedS. LeiterL.A. CaliffR.M. HolmanR. DeMetsD. RiddleM. GoodmanS. McGuireD. AlexanderK. DevoreA. MelloniC. PatelC. KongD. BloomfieldG. RoeM. TricociP. HarrisonR. LopesR. MathewsR. MehtaR. Schuyler JonesW. VemulapalliS. PovsicT. EapenZ. DombrowskiK. KollsB. JordanD. AmbrosyA. GreeneS. MandawatA. ShavadiaJ. CooperL. SharmaA. GuimaraesP. FriedmanD. WilsonM. EndsleyP. GentryT. CollierJ. PerezK. JamesK. RoushJ. PopeC. HowellC. JohnsonM. BaileyM. ColeJ. AkersT. VandyneB. ThomasB. RichJ. BartoneS. BeaulieuG. BrownK. ChauT. ChristianT. CokerR. GreeneD. HaddockT. JenkinsW. HaqueG. MarquessM. PesarchickJ. RethafordR. StoneA. Al KawasF. AndersonM. EnnsR. SinayI. MathieuC. YordanovV. HramiakI. HaluzikM. GalatiusS. GuerciB. NauckM. MigdalisI. TanC.B.K. KocsisG. GiaccariA. LeeM.K. MuñozE.G.C. CornelJ. BirkelandK. PintoM. TiradorL. Olesinska-MaderM. ShestakovaM. DistillerL. Lopez-SendonJ. EliassonB. ChiangC-E. SrimahachotaS. MankovskyB. BethelM.A. DunganK. KosiborodM. AlvarisquetaA. BaldovinoJ. BesadaD. CalellaP. CanteroM.C. CastañoP. ChertkoffA. CuadradoJ. De LoredoL. DominguezA. EspañolM.V. FinkelsteinH. FrechtelG. FretesJ. Garrido SantosN. GonzalezJ. LitvakM. LoureyroJ. MaffeiL. MaldonadoN. Mohr GaspariniD. OrioS. Perez ManghiF. Rodriguez PapiniN. SalaJ. SchygielP. SposettiG. UllaM. VerraF. ZabaluaS. ZaidmanC. CrenierL. DebroyeC. DuyckF. ScheenA. Van GaalL. VercammenC. DamyanovaV. DimitrovS. KovachevaS. LozanovL. MargaritovV. Mihaylova-ShumkovaR. NikolaevaA. StoyanovaZ. AkhrasR. BeaudryY. BedardJ. BerlingieriJ. ChehayebR. CheungS. ConwayJ. CussonJ. Della SiegaA. DumasR. DzongowskiP. FergusonM. GaudetD. GrondinF. GuptaA. GuptaM. HalperinF. HouleP-A. JonesM. KouzS. KovacsC. LandryD. LonnE. O’MahonyW. PetersonS. ReichD. RosenbloomA. St-MauriceF. TugwellB. VizelS. WooV. BrychtaT. CechV. DvorakovaE. EdelsbergerT. HalciakovaK. KrizovaJ. LastuvkaJ. PiperekM. PrymkovaV. RaclavskaL. SilhovaE. UrbanekR. VrkocJ. AndersenU. Brønnum-SchouJ. HoveJ. JensenJ.S. KoberL. KristiansenO.P. LundP. MelchiorT. NyvadO. SchouM. BoyeA. CadinotD. GouetD. HenryP. KesslerL. LalauJ-D. PetitC. ThuanJ-F. VoinotC. VouillarmetJ. AxthelmC. BergerD. BielerT. BirkenfeldA. BottJ. BuschK. CacaK. ChevtsJ. DonaubauerT. ErlingerR. FunkeK. GrosskopfJ. HagenowA. HamannM. HartardM. HeymerP. HuppertzW. IlliesG. JacobS. JungT. KahrmannG. KastP. KellererM. KempeH-P. KhariouzovA. KlausmannG. KleinC. Kleinecke-PohlU. KleinertzK. KochT. KoschC. LorraB. LuedemannJ. LuttermannM. MaxeinerS. MilekK. MoelleA. NeumannG. NischikR. Oehrig-PohlE. PlassmannG. PohlmeierL. ProepperF. RegnerS. RiekerW. RoseL. SamerH. SauterJ. SchaperF. SchifferC. SchmidtJ. ScholzB-M. SchulzeJ. SegnerA. SeufertJ. SigalH. SteindorfJ. StockhausenJ. StueblerP. TaeschnerH. TewsD. TschoepeD. WilhelmK. Zeller-StefanH. AvramidisI. BousboulasS. BristianouM. DimitriadisG. ElisafM. KotsaK. MelidonisA. MitrakouA. PagkalosE. PapanasN. PappasA. SampanisC. TentolourisN. TsapasA. TzatzagouG. OzakiR. HajdúC. HarcsaE. KonyvesL. MucsiJ. PaukerZ. PetróG. PlésZ. ReveszK. SándorV. VassV. AvogaroA. BoemiM. BonadonnaR. ConsoliA. De