Skip to content
2000
image of Clinicopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Study on Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma and Epithelioid Glioblastoma

Abstract

Purpose

Currently, there is limited information available regarding the clinical features, pathological findings, and detailed molecular characteristics of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) and epithelioid glioblastoma (eGBM).

Methods

In this study, we examined 11 PXA cases [9 grade 2 PXA (PXA G2) and 2 grade 3 PXA (PXA G3)] as well as 15 eGBM cases to investigate their histopathological and molecular associations.

Results

Morphologically, PXA and eGBM exhibited distinct histological features. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed no consistent differences between these glioma subtypes, with the exception of the Ki-67 labeling index. BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 60.0% of PXA cases and 85.7% of eGBM cases through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or sequencing, with complete concordance between the two methods. Molecular analysis further revealed that TERT promoter (TERT-p) mutation and copy number abnormalities were more prevalent in eGBM than in PXA.

Conclusion

In conclusion, PXA and eGBM share similar clinical characteristics but exhibit different histological features. From a molecular perspective, PXA and eGBM belong to the same category and progress through the accumulation of genetic abnormalities, including TERT-p mutations, CDKN2A/B deletions, and TP53 mutations, based on the presence of BRAF mutation; however, larger sample sizes are required for validation.

© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/ccdt/10.2174/0115680096378895251105050919
2026-01-09
2026-01-31

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/ccdt/10.2174/0115680096378895251105050919
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Louis D.N. Ohgaki H. Wiestler O.D. Cavenee W.K. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. 2016 Available from:https://citations.iarc.who.int/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/WHO-Classification-Of-Tumours-Of-The-Central-Nervous-System-2016
  2. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B.K. Aisner D.L. Birks D.K. Foreman N.K. Epithelioid GBMs show a high percentage of BRAF V600E mutation. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2013 37 5 685 698 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31827f9c5e 23552385
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Kepes J.J. Rubinstein L.J. Eng L.F. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: A distinctive meningocerebral glioma of young subjects with relatively favorable prognosisA study of 12 cases. Cancer 1979 44 5 1839 1852 10.1002/1097‑0142(197911)44:5<1839:AID‑CNCR2820440543>3.0.CO;2‑0 498051
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ida C.M. Rodriguez F.J. Burger P.C. Caron A.A. Jenkins S.M. Spears G.M. Aranguren D.L. Lachance D.H. Giannini C. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Natural history and long‐term follow‐up. Brain Pathol. 2015 25 5 575 586 10.1111/bpa.12217 25318587
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Giannini C. Scheithauer B.W. Burger P.C. Brat D.J. Wollan P.C. Lach B. O’Neill B.P. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Cancer 1999 85 9 2033 2045 10.1002/(SICI)1097‑0142(19990501)85:9<2033:AID‑CNCR22>3.0.CO;2‑Z 10223246
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Fukushima H. Nakano Y. Ishii N. Nozuchi N. Okuno T. Yamasaki K. Okada K. Fujisaki H. Kunihiro N. Matsusaka Y. Sakamoto H. Honda-Kitahara M. Ichimura K. Hara J. Inoue T. Histological and genetic analysis of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma suspected of malignant progression over a 12‐year clinical course. Pathol. Int. 2019 69 10 608 613 10.1111/pin.12840 31397529
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Louis D.N. Perry A. Wesseling P. Brat D.J. Cree I.A. Figarella-Branger D. Hawkins C. Ng H.K. Pfister S.M. Reifenberger G. Soffietti R. von Deimling A. Ellison D.W. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: A summary. Neuro-oncol. 2021 23 8 1231 1251 10.1093/neuonc/noab106 34185076
