Skip to content
2000
image of Efficacy of a Preparation based on Symbiotic Association Between Inulin, FOS, L. rhamnosus GG, Bromelin, Boswellia, Vitamin D3, Quercetin and L-tryptophan in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Retrospective Multicenter Study

Abstract

Introduction

Probiotics and prebiotics have shown promise in Ulcerative Colitis (UC) through effects on gut homeostasis and barrier integrity. We investigated the efficacy of a symbiotic preparation containing inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), GG, bromelin, vitamin D3, quercetin, and L-tryptophan in patients with active mild-to-moderate UC.

Material and Methods

This was a multicenter, retrospective, observational study conducted between January and June 2023. Disease activity was assessed using the Partial Mayo Score (PMS). Patients were evaluated at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was clinical response, defined as a PMS reduction of ≥2 points. Secondary endpoints included changes in C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Fecal Calprotectin (FC), and safety outcomes.

Results

Seventeen patients (8 males, 9 females) were enrolled. The median age at diagnosis was 48 years (IQR: 20–80), and the median disease duration was 10 years (IQR: 2-23). Clinical response was observed in 9/17 (52%) patients at week 8 and in 11/17 (64%) at week 16 ( = 0.697). The CRP values did not change significantly at follow-up. FC decreased significantly from baseline [252 µg/g (IQR: 76–359)] to week 8 [98 µg/g (IQR: 20–448), < 0.02], but not at week 16. No adverse events were reported.

Discussion

The symbiotic mixture demonstrated potential as an add-on therapy in UC, with favorable short-term effects on FC. However, the lack of sustained biomarker changes highlights the need for further studies.

