Current Applied Polymer Science - Online First
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Polysaccharides from Nature to Technology: Grafting Techniques and their Applications
Authors: Hitendra Mahajan, Meghraj Suryawanshi, Rahul Sarode and Pranjal GujarathiAvailable online: 17 March 2025More LessPolysaccharides, naturally occurring and renewable biopolymers, have garnered significant attention due to their structural versatility and wide-ranging applications across the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors. This review explores the role of polysaccharides as excipients and their emerging importance in drug delivery systems, gene therapy, tissue engineering, medical implants, and biosensing. With detailed insights into their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, the review highlights the significance of polysaccharides, such as chitosan, alginates, cellulose, hyaluronic acid, pullulans, and xanthan gum, in developing advanced biomaterials. Various grafting techniques, including chemical and physical methods, are examined for their potential to modify surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, targeting ability, and mechanical strength. Despite the promising biomedical applications, challenges persist in optimizing grafting techniques, ensuring biocompatibility, and overcoming regulatory hurdles. This review also enlightens the current market potential of polysaccharides, emphasizing the growing demand for natural and plant-based materials. Future directions should focus on enhancing the scalability of production, improving chemical modification processes, and addressing technical limitations in tissue engineering applications.
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Semi-Empirical Analysis of Polyamide 11 Hybrid Composites: Unveiling the Journey from Simple Models to Complex Theories
Authors: Shaghayegh Armioun, Jimi Tjong and Mohini SainAvailable online: 18 February 2025More LessIntroductionPredicting the properties of hybrid composites is challenging due to their mechanical and thermal heterogeneity, anisotropy, and complex microstructures. This has led to the development of various theoretical models, each tailored to assess specific microstructures and optimize material properties for targeted applications.
MethodsThe present paper presents a semi-empirical analysis of hybrid Polyamide 11 (PA11) composites reinforced with wood and carbon fibers. To predict the tensile modulus of natural fiber composites, methods such as ROM, IROM, Halpin-Tsai, Halpin-Tsai for random fiber orientations, and shear lag model equations were employed and accordingly modified. Employing the “effective matrix” approach, the modified single fiber system equations were further employed for hybrid fiber systems. The HROM, Halpin-Tsai, Halpin-Tsai for random fiber orientations, Halpin-Tsai for hybrid composites, and shear lag model equations were applied and modified for hybrid composites.
Results and DiscussionThe Halpin-Tsai equations for randomly distributed fibers demonstrated the highest level of agreement with the experimental findings. The best-fit values for λL (longitudinal direction) and λT (Transverse direction) for randomly distributed fibers in Halpin-Tsai models were 0.372 and 0.568. These values were in excellent agreement with the original Halpin-Tsai equations for randomly dispersed fibers, which are reported as 0.375 and 0.625, respectively. Similarly, the experimental findings strongly correlate with the Halpin-Tsai equations for hybrid composites documented in the literature. Furthermore, this study effectively derived and employed modified equations from several micromechanical models to accurately predict the tensile modulus for single and hybrid fiber-reinforced composites.
ConclusionHybrid composites of PA11 reinforced with natural and carbon fibers represent a promising approach for sustainable, high-performance materials. This study's experimental results closely align with several established micromechanical models, including the Halpin-Tsai model for both randomly distributed short fibers and hybrid composites. Additionally, existing models for single-fiber composites, such as ROM and shear lag theory, were effectively modified to match the study's experimental data. These modifications accounted for fiber misalignment, inadequate fiber-matrix interaction, fiber breakage, and natural fiber degradation. The modified models' predicted moduli were consistent with the experimental findings for both single-fiber and hybrid systems.
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Applications of Polymers in Biosensors-based Medical Devices
Authors: Ekta Khare and Swarnim SrivastavaAvailable online: 12 February 2025More LessA biosensor-based medical device refers to a device that integrates polymers to detect and measure specific biomolecules for the treatment of disease. Biosensors are now widely used in biological diagnostics and a wide range of other sectors, such as disease treatment and progression tracking, environmental and agricultural monitoring, food safety, drug development, and biomedical and forensics research. This may be the result of concurrent developments in transdisciplinary research, microelectronics technology development, and polymer chemistry. This review summarizes the significance of polymeric materials in contemporary diagnostic techniques employed in healthcare. The study examines polymeric material advancements in the design and manufacture of biosensing agents, substrates, and components, with a focus on contemporary biosensor platforms in biosensing health and disease applications, along with their drawbacks.