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Alexandrescu S. Korshunov A. Lai S.H. Dabiri S. Patil S. Li R. Shih C.S. Bonnin J.M. Baker J.A. Du E. Scharnhorst D.W. Samuel D. Ellison D.W. Perry A. Epithelioid glioblastomas and anaplastic epithelioid pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas—same entity or first cousins? Brain Pathol. 2016 26 2 215 223 10.1111/bpa.12295 26238627
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Kahramancetin N. Tihan T. Aggressive behavior and anaplasia in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: A plea for a revision of the current WHO classification. CNS Oncol. 2013 2 6 523 530 10.2217/cns.13.56 25054822
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Tanaka S. Nakada M. Nobusawa S. Suzuki S.O. Sabit H. Miyashita K. Hayashi Y. Epithelioid glioblastoma arising from pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with the BRAF V600E mutation. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2014 31 3 172 176 10.1007/s10014‑014‑0192‑2 24894018
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Dias-Santagata D. Lam Q. Vernovsky K. Vena N. Lennerz J.K. Borger D.R. Batchelor T.T. Ligon K.L. Iafrate A.J. Ligon A.H. Louis D.N. Santagata S. BRAF V600E mutations are common in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. PLoS One 2011 6 3 e17948 10.1371/journal.pone.0017948 21479234
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B.K. Aisner D.L. Foreman N.K. BRAF VE1 immunoreactivity patterns in epithelioid glioblastomas positive for BRAF V600E mutation. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2015 39 4 528 540 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000363 25581727
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Pan R. Wang X. Fang R. Xia Q. Wu N. Rao Q. Epithelioid glioblastoma exhibits a heterogeneous molecular feature: A targeted next-generation sequencing study. Front. Oncol. 2022 12 980059 10.3389/fonc.2022.980059 36505786
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Zhang H. Ma X.J. Xiang X.P. Wang Q.Y. Tang J.L. Yu X.Y. Xu J.H. Clinical, morphological, and molecular study on grade 2 and 3 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Curr. Oncol. 2023 30 2 2405 2416 10.3390/curroncol30020183 36826144
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Furuta T. Miyoshi H. Komaki S. Arakawa F. Morioka M. Ohshima K. Nakada M. Sugita Y. Clinicopathological and genetic association between epithelioid glioblastoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Neuropathology 2018 38 3 218 227 10.1111/neup.12459 29532523
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Wang J. Liu Z. Cui Y. Liu Y. Fang J. Xu L. He Y. Du J. Su Y. Zou W. Xu Z. Li G. Evaluation of EZH2 expression, BRAF V600E mutation, and CDKN2A/B deletions in epithelioid glioblastoma and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J. Neurooncol. 2019 144 1 137 146 10.1007/s11060‑019‑03212‑0 31214915
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Jha P. Manjunath N. Singh J. Mani K. Garg A. Kaur K. Sharma M.C. Raheja A. Suri A. Sarkar C. Suri V. Analysis of PD‐L1 expression and T cell infiltration in different molecular subgroups of diffuse midline gliomas. Neuropathology 2019 39 6 413 424 10.1111/neup.12594 31625205
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Reifenberger G. Hentschel B. Felsberg J. Schackert G. Simon M. Schnell O. Westphal M. Wick W. Pietsch T. Loeffler M. Weller M. Predictive impact of MGMT promoter methylation in glioblastoma of the elderly. Int. J. Cancer 2012 131 6 1342 1350 10.1002/ijc.27385 22139906
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Qi P. Yao Q.L. Lao I.W. Ren M. Bai Q.M. Cai X. Xue T. Wei R. Zhou X.Y. A custom next-generation sequencing panel for 1p/19q codeletion and mutational analysis in gliomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2024 83 4 258 267 10.1093/jnen/nlae011 38408388
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Muñoz-Hidalgo L. San-Miguel T. Megías J. Monleón D. Navarro L. Roldán P. Cerdá-Nicolás M. López-Ginés C. Somatic copy number alterations are associated with EGFR amplification and shortened survival in patients with primary glioblastoma. Neoplasia 2020 22 1 10 21 10.1016/j.neo.2019.09.001 31751860
