Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 6
  • ISSN: 1573-403X
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6557

Abstract

In the modern world, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is thought to be the most prevalent endocrine condition affecting women. Compared to their normal counterparts, PCOS patients have higher rates of morbidity and death because they are more susceptible to these anomalies from an early age. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and PCOS are prevalent in women. PCOS often results from a combination of hereditary and environmental causes. Insulin resistance (IR) is considered the primary cause of several metabolic risk factors, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension (HTN). Additionally, patients with PCOS may also have elevated levels of non-traditional factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), coronary artery calcification (CAC), as well as endothelial dysfunction, which raises the likelihood of complications from CVD. This review utilizes statistics and data mostly sourced from research in India, offering insight into the nation's distinct PCOS prevalence and related cardiovascular risks. To lessen the impact of PCOS in the modern world, prompt identification and effective management of these warning signs with food, lifestyle changes, and/or medication are crucial. The research that examined the potential impact of PCOS on the most prevalent CVD-hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia-is reviewed in this study. Measuring subclinical atherosclerosis, such as coronary artery calcium or carotid plaque, might help inform shared decision-making over the start of statin therapy when CVD risk is unknown.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/ccr/10.2174/011573403X349035250408050637
2025-04-23
2025-10-12

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/ccr/10.2174/011573403X349035250408050637
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. WitchelS.F. OberfieldS.E. PeñaA.S. Polycystic ovary syndrome: Pathophysiology, presentation, and treatment with emphasis on adolescent girls.J. Endocr. Soc.2019381545157310.1210/js.2019‑00078 31384717
     [Google Scholar]
  2. LegroR.S. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: A premature association?Endocr. Rev.200324330231210.1210/er.2003‑0004 12788801
     [Google Scholar]
  3. ChaudhuriA. PCOS: Causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, and remedies.Obes. Med.20233910048010.1016/j.obmed.2023.100480
     [Google Scholar]
  4. DuicăF. DanialC.A. BobocA.E. Impact of increased oxidative stress on cardiovascular diseases in women with Polycystic ovary syndrome.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)20211261467910.3389/fendo.2021.614679 33679617
     [Google Scholar]
  5. DokrasA. Cardiovascular disease risk in women with PCOS.Steroids201378877377610.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.009 23624351
     [Google Scholar]
  6. SeiduB.S. OsmanH. SeiduS. Lifestyle or pharmacotherapy in cardio-metabolic disease prevention.Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis.2023171753944723117717510.1177/17539447231177175 37381922
     [Google Scholar]
  7. OsibogunO. OgunmorotiO. MichosE.D. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiometabolic risk: Opportunities for cardiovascular disease prevention.Trends Cardiovasc. Med.202030739940410.1016/j.tcm.2019.08.010 31519403
     [Google Scholar]
  8. ChoL. DavisM. ElgendyI. Summary of updated recommendations for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women: JACC state-of-the-art review.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.202075202602261810.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.060 32439010
     [Google Scholar]
  9. GuanC. ZahidS. MinhasA.S. Polycystic ovary syndrome: A ‘risk-enhancing’ factor for cardiovascular disease.Fertil. Steril.2022117592493510.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.03.009 35512976
     [Google Scholar]
  10. BalajiS. Urban rural comparisons of Polycystic ovary syndrome burden among adolescent girls in a hospital setting in India.BioMed Res. Int.201520151158951 25629036
     [Google Scholar]
  11. JoshiB. MukherjeeS. PatilA. PurandareA. ChauhanS. VaidyaR. A cross-sectional study of polycystic ovary syndrome among adolescent and young girls in Mumbai, India.Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.201418331732410.4103/2230‑8210.131162 24944925
     [Google Scholar]
  12. JosephN. ReddyA.G. JoyD. Study on the proportion and determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome among health sciences students in south India.J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med.20167216610.4103/0976‑9668.184704 27433068
     [Google Scholar]
  13. GillH. TiwariP. DabadghaoP. Prevalence of pcos in young women from north India: A community-based study.Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.201216Suppl. 2S389S39210.4103/2230‑8210.104104 23565440
