Current Green Chemistry - Volume 10, Issue 2, 2023

Pharmaceutical drug wastes are pharmaceutical molecules that may be released into the environment through various ways, like from pharmaceutical industries, hospitals, or health care channels. Such molecules may be poisonous to the aquatic environment, aquatic lives as well as human beings. In the green approaches toward their treatment, fungi and their extracellular or intracellular enzymes may be significantly useful in the bioremediation of pharmaceutical pollutants. This editorial presents a brief overview of the fungal-assisted bioremediation of pharmaceutical drugs present as wastes and the fate of the fungal applicability towards such bioremediation processes.

Green inhibitors for metal corrosion were mostly known as plant extracts but in the series of studies, parasites had some active biomaterials that inhibited metal corrosion. The extracts of different parasites, tick (Hyalomma), fly larva (Oestrus), and leech (Hirudo) were used in acidic media for metal corrosion inhibition. Total proteins of Hyalomma and Hirudo were also extracted and used for the investigation of protein role in metal corrosion inhibition. In extract examinations, parasites can be candidates for green inhibition of metal corrosion. During the experiment processes, the collagen of Hirudo was dissolved and the chitin of arthropods was also dissolved to chitosan and coated the metal surfaces. In the extracted proteins examinations, the corrosion inhibition of Hirudo was much better than Hyalomma. According to different research, arthropods (as chitin-rich) and leech (as collagen-rich) parasites could inhibit metal corrosion in acidic media, suggesting a bridge between parasitology and engineering.

The synthesis of fuels and fine chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass is the most widely envisioned approach toward the implementation of renewable feedstocks. Significant advances have been made in the selective conversion of biomass-derived platform chemicals. This minireview mainly elucidates the mechanism of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) synthesis, including the dehydration of carbohydrates via acyclic and cyclic mechanisms as well as the Maillard reactions. It also highlights the fundamental aspects of reaction mechanisms, recent progress, and challenges.

This short review presents an overview of the effectiveness of β-bromoaldehyde as synthetic tool in organic chemistry. Few groups have reported significant contributions on β-bromoaldehyde. The aim of our short review was to give an overview of the latest advances in the chemistry of β- bromoaldehyde from their preparation to their transformations and applications in organic synthesis of some heterocyclic and carbocyclic molecules by using palladium-catalyzed reaction.

Resveratrol is a stilbene class of phenolic phytochemical that has a wide range of utilization in several industries, including pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. It is available in several plants, including grapes, berries, and peanuts. Major focus of research regarding resveratrol has been its therapeutic potential against major diseases, including cardiovascular, inflammatory, cancer, microbial and age-related diseases. However, its extraction methods have not been of much discussion. In this review, nonconventional methods, including supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, microwave- assisted extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, and high hydrostatic pressure extraction have been discussed in contrast to widely implemented conventional extraction methods. Nonconventional methods are considerably advanced over conventional methods. In this review, the efficiency of various nonconventional methods via optimization of their extraction parameters, such as the effects of modifiers, solvents, pressure, temperature, and extraction time, have been evaluated. Improvised extraction methods may result in cost-effective isolation of resveratrol.

Chloroarenes are important from both academic and industrial points of view. They are useful intermediates and building blocks in manufacturing a range of bulk and fine aromatic chemicals, dyes, flame retardants in electronic boards, disinfectants, and pharmaceutical drugs. In addition, diverse agrochemicals, synthetic drugs, and natural products are chloroarenes. Although conventional chlorination of arenes is a well-established transformation that has been studied in detail in many textbooks, current challenges have driven scientists to design new strategies that can address the need for efficiency and sustainability. The oxidative chlorination reaction proceeds via an oxidation step of the chloride ion to generate the active electrophilic chlorenium species in situ. In these regards, the present review focused on the main achievementsof the oxidative chlorination of arenes, with special focus on their generality and green aspects. Therefore, the use of different oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, iodine(III) reagents, enzymes) and conditions of electrochemistry and photocatalysis are presented.

Background: Biocatalytic reactions are known as a green technology, capable of delivering highly stereo-, chemo- and regioselective transformations that usually reduce the number of steps in a synthetic route. Objective: This work describes a process for the production of a key chiral intermediate N-ethyl-Nmethyl- carbamic acid-3-(1S-hydroxy-ethyl)-phenyl ester converted into chiral alcohol which can be further converted into rivastigmine. Methods: The fungi isolated from different soil samples by the soil dilution plate technique were screened for their ability to convert the selected intermediate. The selected organism is further grown under fermentation for gram scale conversion. Results: Among the different fungi isolated Fusarium graminearum selected for further study for reaction optimization and gram scale conversion of the ketone substrate. Conclusion: The reaction under fermentative condition for 48 hours at 30°C, pH 6 with agitation speed of 200rpm found to be optimal condition for the overall bioreduction process of the ketone employed in the study.

Introduction: A new, ecological, and stability-indicating method by HPLC was developed for the quantification of moxifloxacin in tablets. A C18 column at 33°C, purified water acidified with 0.2% phosphoric acid and ethanol (74:26,v/v), flow rate at 1.0 mLmin^-1, injection volume of 5 µL, and detection at 290 nm was used. Method: The method was linear (2-12 µgmL^-1), selective, accurate (100.86%), precise (RSD<2%), and robust. Result: The retention time for moxifloxacin in tablets was approximately 4.4 minutes. Conclusion: To sum up, a method based on the principles of green analytical chemistry was successfully developed and validated for the quantification of moxifloxacin in tablets.

Introduction: Expanding utilization of pesticides can provoke serious issues due to their biomagnification and persistent nature. Eventual contamination of fresh daily-consumed food by pesticide constitutes a human food security problem. Methods: The present investigation planned to check out whether the most hazardous pesticides could be found in a varied collection of wheat, vegetables and fruit, on the other hand, we attempted to know if some banned and no more commercialized pesticides could be even detected. Effectively, we have chosen to analyze wheat, potato, tomato, apple, peach and grape, so, after the extraction procedure of pesticides, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify some hazardous compounds (organochlorines and organophosphorus). These compounds were used as standards to generate calibration curves and estimate precisely their concentration in the tested samples using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Results: The results have shown the presence of an important quantity of pesticides that are no more used (banned) for decades for agriculture purposes but they are still used as veterinary drugs, such as lindane (0.2 ppm grape, 0.32 ppm tomato) and fenchlorphos (0.5 ppm grape). Conclusion: This survey should be routinely executed by scientists and concerned authorities to control pesticides circulation with their exact amounts in food and other environmental matrices as well as eventual contamination with another toxic element.