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Brito C. Azevedo A. Esteves S. Marques A.R. Martins C. Costa I. Mafra M. Bravo Marques J.M. Roque L. Pojo M. Clinical insights gained by refining the 2016 WHO classification of diffuse gliomas with: EGFR amplification, TERT mutations, PTEN deletion and MGMT methylation. BMC Cancer 2019 19 1 968 10.1186/s12885‑019‑6177‑0 31623593
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Zou H. Duan Y. Wei D. Zhang Y. Dai J. Li J. Li X. Zhou J. Liu Z. Jin Z. Zhang Z. Yu Y. Hu Z. Molecular features of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Hum. Pathol. 2019 86 38 48 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.08.038 30496796
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Matsumura N. Nakajima N. Yamazaki T. Nagano T. Kagoshima K. Nobusawa S. Ikota H. Yokoo H. Concurrent TERT promoter and BRAF V600E mutation in epithelioid glioblastoma and concomitant low‐grade astrocytoma. Neuropathology 2017 37 1 58 63 10.1111/neup.12318 27302309
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Kanamori M. Suzuki H. Takei H. Sonoda Y. Uenohara H. Tominaga T. Malignant transformation of diffuse astrocytoma to glioblastoma associated with newly developed BRAF V600E mutation. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2016 33 1 50 56 10.1007/s10014‑015‑0231‑7 26404554
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Phillips J.J. Gong H. Chen K. Joseph N.M. van Ziffle J. Bastian B.C. Grenert J.P. Kline C.N. Mueller S. Banerjee A. Nicolaides T. Gupta N. Berger M.S. Lee H.S. Pekmezci M. Tihan T. Bollen A.W. Perry A. Shieh J.T.C. Solomon D.A. The genetic landscape of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Brain Pathol. 2019 29 1 85 96 10.1111/bpa.12639 30051528
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Nakajima N. Nobusawa S. Nakata S. Nakada M. Yamazaki T. Matsumura N. Harada K. Matsuda H. Funata N. Nagai S. Nakamura H. Sasaki A. Akimoto J. Hirato J. Yokoo H. BRAF V600E, TERT promoter mutations and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletions are frequent in epithelioid glioblastomas: A histological and molecular analysis focusing on intratumoral heterogeneity. Brain Pathol. 2018 28 5 663 673 10.1111/bpa.12572 29105198
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Miyahara M. Nobusawa S. Inoue M. Okamoto K. Mochizuki M. Hara T. Glioblastoma with rhabdoid features: Report of two young adult cases and review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2016 86 515.e1 515.e9 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.065 26548829
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Mahajan S. Dandapath I. Garg A. Sharma M.C. Suri V. Sarkar C. The evolution of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: From genesis to molecular alterations and mimics. Lab. Invest. 2022 102 7 670 681 10.1038/s41374‑021‑00708‑0 35031693
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Vaubel R.A. Caron A.A. Yamada S. Decker P.A. Eckel Passow J.E. Rodriguez F.J. Nageswara Rao A.A. Lachance D. Parney I. Jenkins R. Giannini C. Recurrent copy number alterations in low‐grade and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with and without BRAF V600E mutation. Brain Pathol. 2018 28 2 172 182 10.1111/bpa.12495 28181325
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Korshunov A. Chavez L. Sharma T. Ryzhova M. Schrimpf D. Stichel D. Capper D. Sturm D. Kool M. Habel A. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B.K. Rosenblum M. Absalyamova O. Golanov A. Lichter P. Pfister S.M. Jones D.T.W. Perry A. von Deimling A. Epithelioid glioblastomas stratify into established diagnostic subsets upon integrated molecular analysis. Brain Pathol. 2018 28 5 656 662 10.1111/bpa.12566 28990704
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Zheng L.M. Gong J. Zou Y. Zhang M.N. Yu T.P. Hou J. Zhou Q. Chen N. [Epithelioid glioblastoma with BRAF V600E mutation: A clinicopathological and molecular study]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2021 50 3 229 235 33677887
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Sugita Y. Nakashima S. Nakamura Y. Ohshima K. Terasaki M. Maruiwa H. Recurrent left frontal lobe cystic tumor in a 49‐year‐old woman. Neuropathology 2013 33 6 678 681 10.1111/neup.12011 23320761
