Skip to content
2000
image of A Review on Current Challenges and Emerging Therapies in Psoriasis Management

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that presents ongoing challenges in its management. Current therapeutic approaches, including topical agents, phototherapy, systemic immunomodulators, and biologics, focus on symptom alleviation and improving patients' quality of life. Nonetheless, several limitations exist, such as adverse effects associated with treatments, the emergence of resistance, high costs, and significant inter-individual variability in therapeutic responses. Recent advancements in psoriasis management show promise in developing novel therapeutic agents. Biologics targeting underexploited pathways, particularly interleukin-23 inhibitors like lebrikizumab, have shown superior efficacy profiles. Small molecule inhibitors, such as RORγt and ROCK2 inhibitors, have broadened the therapeutic landscape. Combination regimens, including biologics in conjunction with methotrexate, may enhance overall treatment efficacy. Innovations in topical drug delivery systems, particularly through the use of microneedles and nanoparticle-based carriers, provide the potential for improved therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the integration of biomarkers and multi-omics approaches holds substantial promise for personalized treatment strategies, refining diagnostic precision and predicting treatment responses while guiding therapeutic decisions. Collaborating among researchers, clinicians, and industry stakeholders is crucial to translating these scientific advancements into clinical practice. By addressing existing challenges and leveraging these emerging therapies, we can significantly enhance the management of psoriasis and improve patient outcomes for this chronic condition.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/rrct/10.2174/0115748871393960250912053926
2025-09-19
2026-02-27

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/rrct/10.2174/0115748871393960250912053926
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Lee H.J. Kim M. Challenges and future trends in the treatment of psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 17 13313 10.3390/ijms241713313 37686119
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Sieminska I. Pieniawska M. Grzywa T.M. The immunology of psoriasis—current concepts in pathogenesis. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2024 66 2 164 191 10.1007/s12016‑024‑08991‑7 38642273
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Menter A. Joint american academy of dermatology-national psoriasis foundation guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis with systemic nonbiologic therapies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2020 82 6 1445 1486 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.044
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Heath MS Kolli SS Dowling JR Cline A Feldman SR Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for standard treatment-resistant psoriasis. 2018 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14656566.2018.1559819
  5. Feldman S.R. Evans C. Russell M.W. Systemic treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis: Estimates of failure rates and direct medical costs in a north‐eastern US managed care plan. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 2005 16 1 37 42 10.1080/09546630510025941
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Darvin P. Toor S.M. Sasidharan Nair V. Elkord E. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Recent progress and potential biomarkers. Exp. Mol. Med. 2018 50 12 1 11 10.1038/s12276‑018‑0191‑1 30546008
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Buhaș M.C. Gavrilaș L.I. Candrea R. Gut microbiota in psoriasis. Nutrients 2022 14 14 2970 10.3390/nu14142970 35889927
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Chhabra S. Dogra S. Sharma K. Raychaudhuri S.K. Raychaudhuri S.P. Recent update on immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Indian J. Dermatol. 2022 67 4 360 373 10.4103/ijd.ijd_569_22 36578729
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Krueger J.G. Bowcock A. Psoriasis pathophysiology: Current concepts of pathogenesis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2005 64 Suppl. 2 ii30 ii36 10.1136/ard.2004.031120 15708932
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Hani A Ghaus M. Pathophysiology of psoriasis: Current concepts Tech eBooks 2013 1 5 10.5772/54113
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Pariser D.M. National psoriasis foundation clinical consensus on disease severity. Arch. Dermatol. 2007 143 2 239 242 10.1001/archderm.143.2.239
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Nestle F.O. Kaplan D.H. Barker J. Psoriasis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009 361 5 496 509 10.1056/NEJMra0804595 19641206
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Guidelines for the management of psoriasis 2020 https://dermnetnz.org/topics/guidelines-for-the-treatment-of-psoriasis
  14. Sukarovska BG Lipozenčić J Vržogić P Topical corticosteroids and corticosteroid sparing therapy in psoriasis management. 2007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18044472
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hendriks A.G.M. Keijsers R.R.M.C. de Jong E.M.G.J. Seyger M.M.B. van de Kerkhof P.C.M. Efficacy and safety of combinations of first‐line topical treatments in chronic plaque psoriasis: A systematic literature review. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2013 27 8 931 951 10.1111/jdv.12058 23279069
