Skip to content
2000
image of High-value Utilization of Liubao Tea Residues: Physicochemical Properties and Immunomodulatory Activity of Alkali-extracted Cell Wall Polysaccharides

Abstract

Objective

Liubao tea residues, often discarded as waste, may contain valuable bioactive compounds as polysaccharides. To characterize the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides extracted by 4 mol/L KOH (KTP) and investigate its effects on macrophage activation and immune response.

Methods

KTP was extracted using an alkaline method. Physicochemical characterization was performed using monosaccharide analysis, molecular weight assessment, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, and NMR spectroscopy. Immunomodulatory effects were evaluated through macrophage activation assays, focusing on NO production, cytokine release, and NF-κB pathway modulation.

Results

Monosaccharide analysis identified KTP as a composite of arabinose, mannose, galactose, glucose, and xylose with distinct variations in abundance. Molecular weight analysis revealed KTP as a heterogeneous polysaccharide with fractions KTP-1 and KTP-2 of different molecular sizes. Structural characterization analysis showed specific functional groups, bond arrangements, and helical conformations, elucidating KTP’s intricate surface morphologies and semi-crystalline nature. Additionally, immunomodulatory studies demonstrated KTP’s activation of macrophage pathways the NF-κB pathway, increasing nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production dose-dependently.

Conclusion

This study reveals KTP's rich structural diversity and potent immunomodulatory activity, highlighting its potential as a natural immune booster and possible application in developing functional foods.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
2025-01-29
2025-09-02