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Nakajima T. Kumabe T. Shamoto H. Watanabe M. Suzuki H. Tominaga T. Malignant transformation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Acta Neurochir 2006 148 1 67 71 10.1007/s00701‑005‑0549‑8 15912255
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Kepes J.J. Rubinstein L.J. Ansbacher L. Schreiber D.J. Histopathological features of recurrent pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas: Further corroboration of the glial nature of this neoplasm. Acta Neuropathol. 1989 78 6 585 593 10.1007/BF00691285 2816300
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Tella O.I. Herculano M.A. Prandini M.N. Stavale J.N. Aguiar P.H. Malignant transformation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Case report. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2003 61 1 104 106 10.1590/S0004‑282X2003000100020 12715030
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Saikali S. Strat A.L. Heckly A. Stock N. Scarabin J.M. Hamlat A. Multicentric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis Type 1. J. Neurosurg. 2005 102 2 376 381 10.3171/jns.2005.102.2.0376 15739569
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Passone E. Pizzolitto S. D’Agostini S. Skrap M. Gardiman M.P. Nocerino A. Scarzello G. Perilongo G. Non-anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with neuroradiological evidences of leptomeningeal dissemination. Childs Nerv. Syst. 2006 22 6 614 618 10.1007/s00381‑005‑0008‑0 16369851
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Bayιndιr Ç.Ç. Balak N. Karasu A. Kasarogˇlu, D. Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Childs Nerv. Syst. 1997 13 1 50 56 10.1007/s003810050040 9083703
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Asano K. Miyamoto S. Kubo O. Kikkukawa T. Yagihashi A. Ohkuma H. A case of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma presenting with tumor bleeding and cerebrospinal fluid dissemination. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2006 23 1 55 63 10.1007/s10014‑006‑0197‑6 18095120
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Chang H.T. Latorre J.G.S. Hahn S. Dubowy R. Schelper R.L. Pediatric cerebellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: A case of long-term survival after multimodality therapy. Childs Nerv. Syst. 2006 22 6 609 613 10.1007/s00381‑005‑0005‑3 16570197
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Marton E. Feletti A. Orvieto E. Longatti P. Malignant progression in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Personal experience and review of the literature. J. Neurol. Sci. 2007 252 2 144 153 10.1016/j.jns.2006.11.008 17189643
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Hirose T. Ishizawa K. Sugiyama K. Kageji T. Ueki K. Kannuki S. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: A comparative pathological study between conventional and anaplastic types. Histopathology 2008 52 2 183 193 10.1111/j.1365‑2559.2007.02926.x 18184267
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Vu T.M. Liubinas S.V. Gonzales M. Drummond K.J. Malignant potential of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2012 19 1 12 20 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.07.015 22137880
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Mahajan S. Singh J. Dandapath I. Jha P. Chaturvedi S. Ahuja A. Bhardwaj M. Saran R. Garg A. Sharma M.C. Manjunath N. Suri A. Sarkar C. Suri V. Analysis of histomorphologic/molecular association and immune checkpoint regulators in epithelioid glioblastoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Are these tumors potential candidates for immune checkpoint blockade? Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 2024 32 2 84 95 10.1097/PAI.0000000000001179 38158760
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Schindler G. Capper D. Meyer J. Janzarik W. Omran H. Herold-Mende C. Schmieder K. Wesseling P. Mawrin C. Hasselblatt M. Louis D.N. Korshunov A. Pfister S. Hartmann C. Paulus W. Reifenberger G. von Deimling A. Analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2011 121 3 397 405 10.1007/s00401‑011‑0802‑6 21274720