Conclusion

This preliminary study suggests that supplementation with the evaluated symbiotic preparation is safe and may improve clinical outcomes in mild-to-moderate UC. Larger randomized controlled trials are required to validate these findings and assess long-term efficacy.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/rrct/10.2174/0115748871318114250725082904
2025-08-07
2025-12-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Chang J.T. Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 383 27 2652 2664 10.1056/NEJMra2002697 33382932
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Molodecky N.A. Soon I.S. Rabi D.M. Ghali W.A. Ferris M. Chernoff G. Benchimol E.I. Panaccione R. Ghosh S. Barkema H.W. Kaplan G.G. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology 2012 142 1 46 54.e42 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001 22001864
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Alatab S. Sepanlou S.G. Ikuta K. Vahedi H. Bisignano C. Safiri S. Sadeghi A. Nixon M.R. Abdoli A. Abolhassani H. Alipour V. Almadi M.A.H. Almasi-Hashiani A. Anushiravani A. Arabloo J. Atique S. Awasthi A. Badawi A. Baig A.A.A. Bhala N. Bijani A. Biondi A. Borzì A.M. Burke K.E. Carvalho F. Daryani A. Dubey M. Eftekhari A. Fernandes E. Fernandes J.C. Fischer F. Haj-Mirzaian A. Haj-Mirzaian A. Hasanzadeh A. Hashemian M. Hay S.I. Hoang C.L. Househ M. Ilesanmi O.S. Jafari Balalami N. James S.L. Kengne A.P. Malekzadeh M.M. Merat S. Meretoja T.J. Mestrovic T. Mirrakhimov E.M. Mirzaei H. Mohammad K.A. Mokdad A.H. Monasta L. Negoi I. Nguyen T.H. Nguyen C.T. Pourshams A. Poustchi H. Rabiee M. Rabiee N. Ramezanzadeh K. Rawaf D.L. Rawaf S. Rezaei N. Robinson S.R. Ronfani L. Saxena S. Sepehrimanesh M. Shaikh M.A. Sharafi Z. Sharif M. Siabani S. Sima A.R. Singh J.A. Soheili A. Sotoudehmanesh R. Suleria H.A.R. Tesfay B.E. Tran B. Tsoi D. Vacante M. Wondmieneh A.B. Zarghi A. Zhang Z-J. Dirac M. Malekzadeh R. Naghavi M. The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020 5 1 17 30 10.1016/S2468‑1253(19)30333‑4 31648971
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Miyoshi J. Chang E.B. The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel diseases. Transl. Res. 2017 179 38 48 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.06.002 27371886
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Seksik P. Rigottier-Gois L. Gramet G. Sutren M. Pochart P. Marteau P. Jian R. Doré J. Alterations of the dominant faecal bacterial groups in patients with Crohn’s disease of the colon. Gut 2003 52 2 237 242 10.1136/gut.52.2.237 12524406
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Ott S.J. Musfeldt M. Wenderoth D.F. Hampe J. Brant O. Fölsch U.R. Timmis K.N. Schreiber S. Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2004 53 5 685 693 10.1136/gut.2003.025403 15082587
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Manichanh C. Rigottier-Gois L. Bonnaud E. Gloux K. Pelletier E. Frangeul L. Nalin R. Jarrin C. Chardon P. Marteau P. Roca J. Dore J. Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach. Gut 2006 55 2 205 211 10.1136/gut.2005.073817 16188921
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Du Z. Hudcovic T. Mrazek J. Kozakova H. Srutkova D. Schwarzer M. Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Kostovcik M. Kverka M. Development of gut inflammation in mice colonized with mucosa-associated bacteria from patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut Pathog. 2015 7 1 32 10.1186/s13099‑015‑0080‑2 26697117
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Frank D.N. St Amand A.L. Feldman R.A. Boedeker E.C. Harpaz N. Pace N.R. Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007 104 34 13780 13785 10.1073/pnas.0706625104 17699621
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Machiels K. Joossens M. Sabino J. De Preter V. Arijs I. Eeckhaut V. Ballet V. Claes K. Van Immerseel F. Verbeke K. Ferrante M. Verhaegen J. Rutgeerts P. Vermeire S. A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 2014 63 8 1275 1283 10.1136/gutjnl‑2013‑304833 24021287
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Garrett WS Lord GM Punit S Communicable ulcerative colitis induced by T-bet deficiency in the innate immune system. Cell 2007 131 1 33 45 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.017
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Garrett W.S. Gallini C.A. Yatsunenko T. Michaud M. DuBois A. Delaney M.L. Punit S. Karlsson M. Bry L. Glickman J.N. Gordon J.I. Onderdonk A.B. Glimcher L.H. Enterobacteriaceae act in concert with the gut microbiota to induce spontaneous and maternally transmitted colitis. Cell Host Microbe 2010 8 3 292 300 10.1016/j.chom.2010.08.004 20833380
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Morgan X.C. Tickle T.L. Sokol H. Gevers D. Devaney K.L. Ward D.V. Reyes J.A. Shah S.A. LeLeiko N. Snapper S.B. Bousvaros A. Korzenik J. Sands B.E. Xavier R.J. Huttenhower C. Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment. Genome Biol. 2012 13 9 R79 10.1186/gb‑2012‑13‑9‑r79 23013615