CosmoS. Di BartoloP. DottaF. FrontoniS. GalettaM. GambineriA. GazzarusoC. GiorginoF. LauroD. OrsiE. PaolissoG. PerrielloG. PiattiP. PontiroliA. PonzaniP. RivelleseA.A. SestiG. TonoloG. TrevisanR. AhnC.W. BaikS-H. ChaB-S. ChungC-H. JangH.C. KimC-J. KimH.S. KimI.J. LeeE.Y. LeeH.W. LeeK-W. MoonK-W. NamgungJ. ParkK.S. YooS.J. YuJ. LlamasE-A.B. Cervantes-EscárcegaJ-L. Flota-CerveraL.F. González-GonzálezJ.G. Pascoe-GonzalezS. Pelayo-OrozcoE.S. Ramirez-DiazS-P. Saldana-MendozaA. Jerjes-DíazC.S. Torres-ColoresJ.J. Vidrio-VelázquezM. Villagordoa-MesaJ. BeijerbachtH.P. GroutarsR.G.E.J. HoekB.A. HoogslagP.A.M. KooyA. KragtenJ.A. LieverseA.G. SwartH.P. ViergeverE.P. AhlqvistJ. CooperJ. GulsethH. GuttormsenG. WiumC. ArbañilH. CalderonJ. CamachoL. EspinozaA.D. GarridoE. LunaA. ManriqueH. RevoredoF.M. GonzalesR.V. RinconL.Z. ZubiateC. EboG. Morales-PalomaresE. ArciszewskaM. BanachM. Bijata-BroniszR. DerezinskiT. GadzinskiW. GajekJ. KlodawskaK. KrzyzagorskaE. MadejA. MiekusP. OpielaJ. RomanczukP. SiegelA. SkokowskaE. StankiewiczA. StasinskaT. Trznadel-MorawskaI. WitekR. AksentyevS. BondarI. DemidovaI. DrevalA. ErshovaO. GalstyanG. GarganeevaA. IzmozherovaN. KaretnikovaV. KharakhulakhM. KhokhlovA. KobalavaZ. KoshelskayaO. KosmachevaE. KostinV. KoziolovaN. KuzinA. LesnovV. LysenkoT. MarkovV. MayorovA. MoiseevS. MyasoedovaS. PetuninaN. RebrovA. RuyatkinaL. SamoylovaJ. SazonovaO. ShilkinaN. SokolovaN. VasilevskayaO. VerbovayaN. VishnevaE. VorobyevS. VorokhobinaN. ZanozinaO. ZhdanovaE. ZykovaT. BurgessL. CoetzeeK. DawoodS. LombardL. MakotokoE. MoodleyR. OosthuysenW. SarvanM. Calvo GómezC. Cano RodríguezI. Castro CondeA. Cequier FillatA. Cuatrecasas CambraG. de Álvaro MorenoF. De Teresa ParreñoL. Delgado ListaJ. Domínguez EscribanoJ.R. Durán GarcíaS. Elvira GonzálezJ. Fernández RodríguezJ.M. Goday ArnoA. Gomez HuelgasR. González JuanateyJ.R. Hernandez MijaresA. Jiménez DíazV.A. Jodar GimenoE. Lucas MoranteT. MarazuelaM. Martell ClarosN. Mauricio PuenteD. Mena RibasE. Merino TorresJ.F. Mezquita RayaP. Nubiola CalongeA. Ordoñez SánchezX. Pascual IzuelJ.M. Perea CastillaV. Pérez PérezA. Perez SotoI. Quesada CharnecoM. Quesada SimónA. Redón MasJ. Rego IraetaA. Rodriguez AlvarezM. Rodríguez RodríguezI. Sabán RuizJ. Soto GonzálezA. Tinahones MaduenoF. Trescoli SerranoC. Ulied ArmiñanaA. BachusE. Berndtsson BlomK. EliassonK. KoskinenP. LarnefeldtH. Lif-TibergC. LinderfalkC. LundG. LundmanP. MorisL. OlssonÅ. SalmonssonS. Sanmartin