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Behling F. Barrantes-Freer A. Skardelly M. Nieser M. Christians A. Stockhammer F. Rohde V. Tatagiba M. Hartmann C. Stadelmann C. Schittenhelm J. Frequency of BRAF V600E mutations in 969 central nervous system neoplasms. Diagn. Pathol. 2016 11 1 55 10.1186/s13000‑016‑0506‑2 27350555
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Tabouret E. Bequet C. Denicolaï E. Barrié M. Nanni I. Metellus P. Dufour H. Chinot O. Figarella-Branger D. BRAF mutation and anaplasia may be predictive factors of progression-free survival in adult pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 41 12 1685 1690 10.1016/j.ejso.2015.09.012 26454767
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Lassaletta A. Zapotocky M. Mistry M. Ramaswamy V. Honnorat M. Krishnatry R. Guerreiro Stucklin A. Zhukova N. Arnoldo A. Ryall S. Ling C. McKeown T. Loukides J. Cruz O. de Torres C. Ho C.Y. Packer R.J. Tatevossian R. Qaddoumi I. Harreld J.H. Dalton J.D. Mulcahy-Levy J. Foreman N. Karajannis M.A. Wang S. Snuderl M. Nageswara Rao A. Giannini C. Kieran M. Ligon K.L. Garre M.L. Nozza P. Mascelli S. Raso A. Mueller S. Nicolaides T. Silva K. Perbet R. Vasiljevic A. Faure Conter C. Frappaz D. Leary S. Crane C. Chan A. Ng H.K. Shi Z.F. Mao Y. Finch E. Eisenstat D. Wilson B. Carret A.S. Hauser P. Sumerauer D. Krskova L. Larouche V. Fleming A. Zelcer S. Jabado N. Rutka J.T. Dirks P. Taylor M.D. Chen S. Bartels U. Huang A. Ellison D.W. Bouffet E. Hawkins C. Tabori U. Therapeutic and prognostic implications of braf v600e in pediatric low-grade gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017 35 25 2934 2941 10.1200/JCO.2016.71.8726 28727518
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Chatterjee D. Radotra B.D. Aggarwal D. Madan R. Gupta S.K. Analysis of 24 cases of epithelioid glioblastoma: Experience from a tertiary centre of North India. Ann. Diagn. Pathol. 2021 50 151679 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151679 33341703
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Dono A. Vu J. Anapolsky M. Hines G. Takayasu T. Yan Y. Tandon N. Zhu J.J. Bhattacharjee M.B. Esquenazi Y. Ballester L.Y. Additional genetic alterations in BRAF-mutant gliomas correlate with histologic diagnoses. J. Neurooncol. 2020 149 3 463 472 10.1007/s11060‑020‑03634‑1 33009979
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Robinson G.W. Orr B.A. Gajjar A. Complete clinical regression of a BRAF V600E-mutant pediatric glioblastoma multiforme after BRAF inhibitor therapy. BMC Cancer 2014 14 1 258 10.1186/1471‑2407‑14‑258 24725538
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Usubalieva A. Pierson C.R. Kavran C.A. Huntoon K. Kryvenko O.N. Mayer T.G. Zhao W. Rock J. Ammirati M. Puduvalli V.K. Lehman N.L. Primary meningeal pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: A report of 2 cases, one with BRAF V600E mutation and clinical response to the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2015 74 10 960 969 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000240 26352988
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Dasgupta T. Olow A.K. Yang X. Hashizume R. Nicolaides T.P. Tom M. Aoki Y. Berger M.S. Weiss W.A. Stalpers L.J.A. Prados M. David James C. Mueller S. Haas-Kogan D.A. Survival advantage combining a BRAF inhibitor and radiation in BRAF V600E-mutant glioma. J. Neurooncol. 2016 126 3 385 393 10.1007/s11060‑015‑1939‑2 26384810
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Brown N.F. Carter T. Mulholland P. Dabrafenib in BRAFV600-mutated anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. CNS Oncol. 2017 6 1 5 9 10.2217/cns‑2016‑0031 27781490
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Ceccon G. Werner J.M. Dunkl V. Tscherpel C. Stoffels G. Brunn A. Deckert M. Fink G. Galldiks N. Dabrafenib treatment in a patient with an epithelioid glioblastoma and BRAF V600E Mutation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018 19 4 1090 10.3390/ijms19041090 29621181
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Woo P.Y.M. Lam T.C. Pu J.K.S. Li L.F. Leung R.C.Y. Ho J.M.K. Zhung J.T.F. Wong B. Chan T.S.K. Loong H.H.F. Ng H.K. Regression of BRAF V600E mutant adult glioblastoma after primary combined BRAF-MEK inhibitor targeted therapy: A report of two cases. Oncotarget 2019 10 38 3818 3826 10.18632/oncotarget.26932 31217909
