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2000
Volume 21, Issue 8
  • ISSN: 1573-4110
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6727

Abstract

Introduction

This research focuses on the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass in the form of activated carbon, which can be further utilized for adsorption studies. Presently, waste generated during cultivation, livestock production, and aquaculture is treated by conventional disposal methods like landfilling, open-field burning and composting, which leads to land contamination and air pollution. Moreover, a potential material like lignocellulosic biomass present in agricultural waste has not been utilized properly despite its many advantages.

Methods

Bio-based circular economy signifies the use of bio-based waste to produce value-added products, which will help in minimizing waste. In this research, activated carbon has been prepared from coconut shells by using two chemical agents such as HPO and ZnCl The washed and dried coconut shells were activated in the temperature range of 600-900°C for 1 hr. The impregnation ratio of dried shells and activating agents taken was 1:1 to 1:3. The activated material was then washed and stored for further characterization and adsorption studies. All the obtained products were then compared to optimize the preparation conditions of temperature and ratio.

Results

Experimental results revealed that, zinc chloride activation gives better results than phosphoric acid activation. Even though HPO is also a good activator, it may cause corrosion of the equipment due to acid and alkali metal attacks. The optimized ratio of impregnation was found to be 1:1 with an activation temperature of 900°C.

Conclusion

These conditions of ratio discovered the mechanism of ZnCl activation. Zinc chloride activation allows the liquid activating agent to intercalate into the carbon matrix and also extends up to interlayers of carbon, which consequently produces pores at a temperature above its melting point. A high amount of activating agent increases the removal of light hydrocarbon and volatile matter due to collapsing of aliphatic and aromatic bonds, thereby causing weight loss.

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2025-12-10

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Optimization of Preparation Conditions of Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon Using H3PO4 and ZnCl2
Current Analytical Chemistry 21, 1105 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110348155241111064942
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110348155241111064942
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110348155241111064942
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): Activation; chemical agents; coconut shells; iodine number; lignocellulosic biomass; optimization

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