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Sato-Deguchi E. Imafuku S. Chou B. Ishii K. Hiromatsu K. Nakayama J. Topical vitamin D3 analogues induce thymic stromal lymphopoietin and cathelicidin in psoriatic skin lesions. Br. J. Dermatol. 2012 167 1 77 84 10.1111/j.1365‑2133.2012.10917.x 22384824
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Ortonne J.P. Chimenti S. Lipozenčić J. Scalp psoriasis: European consensus on grading and treatment algorithm. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2009 23 12 1435 1444 10.1111/j.1468‑3083.2009.03372.x
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Chan C.S. Treatment of severe scalp psoriasis: From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2009 60 6 962 971 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.890
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Mafong EA Friedman PM Kauvar AB Bernstein LJ Alexiades-Armenakas M Geronemus RG Treatment of inverse psoriasis with the 308 nm excimer laser. 2002 https://journals.lww.com/dermatologicsurgery/abstract/2002/06000/treatment_of_inverse_psoriasis_with_the_308_nm.19.aspx
  20. Gattu S. Rashid R.M. Wu J.J. 308-nm excimer laser in psoriasis vulgaris, scalp psoriasis, and palmoplantar psoriasis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2009 23 1 36 41 10.1111/j.1468‑3083.2008.02942.x 18717744
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Boehncke W.H. Boehncke S. Schön M.P. Managing comorbid disease in patients with psoriasis. BMJ 2010 340 b5666 10.1136/bmj.b5666 20080817
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Biological agents for psoriasis. 2024 Available From: https://dermnetnz.org/topics/biological-agents-for-psoriasis
  23. UVB phototherapy. 2024 Available From: https://dermnetnz.org/topics/uvb-phototherapy
  24. Light therapy for psoriasis. 2023 https://www.psoriasis.org/phototherapy/
  25. Psoriasis treatment 2024 https://dermnetnz.org/topics/treatment-of-psoriasis
  26. Dogra S. De D. Narrowband ultraviolet B in the treatment of psoriasis: The journey so far! Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 2010 76 6 652 661 10.4103/0378‑6323.72461 21079308
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Whitton M.E. Pinart M. Batchelor J. Interventions for vitiligo. Cochrane Libr. 2015 2015 9 CD003263 10.1002/14651858.CD003263.pub5 25710794
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Carrasco D.A. Rosenblit M. Retrospective study of the efficacy of narrowband UVB and acitretin for the treatment of psoriasis. New York Mount Sinai School of Medicine 2022 10.1016/j.jaad.2003.11.032
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Khosrow Momtaz T. Fitzpatrick T.B. The benefits and risks of long-term PUVA photochemotherapy. Dermatol. Clin. 1998 16 2 227 234 10.1016/S0733‑8635(05)70005‑X 9589196
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Schempp C.M. Müller H. Czech W. Schöpf E. Simon J.C. Treatment of chronic palmoplantar eczema with local bath-PUVA therapy. Dermatology 1997 194 1 17 23 10.1159/000246312 9031785
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Nakamura M. Farahnik B. Bhutani T. Recent advances in phototherapy for psoriasis. F1000 Res. 2016 5 1684 10.12688/f1000research.8846.1 27499849
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Keller J.J. Johnson J.P. Latour E. Inpatient teledermatology: Diagnostic and therapeutic concordance among a hospitalist, dermatologist, and teledermatologist using store-and-forward teledermatology. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2020 May 82 5 1262 1267 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.01.030
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Khorana A.A. Yannicelli D. McCrae K.R. Evaluation of US prescription patterns: Are treatment guidelines for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism being followed? Thromb. Res. 2016 145 51 53 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.07.013 27485998
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Rupavath M Patnaik KSKR Development and in vitro characterization of gastro retentive raft forming stavudine tablets. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 9 1 01 9 2017 10.25004/IJPSDR.2017.090101
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Nash P.T. Florin T.H.J. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Med. J. Aust. 2005 183 4 205 208 10.5694/j.1326‑5377.2005.tb06998.x 16097922
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Etanercept for psoriasis. 2024 https://dermnetnz.org/topics/etanercept-for-psoriasis
  37. Adalimumab for psoriasis. 2024 https://dermnetnz.org/topics/adalimumab-for-psoriasis
  38. Yang Y.M. Seki E. TNFα in liver fibrosis. Curr. Pathobiol. Rep. 2015 3 4 253 261 10.1007/s40139‑015‑0093‑z 26726307
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Current biologics on the market for psoriatic disease. 2023 https://www.psoriasis.org/current-biologics-on-the-market/
  40. von Stebut E. Boehncke W.H. Ghoreschi K. IL-17A in psoriasis and beyond: Cardiovascular and metabolic implications. Front. Immunol. 2020 10 3096 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03096 32010143
    [Google Scholar]
  41. IL-17 inhibitors for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. 2020 Available from: https://www.dermatologytimes.com/dermview/il-17-inhibitors-for-the-treatment-of-plaque-psoriasis
  42. Jeon C. Sekhon S. Yan D. Afifi L. Nakamura M. Bhutani T. Monoclonal antibodies inhibiting IL-12, -23, and -17 for the treatment of psoriasis. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2017 13 10 2247 2259 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356498 28825875