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Feng X. Deng H. Huang L. Teng J. Wei B. Xia N. Pang B. Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides during traditional and tank fermentation of chinese liupao tea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2024 72 8 4195 4206 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07447 38354398
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Li J. Wang D. Xing X. Cheng T.J.R. Liang P.H. Bulone V. Park J.H. Hsieh Y.S.Y. Structural analysis and biological activity of cell wall polysaccharides extracted from Panax ginseng marc. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019 135 29 37 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.077 31121231
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Li Y. Sheng Y. Liu J. Xu G. Yu W. Cui Q. Lu X. Du P. An L. Hair-growth promoting effect and anti-inflammatory mechanism of Ginkgo biloba polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Polym. 2022 278 118811 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118811 34973721
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Campestrini L.H. Rasera G.B. de Camargo A.C. Franchin M. Nani B.D. Rosalen P.L. Canniatti-Brazaca S.G. Biasoto A.C.T. Shahidi F. Alencar S.M. Alkaline conditions better extract anti-inflammatory polysaccharides from winemaking by-products. Food Res. Int. 2020 131 108532 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108532 32247498
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Wang H. Teng J. Huang L. Determination of the variations in the metabolic profile and sensory quality of Liupao tea during fermentation through UHPLC-HR-MS metabolomics. Food Chem. 2023 404 Pt B 134773 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134773 36332583
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Qin H. Huang L. Teng J. Wei B. Xia N. Ye Y. Purification, characterization, and bioactivity of Liupao tea polysaccharides before and after fermentation. Food Chem. 2021 353 129419 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129419 33740504
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Shah P.K. Inflammation, infection and atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2019 29 8 468 472 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.01.004 30733074
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Fan X. Xiao X. Mao X. Chen D. Yu B. Wang J. Yan H. Tea bioactive components prevent carcinogenesis via anti‐pathogen, anti‐inflammation, and cell survival pathways. IUBMB Life 2021 73 2 328 340 10.1002/iub.2445 33368980
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Ye Y. Warusawitharana H. Zhao H. Liu Z. Li B. Wu Y. He P. Tu Y. Tea Polyphenols Attenuates Inflammation via Reducing Lipopolysaccharides Level and Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Pathway in Obese Mice. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2022 77 1 105 111 10.1007/s11130‑021‑00937‑0 35138518
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Zhu J. Chen Z. Chen L. Yu C. Wang H. Wei X. Wang Y. Comparison and structural characterization of polysaccharides from natural and artificial Se-enriched green tea. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019 130 388 398 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.102 30794901
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Zhu J. Chen Z. Zhou H. Yu C. Han Z. Shao S. Hu X. Wei X. Wang Y. Effects of extraction methods on physicochemical properties and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from coarse green tea. Glycoconj. J. 2020 37 2 241 250 10.1007/s10719‑019‑09901‑2 31915970
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Zhu J. Chen X. Li F. Wei K. Chen J. Wei X. Wang Y. Preparation, physicochemical and hypoglycemic properties of natural selenium-enriched coarse tea glycoproteins. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2022 77 2 258 264 10.1007/s11130‑022‑00975‑2 35612700
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Lin X. Ji X. Wang M. Yin S. Peng Q. An alkali-extracted polysaccharide from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao: Structural characterizations and antioxidant activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019 136 607 615 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.117 31220502
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Chen C. Wang P. Huang Q. You L.J. Liu R.H. Zhao M. Fu X. Luo Z.G. A comparison study on polysaccharides extracted from Fructus Mori using different methods: structural characterization and glucose entrapment. Food Funct. 2019 10 6 3684 3695 10.1039/C9FO00026G 31168531
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Song X. Ren T. Zheng Z. Lu T. Wang Z. Du F. Tong H. Anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities induced by an alkali-extracted polysaccharide BCAP-1 from Bupleurum chinense via NF-κB signaling pathway. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017 95 357 362 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.112 27884671
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Tang Y. He X. Liu G. Effects of different extraction methods on the structural, antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of red pitaya stem polysaccharide. Food Chem. 2023 405 Pt A 134804 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134804 36356363
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Guo H. Fu M.X. Zhao Y.X. Li H. Li H.B. Wu D.T. Gan R.Y. The chemical, structural, and biological properties of crude polysaccharides from sweet tea (lithocarpus litseifolius (hance) chun) based on different extraction technologies. Foods 2021 10 8 1779 10.3390/foods10081779 34441556
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Sun Y. Hou S. Song S. Zhang B. Ai C. Chen X. Liu N. Impact of acidic, water and alkaline extraction on structural features, antioxidant activities of Laminaria japonica polysaccharides. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018 112 985 995 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.066 29447968
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Souissi N. Boughriba S. Abdelhedi O. Hamdi M. Jridi M. Li S. Nasri M. Extraction, structural characterization, and thermal and biomedical properties of sulfated polysaccharides from razor clam Solen marginatus. RSC Advances 2019 9 20 11538 11551 10.1039/C9RA00959K 35520239
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Zheng L. Ma Y. Zhang Y. Meng Q. Yang J. Wang B. Liu Q. Cai L. Gong W. Yang Y. Shi J. Increased antioxidant activity and improved structural characterization of sulfuric acid-treated stepwise degraded polysaccharides from Pholiota nameko PN-01. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021 166 1220 1229 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.004 33157137
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lin Y. Pi J. Jin P. Liu Y. Mai X. Li P. Fan H. Enzyme and microwave co-assisted extraction, structural characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Purple-heart Radish. Food Chem. 2022 372 131274 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131274 34638061
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Zhong C. Tian W. Chen H. Yang Y. Xu Y. Chen Y. Chen P. Zhu S. Li P. Du B. Structural characterization and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale leaves. J. Food Biochem. 2022 46 1 e14023 10.1111/jfbc.14023 34873736
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Zhu J. Zhou H. Zhang J. Li F. Wei K. Wei X. Wang Y. Valorization of polysaccharides obtained from dark tea: preparation, physicochemical, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic properties. Foods 2021 10 10 2276 10.3390/foods10102276 34681325
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Zhou H. Chen Y. Wang Z. Xie C. Ye D. Guo A. Xie W. Xing J. Zheng M. Preparation, characterization and antioxidant activity of cobalt polysaccharides from qingzhuan dark tea. Heliyon 2023 9 4 e15503 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15503 37151649
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Niu Y. Yan W. Lv J. Yao W. Yu L.L. Characterization of a novel polysaccharide from tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum makino. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013 61 20 4882 4889 10.1021/jf400236x 23627413
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Yao H.Y.Y. Wang J.Q. Yin J.Y. Nie S.P. Xie M.Y. A review of NMR analysis in polysaccharide structure and conformation: Progress, challenge and perspective. Food Res. Int. 2021 143 110290 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110290 33992390
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Qian L. Du M. Yang X. Wang Q. Huang S. Ma Y. Sun Y. Microanalysis characterization and immunomodulatory effect for selenium-enriched polysaccharide from morchella esculenta (l.) pers. Molecules 2023 28 7 2885 10.3390/molecules28072885 37049647
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Huang R. Shen M. Yu Y. Physicochemical characterization and immunomodulatory activity of sulfated Chinese yam polysaccharide. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020 165 Pt A 635 644 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.213 33010270
    [Google Scholar]
  29. McElvaney O.J. Curley G.F. Rose-John S. McElvaney N.G. Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness. Lancet Respir. Med. 2021 9 6 643 654 10.1016/S2213‑2600(21)00103‑X 33872590
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Tian J. Zhang C. Wang X. Rui X. Zhang Q. Chen X. Dong M. Li W. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of intracellular polysaccharide from the mycelium of Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213. Food Res. Int. 2021 147 110515 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110515 34399493
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Li G. Ju Y. Wen Y. Zuo M. Wang C. Zhang X. Hou X. Yang G. Gao J. Screening of Codonopsis radix Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights and Evaluation of Their Immunomodulatory Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2022 27 17 5454 10.3390/molecules27175454 36080221
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Li Q. Verma I.M. NF-κB regulation in the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2002 2 10 725 734 10.1038/nri910 12360211
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Ishii M. Nakahara T. Araho D. Murakami J. Nishimura M. Glycolipids from spinach suppress LPS-induced vascular inflammation through eNOS and NK-κB signaling. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017 91 111 120 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.052 28448865
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Schepetkin I.A. Danilets M.G. Ligacheva A.A. Trofimova E.S. Selivanova N.S. Sherstoboev E.Y. Krivoshchekov S.V. Gulina E.I. Brazovskii K.S. Kirpotina L.N. Quinn M.T. Belousov M.V. Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides Isolated from Saussurea salicifolia L. and Saussurea frolovii Ledeb. Molecules 2023 28 18 6655 10.3390/molecules28186655 37764432
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Ellefsen C.F. Wold C.W. Wilkins A.L. Rise F. Samuelsen A.B.C. Water-soluble polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii fruiting bodies, their activity and affinity for Toll-like receptor 2 and dectin-1. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021 264 117991 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117991 33910729
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Sun Y. Wang F. Liu Y. An Y. Chang D. Wang J. Xia F. Liu N. Chen X. Cao Y. Comparison of water- and alkali-extracted polysaccharides from Fuzhuan brick tea and their immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct. 2022 13 2 806 824 10.1039/D1FO02944D 34985061
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
Loading
High-value Utilization of Liubao Tea Residues: Physicochemical Properties and Immunomodulatory Activity of Alkali-extracted Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material is available on the publisher's website along with the published article.

file format download Download

  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: monosaccharide composition ; Liubao tea ; NF-κB/TLR2 signaling pathway ; physicochemical properties ; immunomodulatory effects ; tea residue polysaccharides

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test