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Anwar M.A.F. Murad F. Dawson E. Abd Elmageed Z.Y. Tsumagari K. Kandil E. Immunohistochemistry as a reliable method for detection of BRAF-V600E mutation in melanoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of current published literature. J. Surg. Res. 2016 203 2 407 415 10.1016/j.jss.2016.04.029 27363650
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Capper D. Preusser M. Habel A. Sahm F. Ackermann U. Schindler G. Pusch S. Mechtersheimer G. Zentgraf H. von Deimling A. Assessment of BRAF V600E mutation status by immunohistochemistry with a mutation-specific monoclonal antibody. Acta Neuropathol. 2011 122 1 11 19 10.1007/s00401‑011‑0841‑z 21638088
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Kaley T. Touat M. Subbiah V. Hollebecque A. Rodon J. Lockhart A.C. Keedy V. Bielle F. Hofheinz R.D. Joly F. Blay J.Y. Chau I. Puzanov I. Raje N.S. Wolf J. DeAngelis L.M. Makrutzki M. Riehl T. Pitcher B. Baselga J. Hyman D.M. BRAF Inhibition in BRAFV600 -Mutant Gliomas: Results From the VE-BASKET Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018 36 35 3477 3484 10.1200/JCO.2018.78.9990 30351999
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Reis G.F. Pekmezci M. Hansen H.M. Rice T. Marshall R.E. Molinaro A.M. Phillips J.J. Vogel H. Wiencke J.K. Wrensch M.R. Walsh K.M. Perry A. CDKN2A loss is associated with shortened overall survival in lower-grade (World Health Organization Grades II-III) astrocytomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2015 74 5 442 452 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000188 25853694
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Goutagny S. Nault J.C. Mallet M. Henin D. Rossi J.Z. Kalamarides M. High incidence of activating TERT promoter mutations in meningiomas undergoing malignant progression. Brain Pathol. 2014 24 2 184 189 10.1111/bpa.12110 24261697
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Li Y. Cheng H.S. Chng W.J. Tergaonkar V. Activation of mutant TERT promoter by RAS-ERK signaling is a key step in malignant progression of BRAF-mutant human melanomas. Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2016 113 50 14402 14407 10.1073/pnas.1611106113 27911794
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Nault J.C. Calderaro J. Di Tommaso L. Balabaud C. Zafrani E.S. Bioulac-Sage P. Roncalli M. Zucman-Rossi J. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutation is an early somatic genetic alteration in the transformation of premalignant nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis. Hepatology 2014 60 6 1983 1992 10.1002/hep.27372 25123086
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Panero J. Alves-Paiva R.M. Roisman A. Santana-Lemos B.A. Falcão R.P. Oliveira G. Martins D. Stanganelli C. Slavutsky I. Calado R.T. Acquired TERT promoter mutations stimulate TERT transcription in mantle cell lymphoma. Am. J. Hematol. 2016 91 5 481 485 10.1002/ajh.24324 26852175
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Ebrahimi A. Korshunov A. Reifenberger G. Capper D. Felsberg J. Trisolini E. Pollo B. Calatozzolo C. Prinz M. Staszewski O. Schweizer L. Schittenhelm J. Harter P.N. Paulus W. Thomas C. Kohlhof-Meinecke P. Seiz-Rosenhagen M. Milde T. Casalini B.M. Suwala A. Wefers A.K. Reinhardt A. Sievers P. Kramm C.M. Etminam N. Unterberg A. Wick W. Herold-Mende C. Sturm D. Pfister S.M. Sill M. Jones D.T.W. Schrimpf D. Reuss D.E. Aldape K. Abdullaev Z. Sahm F. von Deimling A. Stichel D. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is a heterogeneous entity with pTERT mutations prognosticating shorter survival. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022 10 1 5 10.1186/s40478‑021‑01308‑1 35012690
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Wang S. He Q. Zhang Q. Guan B. Zhou X. Clinicopathologic features and prognosis of epithelioid glioblastoma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2020 13 7 1529 1539 32782671
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Nobusawa S. Hirato J. Kurihara H. Ogawa A. Okura N. Nagaishi M. Ikota H. Yokoo H. Nakazato Y. Intratumoral heterogeneity of genomic imbalance in a case of epithelioid glioblastoma with BRAF V600E mutation. Brain Pathol. 2014 24 3 239 246 10.1111/bpa.12114 24354918