BerglundJ. SjöbergF. SöderbergS. TorstenssonI. ChenJ-F. TienK.J. TsengS-T. TuS-T. WangC-Y. WangJ-H. PhrommintikulA. YamwongS. JintapakornW. HutayanonP. SansanayudhN. BazhanL. FushteyI. GrachovaM. KaterenchukV. KorpachevV. KravchunN. LarinO. MykhalchyshynG. MyshanychH. OleksykO. OrlenkoV. PashkovskaN. PertsevaN. PetrosyanO. SmirnovI. VlasenkoM. ZlovaT. AyeM. BaksiA. BalasubramaniM. BebosoR. BlagdenM. BundyC. CooksonT. CoplandA. Emslie-SmithA. GreenF. GunstoneA. IssaB. Jackson-VoyzeyE. JohnsonA. MacleanM. McKnightJ. MuzuluS. O’ConnellI. OyesileB. PattersonC. PearsonE. PhilipS. SmithP. SukumaranU. AbbasJ. AggarwalaG. AkhterF. AndersenJ. AngladeM. ArgoudG. ArianiM. AshdjiR. BakhtariL. BanerjeeS. BartlettA. BaumH. BaysH. BeasleyR. Belfort de AguiarR. BenjaminS. BhagwatR. BhargavaA. BodeB. BratcherC. BriskinT. BrockmyreA. BroughtonR. BrownJ. BudhrajaM. CannonK. CarrJ. CathcartH. CavaleA. ChaykinL. CheungD. ChildressR. CohenA. ConditJ. CookseyE. CornettG.M. DauberI. DavilaW. De ArmasL. DeanJ. DetweilerR. DiazE. Di GiovannaM. DorI. DrummondW. EagertonD. EarlJ. EatonC. EllisonH. FarrisN. FielT. FirekA. FirstB. ForgoshL. FrenchW. GandyW. GarciaR. GillS. GordonM. GuiceM. GummadiS. HackenyosJ. HairstonK. HansonL. HarrisonL. HartmanI. HeitnerJ. HejeebuS. HermanyP. Hernandez-CassisC. HidalgoH. HigginsA. IbrahimH. JacobsS. JohnsonD. JoshiP. KasterS. KellumD. KimC. KimE. KirbyW. KnouseA. KulbackS. KumarM. KuruvankaT. LabrooA. LasswellW. LentzJ. LenzmeierT. LewisD. LiZ. LillestolM. LittleR. LorraineR. McKeown-BiagasC. McNeillR. MehtaA. MillerA. MoranJ. MorawskiE. NadarV. O’ConnorT. OdioA. ParkerR. PatelR. PhillipsL. RaadG. RahmanA. RaikhelM. RaisinghaniA. RajanR. RasouliN. RauziF. RohrK. RosemanH. RovnerS. SabaF. SachsonR. SchabauerA. SchneiderR. SchuchardT. SensenbrennerJ. ShlesingerY. SinghN. SivalingamK. StonesiferL. StoreyD. SuhD. TahirM. TanA. TanM. TaylonA. ThakkarM. TripathyD. UwaifoG. VedereA. VenugopalC. VoA. WelchM. WelkerJ. WhiteA. WillisJ. WynneA. YazdaniS. GreenJ.B. RosenbergA. PriceL. SigmonK. LokhnginaY. XingW. OvertonR. StewartM. SteadJ. LindsayA. PatelV. RossJ. SofferJ. DagaS. SowellM. PatelP. GarveyL. AckertJ. AbrahamS. SabolM.B. AltobelliD. HaJ.Y. KulkarniM. SomervilleM. NoronhaD. CassonE. ZangE. SandhuC. KumarR. ChenD. TaftL. PatelR. YeJ. ShannonJ. WilsonT. BabiC. MillerD. JonesN.P. ThorpeK. RussellR. BullG. HereghtyB. Fernandez-SalazarE. LongleyT. DonaldsonJ. JaroszM. MurphyK. AdamsP. SmithP. JamesR. RichardsJ. SedaniS. AlthouseD. WatsonD. LorimerJ. LauderS. SchultheisR. WomerT. WraightE. LiW. Price-OlsenE. WatsonA. KellyA. McLaughlinP. FlemingJ. SchubertJ. SchleidenD. HarrisT. PrakashR. BrenemanJ. DeshpandeS. SaswadkarA. KumariA. ShitutA. RaoraneA. KarmalkarA. MhambreyA. BhosaleA. VaphareA. PatilA.P. KhandelwalC. ShaikF. NadarM. KarkaM. KadgaonkarN. GuptaN. AherN. PotnisO. NaickerP. ShindeR. SharmaR. GodseR. SolankiS. SahuS. DumbreS. KumarS. PatilS. MandalT. Harmony Outcomes committees and investigators Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.Lancet2018392101571519152910.1016/S0140‑6736(18)32261‑X30291013
