Current Drug Safety - Online First

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, is used to treat gram-positive infections. Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, is used to treat gram-positive infections. However, it may also lead to serious adverse effects, including bone marrow suppression, optic neuropathy it may also lead to serious adverse effects, including bone marrow suppression, optic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, hyponatremia, and lactic acidosis. This review evaluates the existing evidence concerning the adverse effects of linezolid in patients undergoing treatment with this medication, both in the short and long term. The objective of this review is to summarize the most significant adverse effects associated with linezolid. A search of PubMed was conducted for articles related to linezolid and its potential adverse effects, which include thrombocytopenia, anemia, neutropenia, lactic acidosis, optic neuropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. Thrombocytopenia frequently develops within the first two weeks of therapy, whereas anemia is more likely to manifest during prolonged treatment courses. Risk factors for linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia include elevated trough concentrations (>8 mg/L), renal impairment, low body weight, and severe liver dysfunction. Patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and bone infections are at an increased risk for anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and optic neuropathy. Additionally, lactic acidosis and hyponatremia can occur at any stage during treatment.

The development of self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) has revolutionized pharmaceutical formulation by providing an advanced method of increasing medication bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. The systems encapsulate hydrophobic drugs in nanoscale droplets and enable them to be soluble and stable in water via the spontaneous formation of oil in water emulsions when gently agitated. Using SMEDDS, pharmaceuticals can be extended to offer enhanced therapeutic potential, and new medicines can be developed that were previously impossible to develop due to their bioavailability limitations. They are versatile and user-friendly, helping to reduce pill burden and improve comfort, which can support better compliance and outcomes. Challenges such as formulation stability and regulatory compliance have been identified in various literature as hurdles for adopting SMEDDS in clinical applications. To address these gaps, this work covers multiple components used in SMEDDS, their classification, formulation methods, characterization, and their advantages and disadvantages. In order to expedite the application of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) in pharmaceutical research, it offers comprehensive statistics on all the necessary aspects of self-micro-emulsifying formulations. Several emulsion-based technologies suitable for edible delivery methods in the drug, cosmetics, and other industries are described. These consist of filled hydrogel particles, solid lipid particles, multiple emulsions, multilayer emulsions, and traditional emulsions.

The growing popularity of personalized medicine presents new hazards and difficulties for pharmacovigilance. This implies that it needs to modify its current approach. This research examines how drug safety monitoring for certain medications evolves over time. We briefly discuss the connection between meticulous pharmacovigilance procedures and adaptable treatment approaches. We describe how pharmacogenetics may be used to make drugs safer and how genetic testing may be used to forecast a drug's potential side effects. With an emphasis on post-marketing monitoring in phase IV, we address shortcomings of research on pre-marketing and the need for a comprehensive strategy for medication safety. The significance of pharmacogenetics in reducing risk before exposure and the need to reconsider pharmacoepidemiological techniques for monitoring outcomes after exposure are discussed in the study. We emphasize the significance of including genetic patient-specific profiles in publications related to tailored therapy and the use of state-of-the-art computer techniques for data processing. We also discuss privacy, ethical, and data security issues that arise with precision medicine, emphasizing the consequences for patient consent and data management.

Insomnia is becoming a concern in general practice as it affects around 30% of adults. It is a sleep disorder characterized by trouble getting asleep, staying asleep, waking up early, and difficulty falling back to sleep. The most commonly used hypnotics, such as benzodiazepines, Z drugs, etc, are associated with various issues, including psychomotor and cognitive impairment. Dual orexin receptor antagonists are an emerging class of hypnotics used to treat insomnia. Suvorexant is a first-in-class dual orexin receptor antagonist approved by the US FDA in 2014 for the treatment of insomnia. Suvorexant is administered orally, absorbed well, metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzyme, and excreted through feces. Some common adverse effects of suvorexant are headache, somnolence, dizziness, diarrhea, cough, abnormal dreams, and upper respiratory tract infection. The current paper aimed to review the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties of suvorexant.

Docetaxel exhibits high protein binding and P450-mediated metabolism, which influences its pharmacokinetics. As a taxane-family chemotherapeutic agent, it stabilizes microtubules and disrupts cell division. Combining docetaxel with agents like 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin enhances treatment outcomes for colon cancer. Emerging drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles and micelles, aim to improve efficacy while reducing toxicity. However, its safety during pregnancy remains uncertain, and ongoing clinical trials continue to evaluate its therapeutic potential.

This review addresses the significant part pharmacological treatment plays in treating gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), therefore enhancing the results for mother and child. Talking about the frequency and relevance of GDM would help to underline the need for good management. The pathophysiology presents a thorough examination of the fundamental processes, clarifying how hormonal changes seen during pregnancy lead to insulin resistance and raised blood sugar levels. The pharmacological treatment approaches for GDM, including insulin treatment and oral hypoglycemic medications, are investigated in this paper. Taking into consideration the hazards of generating birth deformities and safety data, the paper also evaluates the safety of the drugs in diabetes pregnancy in order to offer best treatment results. Moreover, the function of pharmacists in GDM highlights their significance in patient education, ensuring adherence to medication and overseeing therapy in collaboration with multidisciplinary teams. Furthermore, the impact of pharmaceutical care on maternal and neonatal outcomes demonstrates how pharmaceutical interventions can effectively reduce complications like preeclampsia and neonatal hypoglycemia, highlighting the importance of personalized medication management. Finally, the challenges and future directions of GDM address the difficulties in pharmaceutical care, including patient compliance, healthcare access and emerging treatment methods, calling for more research and policy initiatives to improve pharmaceutical care frameworks and enhance health outcomes for both mothers and infants. This comprehensive review highlights the need for integrated pharmaceutical care in managing GDM and its potential to improve health outcomes for both mothers and infants.