Skip to content
2000
image of Potential Antibacterial of Leaf Sirih Merah Against Enterococcus Faecalis ATCC 29212 Bacteria

Abstract

Background

Dental root canal failure is a disease caused by gram-positive bacteria, . The disease is caused by the bacterial cell wall consisting of a peptidoglycan layer that protects the bacteria from internal osmotic pressure. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis includes many enzymes, such as MurA, Penicillin-binding protein (PBP), and SrtA. Herbal plants are a source of bioactive compounds, including antibacterial agents. There is information that red betel leaves, also known as , contain active substances such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. However, there is no additional information on the antibacterial properties of and the molecular mechanisms that affect the cell wall of bacteria.

Objective

This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the extract , screen and study the antibacterial compounds of red betel leaves against oral pathogenic bacteria, namely through molecular docking.

Methods

The n-hexan:ea (9:1) fraction of extract was tested for inhibition zones against bacteria, fractions that had positive results were then identified using the LC-MS method. The LC-MS resulting compounds were tested using .

Results

Antibacterial in the n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1) fraction of Red Betel Leaf has the best concentration of 10% with a moderate inhibition zone category. LC-MS test results identified compounds including Longicamphenylone, m/z 207, Nootkatone m/z 219, and Tridecanal m/z 221. Molecular interactions between these compounds with target proteins, namely MurA, PBP, and SrtA, show lower binding affinity values than natural ligands and positive controls for each protein.

Conclusion

Nootkatone compounds demonstrated potential as MurA and PBP inhibitors, while Longicamphenylone compounds showed potential as SrtA inhibitors. Both compounds have the potential to inhibit peptidoglycan biosynthesis and bacterial cell wall formation through docking simulations.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cchts/10.2174/0113862073344642241120041947
2025-01-10
2025-09-14