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Loftus E.V. Jr Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology 2004 126 6 1504 1517 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.063 15168363
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Raine T. Bonovas S. Burisch J. Kucharzik T. Adamina M. Annese V. Bachmann O. Bettenworth D. Chaparro M. Czuber-Dochan W. Eder P. Ellul P. Fidalgo C. Fiorino G. Gionchetti P. Gisbert J.P. Gordon H. Hedin C. Holubar S. Iacucci M. Karmiris K. Katsanos K. Kopylov U. Lakatos P.L. Lytras T. Lyutakov I. Noor N. Pellino G. Piovani D. Savarino E. Selvaggi F. Verstockt B. Spinelli A. Panis Y. Doherty G. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in ulcerative colitis: Medical treatments. J. Crohn’s Colitis 2022 16 1 2 17 10.1093/ecco‑jcc/jjab178 34635919
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Lang A. Salomon N. Wu J.C.Y. Kopylov U. Lahat A. Har-Noy O. Ching J.Y.L. Cheong P.K. Avidan B. Gamus D. Kaimakliotis I. Eliakim R. Ng S.C. Ben-Horin S. Curcumin in combination with mesalamine induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015 13 8 1444 1449.e1 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.02.019 25724700
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Afzali A. Lukanova R. Hennessy F. Kakehi S. Knight H. Milligan G. Gupte-Singh K. Unmet needs in real-world advanced therapy-naïve and -experienced patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in the united states. Adv. Ther. 2023 40 10 4321 4338 10.1007/s12325‑023‑02605‑y 37458875
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cheifetz AS Gianotti R Luber R Gibson PR Complementary and alternative medicines used by patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2017 152 2 415 429 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.004
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Lin S.C. Cheifetz A.S. The use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018 14 7 415 425 30166957
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Ng J.Y. Boon H.S. Thompson A.K. Whitehead C.R. Making sense of “alternative”, “complementary”, “unconventional” and “integrative” medicine: Exploring the terms and meanings through a textual analysis. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016 16 1 134 10.1186/s12906‑016‑1111‑3 27206976
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Health information. 2021 Available from: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/
  22. Silva N.O. Brito B.B. Silva F.A.F. Santos M.L.C. Melo F.F. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: Does it work? World J. Metaanal. 2020 8 2 54 66 10.13105/wjma.v8.i2.54
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Tursi A. Brandimarte G. Papa A. Giglio A. Elisei W. Giorgetti G.M. Forti G. Morini S. Hassan C. Pistoia M.A. Modeo M.E. Rodino’ S. D’Amico T. Sebkova L. Sacca’ N. Di Giulio E. Luzza F. Imeneo M. Larussa T. Di Rosa S. Annese V. Danese S. Gasbarrini A. Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010 105 10 2218 2227 10.1038/ajg.2010.218 20517305
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Pagnini C. Di Paolo M.C. Urgesi R. Pallotta L. Fanello G. Graziani M.G. Delle Fave G. Safety and potential role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG administration as monotherapy in ulcerative colitis patients with mild–moderate clinical activity. Microorganisms 2023 11 6 1381 10.3390/microorganisms11061381 37374884
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Larussa T. Imeneo M. Luzza F. Potential role of nutraceutical compounds in inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017 23 14 2483 2492 10.3748/wjg.v23.i14.2483 28465632
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Gravina A.G. Prevete N. Tuccillo C. De Musis C. Romano L. Federico A. de Paulis A. D’Argenio G. Romano M. Peptide Hp(2–20) accelerates healing of TNBS‐induced colitis in the rat. United Europ. Gastroenterol. J. 2018 6 9 1428 1436 10.1177/2050640618793564 30386616
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Scaldaferri F. Gerardi V. Mangiola F. Lopetuso L.R. Pizzoferrato M. Petito V. Papa A. Stojanovic J. Poscia A. Cammarota G. Gasbarrini A. Role and mechanisms of action of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in the maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis patients: An update. World J. Gastroenterol. 2016 22 24 5505 5511 10.3748/wjg.v22.i24.5505 27350728
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Souza É.L. Elian S.D. Paula L.M. Garcia C.C. Vieira A.T. Teixeira M.M. Arantes R.M. Nicoli J.R. Martins F.S. Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 ameliorates experimental colitis by modulating intestinal permeability, the inflammatory response and clinical signs in a faecal transplantation model. J. Med. Microbiol. 2016 65 3 201 210 10.1099/jmm.0.000222 26758971
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Hu S. Zhao M. Li W. Wei P. Liu Q. chen S. Zeng J. Ma X. Tang J. Preclinical evidence for quercetin against inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Inflammopharmacology 2022 30 6 2035 2050 10.1007/s10787‑022‑01079‑8 36227442