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Frieder J. Kivelevitch D. Haugh I. Watson I. Menter A. Anti‐IL‐23 and anti‐il‐17 biologic agents for the treatment of immune‐mediated inflammatory conditions. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018 103 1 88 101 10.1002/cpt.893 28960267
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Scherl E.J. Kumar S. Warren R.U. Review of the safety and efficacy of ustekinumab. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2010 3 5 321 328 10.1177/1756283X10374216 20725555
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Reich K. Carrascosa J.M. Fumero E. Schoenenberger López A. Lebwohl M. 13677 Time to relapse in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis who were tildrakizumab responders at week 28: Post hoc analysis through 64 weeks from the reSURFACE 1 trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2020 83 6 AB11 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.131 32891777
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Puig L. The role of IL 23 in the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2017 13 6 525 534 10.1080/1744666X.2017.1292137 28165883
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Kopp T. Riedl E. Bangert C. Clinical improvement in psoriasis with specific targeting of interleukin-23. Nature 2015 521 7551 222 226 10.1038/nature14175 25754330
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Fotiadou C. Lazaridou E. Sotiriou E. Ioannides D. Targeting IL-23 in psoriasis: Current perspectives. Psoriasis 2018 8 1 5 10.2147/PTT.S98893 29441315
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Grey H. MNT investigates: A closer look at IL-23 inhibitors for psoriasis. 2023 Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/il-23-inhibitors-for-psoriasis
  50. Armstrong A.W. Bagel J. Van Voorhees A.S. Robertson] AD, Yamauchi PS. Combining biologic therapies with other systemic treatments in psoriasis: Evidence-based, best-practice recommendations from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. Arch. Dermatol. 2014 150 12 1306 1313 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.3456 25517130
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Bedi M.K. Shenefelt P.D. Herbal therapy in dermatology. Arch. Dermatol. 2002 138 2 232 242 10.1001/archderm.138.2.232 11843645
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Grandy M. Successful treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis with Indigo naturalis ointment. 2007 https://academic.oup.com/ced/article-abstract/32/1/99/6624614?redirectedFrom=fulltext
  53. Janeczek M Moy L Lake E Swan J Review of the efficacy and safety of topical Mahonia aquifolium for the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. 2018 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30666279
  54. Foster M. Hunter D.G. Samman S. Evaluation of the nutritional and metabolic effects of Aloe vera. Oxidative Stress and Disease. Boca Raton, Florida CRC Press 2011 37 10.1201/b10787‑4
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Herbal treatment for psoriasis. 2015 Available From: https://regsor.com/
  56. Psoriasis & unani treatment 2023 Available From: https://www.unaniherbal.org/psoriasis-unani-treatment.html
  57. Alani O. Webb C. Memon N. Understanding psoriasis patient preferences for biologic dosing frequencies: Insights from a patient survey. J. Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis 2025 24755303251345804 10.1177/24755303251345804 40476147
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Hjort G. Schwarz C.W. Skov L. Loft N. Clinical characteristics associated with response to biologics in the treatment of psoriasis. JAMA Dermatol. 2024 160 8 830 837 10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.1677 38888917
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Griffiths C.E.M. Systems medicine and psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 2017 176 3 560 562 10.1111/bjd.15334 28300317
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Di Franco M. Gerardi M.C. Conti F. Lucchino B. Mavrilimumab: An evidence based review of its potential in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Core Evid. 2014 41 10.2147/CE.S39770
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Henckens N.F.T. Otero M.E. van den Reek J.M.P.A. Revealing patient characteristics and treatment outcomes among ultra-long users of biologics for psoriasis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2025 50 2 348 356 10.1093/ced/llae333 39140237
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Wei N.W. Chi S. Lebwohl M.G. Retrospective analysis in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis treated with tildrakizumab: Real-life clinical data. J. Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis 2022 7 2 55 59 10.1177/24755303221077211 39296827
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Cagnotto G. Bruschettini M. Stróżyk A. Scirè C.A. Compagno M. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for psoriatic arthritis. Cochrane Libr. 2025 2025 4 CD013614 10.1002/14651858.CD013614.pub2 39945386
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Sadaf S. Kashif I.M. Sanjay G. Javed A. Trends in nanotechnology-based delivery systems for dermal targeting of drugs: An enticing approach to offset psoriasis. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2020 17 6 817 838 10.1080/17425247.2020.1758665