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cchts/10.2174/0113862073344642241120041947
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Mulyawati E. Peran Bahan Disinfeksi pada Perawatan Saluran Akar. Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 2016 18 2 205 209 10.22146/majkedgiind.15427
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Jaju S. Jaju P.P. Newer root canal irrigants in horizon: a review. Int. J. Dent. 2011 2011 10.1155/2011/851359 22190936
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Thawre S. Joshi R. Bhardwaj S.B. Bhushan J. Comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of teatree oil, nisin and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis In. Mater. Today Proc. 2020 28 1477 1480 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.824
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Nakajo K. Komori R. Ishikawa S. Ueno T. Suzuki Y. Iwami Y. Takahashi N. Resistance to acidic and alkaline environments in the endodontic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2006 21 5 283 288 10.1111/j.1399‑302X.2006.00289.x 16922926
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Smith C.A. Structure, function and dynamics in the mur family of bacterial cell wall ligases. J. Mol. Biol. 2006 362 4 640 655 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.066 16934839
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Walsh C.T. Wencewicz T.A. Prospects for new antibiotics: a molecule-centered perspective. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 2014 67 1 7 22 10.1038/ja.2013.49 23756684
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Moon T.M. D’Andréa É.D. Lee C.W. Soares A. Jakoncic J. Desbonnet C. Garcia-Solache M. Rice L.B. Page R. Peti W. The structures of penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4) and PBP5 from Enterococci provide structural insights into β-lactam resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 2018 293 48 18574 18584 10.1074/jbc.RA118.006052 30355734
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Li H. Zhou Y. Wang N. Xin Y. Tang L. Ma Y. Identification and characterization of a MurA, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase from cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. J. Hard Tissue Biol. 2012 21 1 17 24 10.2485/jhtb.21.17
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Luo H. Liang D.F. Bao M.Y. Sun R. Li Y.Y. Li J.Z. Wang X. Lu K.M. Bao J.K. In silico identification of potential inhibitors targeting Streptococcus mutans sortase A. Int. J. Oral Sci. 2017 9 1 53 62 10.1038/ijos.2016.58 28358034
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bensen D.C. Rodriguez S. Nix J. Cunningham M.L. Tari L.W. Structure of MurA (UDP- N -acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase) from Vibrio fischeri in complex with substrate UDP- N -acetylglucosamine and the drug fosfomycin. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 2012 68 4 382 385 10.1107/S1744309112006720 22505403
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Barreteau H. Kovač A. Boniface A. Sova M. Gobec S. Blanot D. Cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2008 32 2 168 207 10.1111/j.1574‑6976.2008.00104.x 18266853
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Nikolaidis I. Favini-Stabile S. Dessen A. Resistance to antibiotics targeted to the bacterial cell wall. Protein Sci. 2014 23 3 243 259 10.1002/pro.2414 24375653
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dai H.J. Parker C.N. Bao J.J. Characterization and inhibition study of MurA enzyme by capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002 766 1 123 132 10.1016/S0378‑4347(01)00461‑3 11820287
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Spirig T. Weiner E.M. Clubb R.T. Sortase enzymes in Gram‐positive bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 2011 82 5 1044 1059 10.1111/j.1365‑2958.2011.07887.x 22026821
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Arbain D. Nofrizal N. Ismed F. Yousuf S. Choudhary M.I. Bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoid neolignans from Indonesian red betle leaves (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.). Phytochem. Lett. 2018 24 163 166 10.1016/j.phytol.2018.02.006
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Chairunisa F. Safithri M. Bintang M. Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Red Betel Leaves (Piper crocatum) and Its Fractions against Escherichia coli pBR322. Current Biochemistry 2022 9 1 1 15 10.29244/cb.9.1.1
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Puspita P.J. Safithri M. Sugiharti N.P. Antibacterial Activities of Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) Leaf Extracts. Current Biochemistry 2019 5 3 1 10 10.29244/cb.5.3.1‑10
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Rachmawaty F.J. Julianto T.S. Tamhid H.A. Preliminary study on fractions’ activities of red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaves ethanol extract toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis AIP Conf. Proc. 2018 1954 03004 10.1063/1.5033384
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Suri M.A. Azizah Z. Asra R.A. Review: Traditional Use, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of Red Betel Leaves (Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 2021 9 1 159 163 10.22270/ajprd.v9i1.926
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Hadi S. Screening of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Wight (Karamunting) Compounds that Have the Potential for Breast Cancer, 2023 10.33394/hjkk.v11i2.7189
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Gherairia N. Boukerche S. Chouikh A. Khoudir S. Chefrour A. “Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils From Two Species of Genus Thymus Growing in Different Sites of North Eastern Algerian,” Analele Univ. din Oradea. Fasc. Biol. 2019 26 2 100 104
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kim E.E. S. Chen J. Cheng T. Gindulyte A. He J. He S. Li Q. Shoemaker B. A. Thiessen P. A. Yu B. Zaslavsky L. Zhang J. , & Bolton, “PubChem 2023 update," Nucleic Acids Res. 2023 51 D1 D1 36624667
    [Google Scholar]
  23. BIOVIA Workbook Release 2020; BIOVIA Pipeline Pilot, Release 2020. San Diego Dassault Systèmes 2020
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hatai B. Banerjee S.K. “Molecular docking interaction between superoxide dismutase (receptor) and phytochemicals (ligand) from Heliotropium indicum Linn for detection of potential phytoconstituents: New drug design for releasing oxidative stress condition/inflammation of osteoar,” ~ 1700 ~. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2019 8 2 1700 1706 Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubchem
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Mukai A. Takahashi K. Ashitani T. Antifungal activity of longifolene and its autoxidation products. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod 2018 76 3 1079 1082 10.1007/s00107‑017‑1281‑9
    [Google Scholar]
  26. El Souda S.S. Aboutabl E.A. Maamoun A.A. Hashem F.A. Volatile Constituents and Cytotoxic Activity of Khaya grandifoliola and Khaya senegalensis Flower Extracts. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants 2016 22 2 183 189 10.1080/10496475.2016.1138269
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Yamaguchi T. Antibacterial properties of nootkatone against Gram-positive bacteria. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2019 14 6 1934578X19859999 10.1177/1934578X19859999
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Bounab S. Lograda T. Ramdani M. Chalard P. Figueredo G. Phytochemical Investigations and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Thymelaea Microphylla Essential Oil. Indian Res. J. Pharm. Sci. 2017 4 4 1205 1215 10.21276/irjps.2017.4.4.7
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Wu M.Y. Dai D.Q. Yan H. PRL‐dock: Protein‐ligand docking based on hydrogen bond matching and probabilistic relaxation labeling. Proteins 2012 80 9 2137 2153 10.1002/prot.24104 22544808
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Qiu W. Application-of-AntibioticsAntimicrobial-Agents-on-Dental-CariesBioMed-Research-International.pdf. BioMed Res. Int. 2020 20 20 1 11
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Pantsar T. Poso A. Binding affinity via docking: Fact and fiction 2018 10.3390/molecules23081899
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Yunta M. Docking and {Ligand} {Binding} {Affinity}: {Uses} and {Pitfalls}. Am. J. Model. Optim. 2016 4 October 74 114 10.12691/ajmo‑4‑3‑2
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cchts/10.2174/0113862073344642241120041947
Loading
Potential Antibacterial of Leaf Sirih Merah Against Enterococcus Faecalis ATCC 29212 Bacteria
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0113862073344642241120041947
/content/journals/cchts/10.2174/0113862073344642241120041947
/content/journals/cchts/10.2174/0113862073344642241120041947
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: sirih merah ; Antibacterial ; enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test