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Mistry M. Zhukova N. Merico D. Rakopoulos P. Krishnatry R. Shago M. Stavropoulos J. Alon N. Pole J.D. Ray P.N. Navickiene V. Mangerel J. Remke M. Buczkowicz P. Ramaswamy V. Guerreiro Stucklin A. Li M. Young E.J. Zhang C. Castelo-Branco P. Bakry D. Laughlin S. Shlien A. Chan J. Ligon K.L. Rutka J.T. Dirks P.B. Taylor M.D. Greenberg M. Malkin D. Huang A. Bouffet E. Hawkins C.E. Tabori U. BRAF mutation and CDKN2A deletion define a clinically distinct subgroup of childhood secondary high-grade glioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015 33 9 1015 1022 10.1200/JCO.2014.58.3922 25667294
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Zeng C. Wang J. Li M. Wang H. Lou F. Cao S. el al Lu C. Cancer Manag. Res. 2021 13 3573 3588 10.2147/CMAR.S291681 33953611
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Omura T. Takahashi M. Ohno M. Miyakita Y. Yanagisawa S. Tamura Y. Kikuchi M. Kawauchi D. Nakano T. Hosoya T. Igaki H. Satomi K. Yoshida A. Sunami K. Hirata M. Shimoi T. Sudo K. Okuma H.S. Yonemori K. Suzuki H. Ichimura K. Narita Y. Clinical application of comprehensive genomic profiling tests for diffuse gliomas. Cancers 2022 14 10 2454 10.3390/cancers14102454 35626060
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Forshew T. Tatevossian R.G. Lawson A.R.J. Ma J. Neale G. Ogunkolade B.W. Jones T.A. Aarum J. Dalton J. Bailey S. Chaplin T. Carter R.L. Gajjar A. Broniscer A. Young B.D. Ellison D.W. Sheer D. Activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway: A signature genetic defect in posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytomas. J. Pathol. 2009 218 2 172 181 10.1002/path.2558 19373855
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Schiffman J.D. Hodgson J.G. VandenBerg S.R. Flaherty P. Polley M.Y.C. Yu M. Fisher P.G. Rowitch D.H. Ford J.M. Berger M.S. Ji H. Gutmann D.H. James C.D. Oncogenic BRAF mutation with CDKN2A inactivation is characteristic of a subset of pediatric malignant astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2010 70 2 512 519 10.1158/0008‑5472.CAN‑09‑1851 20068183
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Arita H. Yamasaki K. Matsushita Y. Nakamura T. Shimokawa A. Takami H. Tanaka S. Mukasa A. Shirahata M. Shimizu S. Suzuki K. Saito K. Kobayashi K. Higuchi F. Uzuka T. Otani R. Tamura K. Sumita K. Ohno M. Miyakita Y. Kagawa N. Hashimoto N. Hatae R. Yoshimoto K. Shinojima N. Nakamura H. Kanemura Y. Okita Y. Kinoshita M. Ishibashi K. Shofuda T. Kodama Y. Mori K. Tomogane Y. Fukai J. Fujita K. Terakawa Y. Tsuyuguchi N. Moriuchi S. Nonaka M. Suzuki H. Shibuya M. Maehara T. Saito N. Nagane M. Kawahara N. Ueki K. Yoshimine T. Miyaoka E. Nishikawa R. Komori T. Narita Y. Ichimura K. A combination of TERT promoter mutation and MGMT methylation status predicts clinically relevant subgroups of newly diagnosed glioblastomas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016 4 1 79 10.1186/s40478‑016‑0351‑2 27503138
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Ceccarelli M. Barthel F.P. Malta T.M. Sabedot T.S. Salama S.R. Murray B.A. Morozova O. Newton Y. Radenbaugh A. Pagnotta S.M. Anjum S. Wang J. Manyam G. Zoppoli P. Ling S. Rao A.A. Grifford M. Cherniack A.D. Zhang H. Poisson L. Carlotti C.G. Tirapelli D.P.C. Rao A. Mikkelsen T. Lau C.C. Yung W.K.A. Rabadan R. Huse J. Brat D.J. Lehman N.L. Barnholtz-Sloan J.S. Zheng S. Hess K. Rao G. Meyerson M. Beroukhim R. Cooper L. Akbani R. Wrensch M. Haussler D. Aldape K.D. Laird P.W. Gutmann D.H. Noushmehr H. Iavarone A. Verhaak R.G.W. Anjum S. Arachchi H. Auman J.T. Balasundaram M. Balu S. Barnett G. Baylin S. Bell S. Benz C. Bir N. Black K.L. Bodenheimer T. Boice L. Bootwalla M.S. Bowen J. Bristow C.A. Butterfield Y.S.N. Chen Q-R. Chin L. Cho J. Chuah E. Chudamani S. Coetzee S.G. Cohen M.L. Colman H. Couce M. D’Angelo F. Davidsen T. Davis A. Demchok J.A. Devine K. Ding L. Duell R. Elder J.B. Eschbacher J.M. Fehrenbach A. Ferguson M. Frazer S. Fuller G. Fulop J. Gabriel S.B. Garofano L. Gastier-Foster J.M. Gehlenborg N. Gerken M. Getz G. Giannini C. Gibson W.J. Hadjipanayis A. Hayes D.N. Heiman D.I. Hermes B. Hilty J. Hoadley K.A. Hoyle A.P. Huang M. Jefferys S.R. Jones C.D. Jones S.J.M. Ju Z. Kastl A. Kendler A. Kim J. Kucherlapati R. Lai P.H. Lawrence M.S. Lee S. Leraas