Insight into the Basic Mechanisms and Various Modulation Strategies Involved in Cancer Drug Resistance

It is possible for tumors to develop resistance to currently used drugs. However, its increasing incidence necessitates further study and the development of novel therapies This review explores our current understanding of the factors that enable drug resistance, which include, inactivation of the drug, reduced drug uptake, increased drug efflux, metabolic effect, inhibition of apoptosis, epithelialmesenchymal transition, modified membrane transport, and heterogeneity of inherent tumor cell. This manuscript will also explore some genetic and epigenetic alterations that may encourage drug resistance and fundamental mechanisms of the reluctance of drugs in leukemia, ovarian and breast cancer and it concludes with a few solutions for managing drug resistance.