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Hassan I. Ahmad P. Recent advances in phototherapy. A Comprehensive Textbook of Psoriasis. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 2016 179 9
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Conrad C. Flatz L. Role of T-cell-mediated inflammation in psoriasis: Pathogenesis and targeted therapy. Psoriasis 2013 3 1 10.2147/PTT.S26339
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Hong J. Mosca M. Hadeler E. Hakimi M. Bhutani T. Liao W. The future of personalized medicine in psoriasis. Dermatol. Rev. 2021 2 5 282 288 10.1002/der2.87
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Dapavo P. Siliquini N. Mastorino L. Efficacy, safety, and drug survival of IL-23, IL-17, and TNF-alpha inhibitors for psoriasis treatment: A retrospective study. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 2022 33 4 2352 2357 10.1080/09546634.2021.1961998 34315331
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Silaidi C Routsi E Stefanaki I Stratigos A Nicolaidou E. Targeting IL-23 in generalized pustular psoriasis: Clinical success with guselkumab in an elderly patient with comorbidities. Int J Dermatol. 2025 Available From: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.17932
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Janus kinase inhibitors. 2024 Available from: https://dermnetnz.org/topics/janus-kinase-inhibitors
  71. Damsky W. King B.A. JAK inhibitors in dermatology: The promise of a new drug class. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2017 76 4 736 744 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.005 28139263
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Aringer M. Cheng A. Nelson J.W. Janus kinases and their role in growth and disease. Life Sci. 1999 64 24 2173 2186 10.1016/S0024‑3205(98)00538‑4 10374907
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Harrison D.A. The JAK/STAT pathway. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2012 4 3 a011205 10.1101/cshperspect.a011205 22383755
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Hsu L. Armstrong A.W. JAK inhibitors: Treatment efficacy and safety profile in patients with psoriasis. J. Immunol. Res. 2014 2014 1 7 10.1155/2014/283617 24883332
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Brembilla N.C. Senra L. Boehncke W.H. The IL-17 family of cytokines in psoriasis: IL-17A and beyond. Front. Immunol. 2018 9 1682 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01682 30127781
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Baker H. Ryan T.J. Generalized pustular psoriasis. A clinical and epidemiological study of 104 cases. Br. J. Dermatol. 1968 80 12 771 793 10.1111/j.1365‑2133.1968.tb11947.x 4236712
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Del Toro N.P. Wu J.J. Han G. New treatments for psoriasis: An update on a therapeutic frontier. Cutis 2023 111 2 101 104 Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.12788/cutis.0701
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Mercurio L. Morelli M. Scarponi C. IL-38 has an anti-inflammatory action in psoriasis and its expression correlates with disease severity and therapeutic response to anti-IL-17A treatment. Cell Death Dis. 2018 9 11 1104 10.1038/s41419‑018‑1143‑3 30377293
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Armstrong A.W. Voyles S.V. Armstrong E.J. Fuller E.N. Rutledge J.C. A tale of two plaques: Convergent mechanisms of T‐cell‐mediated inflammation in psoriasis and atherosclerosis. Exp. Dermatol. 2011 20 7 544 549 10.1111/j.1600‑0625.2011.01308.x 21692858
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Vilaça J. Yilmaz O. Torres T. New and emerging treatments for Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Focus on IL-36 receptor inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2024 16 7 908 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070908 39065604
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Zanin-Zhorov A. Weiss J.M. Nyuydzefe M.S. Selective oral ROCK2 inhibitor down-regulates IL-21 and IL-17 secretion in human T cells via STAT3-dependent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014 111 47 16814 16819 10.1073/pnas.1414189111 25385601
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Park J. Chun K.H. Identification of novel functions of the ROCK2-specific inhibitor KD025 by bioinformatics analysis. Gene 2020 737 144474 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144474 32057928
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Zanin-Zhorov A. Weiss J.M. Trzeciak A. Cutting Edge: Selective oral ROCK2 inhibitor reduces clinical scores in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and normalizes skin pathology via concurrent regulation of IL-17 and IL-10. J. Immunol. 2017 198 10 3809 3814 10.4049/jimmunol.1602142 28389592
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Gold D Almohizea SI Topical treatment of mild to moderate psoriasis. 2025 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/247553031016a00203
  85. Donnelly R.F. Singh T.R.R. Woolfson A.D. Microneedle-based drug delivery systems: Microfabrication, drug delivery, and safety. Drug Deliv. 2010 17 4 187 207 10.3109/10717541003667798 20297904
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Larrañeta E. Singh T.R.R. Microneedle manufacturing and testing. Microneedles for Drug and Vaccine Delivery. Hoboken, New Jersey Wiley Online Library 2018 21 45 10.1002/9781119305101.ch2
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Kim Y.C. Park J.H. Prausnitz M.R. Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2012 64 14 1547 1568 10.1016/j.addr.2012.04.005 22575858