     [Google Scholar]
  14. NidhiR. PadmalathaV. NagarathnaR. AmritanshuR. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in Indian adolescents.J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol.201124422322710.1016/j.jpag.2011.03.002 21600812
     [Google Scholar]
  15. DasC. Rural-urban comparison of polycystic ovary syndrome in Assam, India: A hospital based cross-sectional study.Glob Ind Medi202322116
     [Google Scholar]
  16. AzzizR. WoodsK.S. ReynaR. KeyT.J. KnochenhauerE.S. YildizB.O. The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.20048962745274910.1210/jc.2003‑032046 15181052
     [Google Scholar]
  17. GanieM.A. VasudevanV. WaniI.A. BabaM.S. ArifT. RashidA. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics & management of polycystic ovary syndrome in India.Indian J. Med. Res.2019150433334410.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1937_17 31823915
     [Google Scholar]
  18. AtiomoW. RizwanM.N.H. BajwaM.H. Prevalence and diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome using electronic health records: A scoping review and a database analysis.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health202421335410.3390/ijerph21030354 38541353
     [Google Scholar]
  19. DhanyaS.S. Insights and perspectives on polycystic ovary syndrome: A narrative review.Int. J. Mol. Sci.19852294905
     [Google Scholar]
  20. SorensenJ.T. A physiologic model of glucose metabolism in man and its use to design and assess improved insulin therapies for diabetes.1985
     [Google Scholar]
  21. MichaelM.D. KahnC.R. Defects in early insulin signaling in skeletal muscle.In: Muscle Metabolism. Bara Boca.CRC Press2002376610.1201/9780203166420.ch2
     [Google Scholar]
  22. LiauchonakI. DawoudF. RiatY. The biased g-protein-coupled receptor agonism bridges the gap between the insulin receptor and the metabolic syndrome.Int. J. Mol. Sci.201819257510.3390/ijms19020575 29462993
     [Google Scholar]
  23. SangarajuS.L. YepezD. GrandesX.A. ManjunathaR.T. HabibS. Cardio-metabolic disease and Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A narrative review.Cureus2022145 35719759
     [Google Scholar]
  24. CerriE. Obesity and endothelial dysfunction: Mechanisms, method development and interventions. Doctoral Thesis, University of Birmingham2010
     [Google Scholar]
  25. ZhaoH. ZhangJ. ChengX. NieX. HeB. Insulin resistance in Polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: An updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment.J. Ovarian Res.2023161910.1186/s13048‑022‑01091‑0 36631836
     [Google Scholar]
  26. WestS. Excess body weight, hyperandrogenism and Polycystic ovary syndrome: Impact on women’s reproductive and metabolic health2018
     [Google Scholar]
  27. HuangY. CaiX. MaiW. LiM. HuY. Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ2016355i595310.1136/bmj.i5953 27881363
     [Google Scholar]
  28. AlbertiK.G.M.M. EckelR.H. GrundyS.M. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; World heart federation; International atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity.Circulation2009120161640164510.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 19805654
     [Google Scholar]
  29. EssahP.A. NestlerJ.E. The metabolic syndrome in Polycystic ovary syndrome.J. Endocrinol. Invest.20062927028010.1007/BF03345554 16682845
     [Google Scholar]
  30. LimS.S. KakolyN.S. TanJ.W.J. Metabolic syndrome in Polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression.Obes. Rev.201920233935210.1111/obr.12762 30339316
     [Google Scholar]
  31. LegroR.S. KunselmanA.R. DunaifA. Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia in women with Polycystic ovary syndrome.Am. J. Med.2001111860761310.1016/S0002‑9343(01)00948‑2 11755503
     [Google Scholar]
  32. WildR.A. RizzoM. CliftonS. CarminaE. Lipid levels in Polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Fertil. Steril.20119531073107910.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.12.027 21247558
     [Google Scholar]
  33. MeunC. GunningM.N. LouwersY.V. The cardiovascular risk profile of middle‐aged women with Polycystic ovary syndrome.Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)202092215015810.1111/cen.14117 31638273
     [Google Scholar]
  34. IftikharS. Collazo-ClavellM.L. RogerV.L. Polycystic ovary syndrome.Neth. J. Med.201270274 22418753
     [Google Scholar]
  35. KałużnaM. Czlapka-MatyasikM. KompfP. Lipid ratios and obesity indices are effective predictors of metabolic syndrome in women with Polycystic ovary syndrome.Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab.2022132042018821106670010.1177/20420188211066699
     [Google Scholar]
  36. PodgórskaK. PułaA. KrzysiekU. Cardiometabolic consequences of PCOS.J. Educ. Health Sport2023131130135
     [Google Scholar]
  37. JohamA.E. KakolyN.S. TeedeH.J. EarnestA. Incidence and predictors of hypertension in a cohort of australian women with and without Polycystic ovary syndrome.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.202110661585159310.1210/clinem/dgab134 33693653
