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2000

Recent Patents on Biotechnology - Online First

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22 results

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    • Intellectual Property Rights Effects on India's Pharmaceutical Industry

      https://doi.org/10.2174/0118722083344893250411032817
      Available online: 21 April 2025

      The Indian pharmaceutical industry took full advantage of the “process patent regime”. It aggressively pursued the expansion of its market share by offering the most reasonably priced generic versions of pharmaceuticals to emerging and developing nations. The Indian government remained neutral over the implementation of the TRIPS agreement until 2005. Indian pharmaceutical patent law is distinct from legislation in other nations in several ways, some of which are among the most critical intellectual property issues in the nation. Over the past thirty years, the lack of product patent protection has been a significant setback for the Indian pharmaceutical business. “Molecules” that were patented and protected internationally but which India failed to protect. The Act's ambiguity makes it common for opponents of pharmaceutical patents to file unreasonable serial pre-grant oppositions. In addition, the number of pre-grant opposition filings is surging exponentially. The potential for revocation, oppositions before and after the grant, and counterclaims in cases of infringement are just a few of the challenges that may arise during the process of a patent. The TRIPS Agreement compliance of the Indian patent system will be guaranteed by the Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2005, and the Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004. Nonetheless, another notable accomplishment of the Ordinance and the Rules is the progressive change of the Indian patent prosecution system. In keeping with its international obligations, the Indian government is working to create a patent system that encourages technical development. Additionally, India is working to alleviate concerns about the inadequate enforcement of its current intellectual property rules.

    • Comparison of the Characteristics of Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicles Isolated by Ultracentrifugation and a Commercial Kit

      https://doi.org/10.2174/0118722083325164241015103217
      Available online: 25 October 2024
      Introduction

      The market offers a wide range of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation products, but their lack of standardization is a concern. Therefore, it is important to carefully assess the quality of the EVs obtained using these products. In this study, we compared the EXOCIB kit with the ultracentrifuge method, which is considered the gold standard for small EV isolation.

      Methods

      After overnight fasting, small plasma EVs were extracted from four individuals using both the ultracentrifuge and the EXOCIB kit methods. The pooled EVs were then compared for the presence of the cluster of differentiation 63 (CD63) protein using the western blot analysis, and their size and zeta potential were performed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). In addition, the size and morphology of small EVs were determined by using the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) technique.

      Results

      An average hydrodynamic size of 135.7 nm and a zeta potential of -6.33 Mv at 25°C was found for small EVs isolated by the ultracentrifuge, whereas the kit method resulted in small EVs with a hydrodynamic size of 102.8 nm and a zeta potential of -0.907. Notably, the size of the particles in the kit samples was smaller compared to those obtained through the ultracentrifuge (P < 0.001). The western blot method confirmed the expression of CD63 in both methods, so the ultracentrifuge yielded small EVs with a higher level of purity compared to the kit-based approach (P = 0.036).

      Conclusion

      The DLS findings revealed the existence of vesicles within the appropriate size range for small EVs like exosomes in both isolation techniques. The results of the western blot analysis, in conjunction with DLS, displayed that the ultracentrifuge method extracted small EVs with a greater degree of purity than the kit-based approach.

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