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Study of Drug Release of Diclofenac Sodium Matrix Tablets Using Synergistic Effect of HPMC and Xanthan Gum Polymer
Available online: 30 January 2025More LessAimsTo check the release efficacy of active pharmaceutical ingredients from tablet dosage form using synthetic and natural polymers.
BackgroundDiclofenac sodium in sustained release manner tablets was created by Xanthan gum, HPMC, and mixed with both polymers to change the concentration ratio. The dosage form of the tablet was examined for the early stage formulation studies such as repose angle, apparent density, compressibility index, and some corporal properties like weight variant, friability, and content of the drug. For post-formulation studies, like in-vitro studies were implemented in a solution of phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 8 hours. All the corporal properties of the diclofenac sodium tablets were within the limit of tolerance.
ObjectiveThe study checked the Diclofenac Sodium release kinetics from synthetic and natural polymer-modified tablets.
MethodFollowing the wet granulation method, we prepared a diclofenac sodium tablet using HPMC and Xanthan Gum Polymer
ResultThe tablet that contained both HPMC and Xanthan gum (Batch C-I and C-II) shows the best drug content than other polymer-based batches like HPMC (Batch A-I, A-II) and Xanthan gum (Batch B-I, B-II). The great sustained drug release was shown in the HPMC and Xanthan gum mixed polymer-based matrix tablet (Batch C-I). The data showed that the mixing of polymers could lead to sustaining drug release from the formulation.
ConclusionFrom the research, we can conclude that the diclofenac release % was maximum when we used a combination of both polymers in the tablet dosage form.
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Polymeric Microspheres for Herbal Extract Encapsulation: Advanced Formulation Techniques, Biomedical Applications, and Future Prospects
Authors: Akash Rawat, Raju Chourasiya, Prashant Yadav, Shivam Kaushik, Abhishek Vishwakarma, Sushma Arya and Astha SinghAvailable online: 30 January 2025More LessMicrospheres are tiny spherical particles with a diameter of 1 to 1000 μm that play a key role in several industries, most notably medicine delivery. This article provides an extensive overview of polymeric microspheres, including information on their uses, advantages, disadvantages, and various forms. We pay special attention to mucoadhesive microspheres and those containing herbal medicines. Improved bioavailability, regulated release patterns, and increased medicinal efficiency of plant extracts are among the important discoveries. Microspheres can be roughly categorized as either synthetic or natural. Synthetic microspheres provide targeted distribution and controlled medication release. One example of a synthetic microsphere is a biodegradable polymer called poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). They might, however, run into restrictions like burst discharge and difficulties increasing production. On the other hand, natural microspheres made of substances like albumin or starch provide biocompatibility and easy disintegration, but they might not give you exact control over the kinetics of drug release. One subset of microspheres, known as mucoadhesive microspheres, has attracted a lot of attention due to its capacity to stick to mucosal surfaces, increasing bioavailability and extending the duration of drug residence. A variety of polymers, such as chitosan and alginate, which have strong adhesive qualities to mucosal tissues, can be used to create these microspheres. Moreover, the integration of herbal medicines into polymeric microspheres has several benefits, such as increased stability, regulated release, and better therapeutic effectiveness. To sum up, microspheres show great promise as a drug delivery platform. Particular benefits include increased bioavailability, controlled release, and targeted therapy for mucoadhesive microspheres and those containing herbal medicines. This article provides an in-depth review of polymeric microspheres, highlighting their various forms, benefits, drawbacks, and uses, with a particular focus on mucoadhesive microspheres and those encapsulating herbal medications. Key findings include enhanced bioavailability, controlled release profiles, and improved therapeutic efficacy of herbal extracts.
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