K.M. Lichtenberg T.M. Lin P. Liu Y. Liu J. Ljubimova J.Y. Lu Y. Ma Y. Maglinte D.T. Mahadeshwar H.S. Marra M.A. McGraw M. McPherson C. Meng S. Mieczkowski P.A. Miller C.R. Mills G.B. Moore R.A. Mose L.E. Mungall A.J. Naresh R. Naska T. Neder L. Noble M.S. Noss A. O’Neill B.P. Ostrom Q.T. Palmer C. Pantazi A. Parfenov M. Park P.J. Parker J.S. Perou C.M. Pierson C.R. Pihl T. Protopopov A. Radenbaugh A. Ramirez N.C. Rathmell W.K. Ren X. Roach J. Robertson A.G. Saksena G. Schein J.E. Schumacher S.E. Seidman J. Senecal K. Seth S. Shen H. Shi Y. Shih J. Shimmel K. Sicotte H. Sifri S. Silva T. Simons J.V. Singh R. Skelly T. Sloan A.E. Sofia H.J. Soloway M.G. Song X. Sougnez C. Souza C. Staugaitis S.M. Sun H. Sun C. Tan D. Tang J. Tang Y. Thorne L. Trevisan F.A. Triche T. Van Den Berg D.J. Veluvolu U. Voet D. Wan Y. Wang Z. Warnick R. Weinstein J.N. Weisenberger D.J. Wilkerson M.D. Williams F. Wise L. Wolinsky Y. Wu J. Xu A.W. Yang L. Yang L. Zack T.I. Zenklusen J.C. Zhang J. Zhang W. Zhang J. Zmuda E. Molecular profiling reveals biologically discrete subsets and pathways of progression in diffuse glioma. Cell 2016 164 3 550 563 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.028 26824661
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Zacher A. Kaulich K. Stepanow S. Wolter M. Köhrer K. Felsberg J. Malzkorn B. Reifenberger G. Molecular diagnostics of gliomas using next generation sequencing of a glioma‐tailored gene panel. Brain Pathol. 2017 27 2 146 159 10.1111/bpa.12367 26919320
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Moran S. Arribas C. Esteller M. Validation of a DNA methylation microarray for 850,000 CpG sites of the human genome enriched in enhancer sequences. Epigenomics 2016 8 3 389 399 10.2217/epi.15.114 26673039
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Capper D. Jones D.T.W. Sill M. Hovestadt V. Schrimpf D. Sturm D. Koelsche C. Sahm F. Chavez L. Reuss D.E. Kratz A. Wefers A.K. Huang K. Pajtler K.W. Schweizer L. Stichel D. Olar A. Engel N.W. Lindenberg K. Harter P.N. Braczynski A.K. Plate K.H. Dohmen H. Garvalov B.K. Coras R. Hölsken A. Hewer E. Bewerunge-Hudler M. Schick M. Fischer R. Beschorner R. Schittenhelm J. Staszewski O. Wani K. Varlet P. Pages M. Temming P. Lohmann D. Selt F. Witt H. Milde T. Witt O. Aronica E. Giangaspero F. Rushing E. Scheurlen W. Geisenberger C. Rodriguez F.J. Becker A. Preusser M. Haberler C. Bjerkvig R. Cryan J. Farrell M. Deckert M. Hench J. Frank S. Serrano J. Kannan K. Tsirigos A. Brück W. Hofer S. Brehmer S. Seiz-Rosenhagen M. Hänggi D. Hans V. Rozsnoki S. Hansford J.R. Kohlhof P. Kristensen B.W. Lechner M. Lopes B. Mawrin C. Ketter R. Kulozik A. Khatib Z. Heppner F. Koch A. Jouvet A. Keohane C. Mühleisen H. Mueller W. Pohl U. Prinz M. Benner A. Zapatka M. Gottardo N.G. Driever P.H. Kramm C.M. Müller H.L. Rutkowski S. von Hoff K. Frühwald M.C. Gnekow A. Fleischhack G. Tippelt S. Calaminus G. Monoranu C.M. Perry A. Jones C. Jacques T.S. Radlwimmer B. Gessi M. Pietsch T. Schramm J. Schackert G. Westphal M. Reifenberger G. Wesseling P. Weller M. Collins V.P. Blümcke I. Bendszus M. Debus J. Huang A. Jabado N. Northcott P.A. Paulus W. Gajjar A. Robinson G.W. Taylor M.D. Jaunmuktane Z. Ryzhova M. Platten M. Unterberg A. Wick W. Karajannis M.A. Mittelbronn M. Acker T. Hartmann C. Aldape K. Schüller U. Buslei R. Lichter P. Kool M. Herold-Mende C. Ellison D.W. Hasselblatt M. Snuderl M. Brandner S. Korshunov A. von Deimling A. Pfister S.M. DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours. Nature 2018 555 7697 469 474 10.1038/nature26000 29539639
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/ccdt/10.2174/0115680096378895251105050919
Loading
Clinicopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Study on Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma and Epithelioid Glioblastoma
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680096378895251105050919
/content/journals/ccdt/10.2174/0115680096378895251105050919
/content/journals/ccdt/10.2174/0115680096378895251105050919
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: Malignant progression ; BRAF V600E mutation ; TERT promoter mutation ; Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma ; Epithelioid glioblastoma

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test