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Larrañeta E. McCrudden M.T.C. Courtenay A.J. Donnelly R.F. Microneedles: A new frontier in nanomedicine delivery. Pharm. Res. 2016 33 5 1055 1073 10.1007/s11095‑016‑1885‑5 26908048
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Zhang L. Guo R. Wang S. Yang X. Ling G. Zhang P. Fabrication, evaluation and applications of dissolving microneedles. Int. J. Pharm. 2021 604 120749 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120749 34051319
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Kwon K.M. Lim S.M. Choi S. Microneedles: Quick and easy delivery methods of vaccines. Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res. 2017 6 2 156 159 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.156 28775980
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Barnum L. Samandari M. Schmidt T.A. Tamayol A. Microneedle arrays for the treatment of chronic wounds. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2020 17 12 1767 1780 10.1080/17425247.2020.1819787 32882162
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Meidan V.M. Michniak B.B. Emerging technologies in transdermal therapeutics. Am. J. Ther. 2004 11 4 312 316 10.1097/01.mjt.0000101826.94820.6b 15266225
    [Google Scholar]
  93. The nano-drug delivery system for the treatment of vitiligo. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2024 19 1165 1180 10.2147/IJN.S245326
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Shetty K. Sherje A.P. Nano intervention in topical delivery of corticosteroid for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis-a systematic review. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2021 32 8 88 10.1007/s10856‑021‑06558‑y 34331599
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Han F. Yin R. Che X. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) based topical gel of flurbiprofen: Design, characterization and in vivo evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. 2012 439 1-2 349 357 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.040 22989987
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Szunerits S. Boukherroub R. Heat: A highly efficient skin enhancer for transdermal drug delivery. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2018 6 15 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00015 29497609
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Gupta D. Roy P. Sharma R. Chand Kasana R. Rathore P. Gupta T.K. Recent nanotheranostic approaches in cancer research. Clin. Exp. Med. 2024 24 1 8 10.1007/s10238‑023‑01262‑3
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Nagaich U. Gulati N. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) based controlled release topical gel of clobetasol propionate: Design and in vivo characterization. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2016 6 3 289 298 10.1007/s13346‑016‑0291‑1 27072979
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Griffiths Christopher E.M. van de Kerkhof Peter, Czarnecka-Operacz Magdalena. Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Derma Ther 2017 7 Suppl. 1 31 41 10.1007/s13555‑016‑0167‑9
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Hong J. Mosca M. Hadeler E. Hakimi M. Bhutani T. Liao W. The future of personalized medicine in psoriasis. Clin. Dermatol. 2017 35 5 451 455 10.1002/der2.87
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Nograles K.E. Davidovici B. Krueger J.G. New insights in the immunologic basis of psoriasis. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2010 29 1 3 9 10.1016/j.sder.2010.03.001 20430301
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Nong Y. Han G. Hawkes J.E. Expanding the psoriasis framework: Immunopathogenesis and treatment updates. Cutis 2024 113 2 82 91 10.12788/cutis.0949 38593108
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Trowbridge R.M. Pittelkow M.R. Epigenetics in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of psoriasis vulgaris. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2014 13 2 111 118 24509958
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Katsitadze T. Korsantia N. Beridze L. Adamashvili N. Bochorishvili T. Katsitadze A. The IL-17 family of cytokines: Immunological and immunopathological aspects, psoriasis treatment with IL-17 inhibitor - secukinumab. Exp Clin Med Georgia 2025 10.52340/jecm.2025.01.27
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Chase Huizar C. Raphael I. Forsthuber T.G. Genomic, proteomic, and systems biology approaches in biomarker discovery for multiple sclerosis. Cell. Immunol. 2020 358 104219 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104219 33039896
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Hawkes J.E. Chan T.C. Krueger J.G. Psoriasis pathogenesis and the development of novel targeted immune therapies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2017 140 3 645 653 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.004 28887948
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/rrct/10.2174/0115748871393960250912053926
Loading
A Review on Current Challenges and Emerging Therapies in Psoriasis Management
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871393960250912053926
/content/journals/rrct/10.2174/0115748871393960250912053926
/content/journals/rrct/10.2174/0115748871393960250912053926
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: Psoriasis ; topical drug delivery ; nanoparticle ; RORγt and ROCK2 inhibitors ; mirikizumab ; microneedles

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test