     [Google Scholar]
  38. CesenaF.H.Y. NaryF.C. SantosR.D. BittencourtM.S. The contribution of the systolic and diastolic components for the diagnosis of arterial hypertension under the 2017 acc/aha guideline and metabolic heterogeneity among individuals with Stage 1 hypertension.J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)20202271192119910.1111/jch.13907 32558248
     [Google Scholar]
  39. MarchesanL.B. SpritzerP.M. ACC/AHA 2017 definition of high blood pressure: Implications for women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Fertil. Steril.2019111357958710.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.034 30827526
     [Google Scholar]
  40. MoinA.S.M. SathyapalanT. AtkinS.L. ButlerA.E. Renin-angiotensin system overactivation in polycystic ovary syndrome, A risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection?Metab. Open2020710005210.1016/j.metop.2020.100052 32838280
     [Google Scholar]
  41. PanH. XianP. YangD. PCOS is an independent risk factor for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.Endocrine20217451852910.1007/s12020‑021‑02886‑9 34655376
     [Google Scholar]
  42. HelvaciN. YildizB.O. The impact of ageing and menopause in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)202297337138210.1111/cen.14558 34288042
     [Google Scholar]
  43. GunningM.N. MeunC. van RijnB.B. The cardiovascular risk profile of middle age women previously diagnosed with premature ovarian insufficiency: A case-control study.PLoS One2020153e022957610.1371/journal.pone.0229576 32134933
     [Google Scholar]
  44. ÖzkanS. YılmazÖ.Ç. YavuzB. Increased masked hypertension prevalence in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Clin. Exp. Hypertens.202042868168410.1080/10641963.2020.1772815 32476487
     [Google Scholar]
  45. MeunC. FrancoO.H. DhanaK. High androgens in postmenopausal women and the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: The rotterdam study.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.201810341622163010.1210/jc.2017‑02421 29408955
     [Google Scholar]
  46. WekkerV. van DammenL. KoningA. Long-term cardiometabolic disease risk in women with PCOS: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Hum. Reprod. Update202026694296010.1093/humupd/dmaa029 32995872
     [Google Scholar]
  47. BarberT.M. FranksS. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome.Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)202195453154110.1111/cen.14421 33460482
     [Google Scholar]
  48. SongM.J. ChoiJ.Y. Androgen dysfunction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Role of sex hormone binding globulin.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)202213105370910.3389/fendo.2022.1053709 36482993
     [Google Scholar]
  49. MartinH.I. PařízekA. ŠimjákP. Steroids, steroid associated substances, and gestational diabetes mellitus.Physiol. Res.202170Suppl. 4S617S63410.33549/physiolres.934794 35199547
     [Google Scholar]
  50. WildS. PierpointT. McKeigueP. JacobsH. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long‐term follow‐up: A retrospective cohort study.Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)200052559560010.1046/j.1365‑2265.2000.01000.x 10792339
     [Google Scholar]
  51. EchiburúB. CrisostoN. MaliqueoM. Metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome across adult life.Metabolism201665577678210.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.006 27085784
     [Google Scholar]
  52. LimS.S. DaviesM.J. NormanR.J. MoranL.J. Overweight, obesity and central obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Hum. Reprod. Update201218661863710.1093/humupd/dms030 22767467
     [Google Scholar]
  53. BarryJ.A. AziziaM.M. HardimanP.J. Risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Hum. Reprod. Update201420574875810.1093/humupd/dmu012 24688118
     [Google Scholar]
  54. JohnsonJ-E. DaleyD. TartaC. StanciuP.I. Risk of endometrial cancer in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis.Oncol. Lett.20232541910.3892/ol.2023.13754 36960190
     [Google Scholar]
  55. GottschauM. KjaerS.K. JensenA. MunkC. MellemkjaerL. Risk of cancer among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A Danish cohort study.Gynecol. Oncol.201513619910310.1016/j.ygyno.2014.11.012 25451694
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/ccr/10.2174/011573403X349035250408050637
Loading
Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with PCOS in India: A Review
Curr. Cardiol. Rev. 21, e1573403X349035 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X349035250408050637
/content/journals/ccr/10.2174/011573403X349035250408050637
/content/journals/ccr/10.2174/011573403X349035250408050637
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemia; hypertension; insulin resistance; Polycystic ovary syndrome

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test