     [Google Scholar]
  199. LiF.-f. GaoG. LiQ. ZhuH.-h. SuX.-f. WuJ.-d. YeL. MaJ.-h. Influence of dapagliflozin on glycemic variations in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.J. Diabetes Res.20162016534726210.1155/2016/5347262
     [Google Scholar]
  200. PignatelliP. BarattaF. BuzzettiR. D’AmicoA. CastellaniV. BartimocciaS. SienaA. D’OnofrioL. MaddaloniE. PingitoreA. ChiarielloG.A. SantilliF. PastoriD. CocomelloN. VioliF. Del BenM. CammisottoV. CarnevaleR. The sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce platelet activation and thrombus formation by lowering NOX2-related oxidative stress: A pilot study.Antioxidants20221110187810.3390/antiox1110187836290601
     [Google Scholar]
  201. PergolaP.E. RaskinP. TotoR.D. MeyerC.J. HuffJ.W. GrossmanE.B. KrauthM. RuizS. AudhyaP. Christ-SchmidtH. WittesJ. WarnockD.G. BEAM Study Investigators Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes.N. Engl. J. Med.2011365432733610.1056/NEJMoa110535121699484
     [Google Scholar]
  202. KatoM. NatarajanR. Epigenetics and epigenomics in diabetic kidney disease and metabolic memory.Nat. Rev. Nephrol.201915632734510.1038/s41581‑019‑0135‑630894700
     [Google Scholar]
  203. ZhangJ. ChenY. ZouL. JinL. YangB. ShuY. GongR. Dose-response relationship between dietary antioxidant intake and diabetic kidney disease in the US adults with diabetes.Acta Diabetol.202360101365137510.1007/s00592‑023‑02125‑937347448
     [Google Scholar]
  204. WangM. HuangZ. ZhuY. HeP. FanQ.L. Association between the composite dietary antioxidant index and chronic kidney disease: evidence from NHANES 2011-2018.Food Funct.202314209279928610.1039/D3FO01157G37772927
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673298815240605071808
Loading
Supplementation of Antioxidants in Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical Necessity or Wishful Thinking? A Bench to Bedside Translational Research
Curr. Med. Chem. 32, 8783 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298673298815240605071808
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673298815240605071808
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673298815240605071808
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): Antioxidants; cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; hemodialysis; lipid peroxidation; N-acetylcysteine; peritoneal dialysis; protein oxidation; vitamin C; vitamin E

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test