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Gravina A.G. Pellegrino R. Auletta S. Palladino G. Brandimarte G. D’Onofrio R. Arboretto G. Imperio G. Ventura A. Cipullo M. Romano M. Federico A. Hericium erinaceus, a medicinal fungus with a centuries-old history: Evidence in gastrointestinal diseases. World J. Gastroenterol. 2023 29 20 3048 3065 10.3748/wjg.v29.i20.3048 37346156
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Tursi A. D’Avino A. Brandimarte G. Mocci G. Pellegrino R. Savarino E.V. Gravina A.G. Enhancing Oral 5-ASA Effectiveness in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis through an H. erinaceus-Based Nutraceutical Add-on Multi-Compound: The “HERICIUM-UC” Two-Arm Multicentre Retrospective Study. Pharmaceutics 2024 16 9 1133 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091133 39339171
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Satsangi J. Silverberg M.S. Vermeire S. Colombel J.F. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: Controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut 2006 55 6 749 753 10.1136/gut.2005.082909 16698746
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lewis J.D. Chuai S. Nessel L. Lichtenstein G.R. Aberra F.N. Ellenberg J.H. Use of the noninvasive components of the mayo score to assess clinical response in Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2008 14 12 1660 1666 10.1002/ibd.20520 18623174
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Ng J.Y. Liu H. Wang M.C. Complementary and alternative medicine mention and recommendations in inflammatory bowel disease guidelines: Systematic review and assessment using AGREE II. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2023 23 1 230 10.1186/s12906‑023‑04062‑0 37434218
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Sudhakar P. Wellens J. Verstockt B. Ferrante M. Sabino J. Vermeire S. Holistic healthcare in inflammatory bowel disease: Time for patient-centric approaches? Gut 2023 72 1 192 204 10.1136/gutjnl‑2022‑328221 36171081
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Ananthakrishnan AN Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD. Nat. Reviews. Gastroent. Hepat. 2015 12 4 205 217 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.34
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Compare D. Sgamato C. Nardone O.M. Rocco A. Coccoli P. Laurenza C. Nardone G. Probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases: All that glitters is not gold. Dig. Dis. 2022 40 1 123 132 10.1159/000516023 33752212
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Singh S. Stroud A.M. Holubar S.D. Sandborn W.J. Pardi D.S. Treatment and prevention of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Libr. 2015 11 CD001176 10.1002/14651858.CD001176.pub3 26593456
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Dalmasso G. Cottrez F. Imbert V. Lagadec P. Peyron J.F. Rampal P. Czerucka D. Groux H. Foussat A. Brun V. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits inflammatory bowel disease by trapping T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. Gastroenterology 2006 131 6 1812 1825 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.001 17087945
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Kruis W. Schütz E. Fric P. Fixa B. Judmaier G. Stolte M. Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1997 11 5 853 858 10.1046/j.1365‑2036.1997.00225.x 9354192
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Mora D. Filardi R. Arioli S. Boeren S. Aalvink S. de Vos W.M. Development of omics-based protocols for the microbiological characterization of multi-strain formulations marketed as probiotics: The case of VSL#3. Microb. Biotechnol. 2019 12 6 1371 1386 10.1111/1751‑7915.13476 31402586
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Matsuoka K. Uemura Y. Kanai T. Kunisaki R. Suzuki Y. Yokoyama K. Yoshimura N. Hibi T. Efficacy of bifidobacterium breve fermented milk in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2018 63 7 1910 1919 10.1007/s10620‑018‑4946‑2 29450747
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Peña J.A. Versalovic J. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decreases TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages by a contact-independent mechanism. Cell. Microbiol. 2003 5 4 277 285 10.1046/j.1462‑5822.2003.t01‑1‑00275.x 12675685
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Pagnini C. Corleto V.D. Martorelli M. Lanini C. D’Ambra G. Giulio E.D. Fave G.D. Mucosal adhesion and anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the human colonic mucosa: A proof-of-concept study. World J. Gastroenterol. 2018 24 41 4652 4662 10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4652 30416313
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Tong L. Zhang X. Hao H. Liu Q. Zhou Z. Liang X. Liu T. Gong P. Zhang L. Zhai Z. Hao Y. Yi H. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gut Microbiota and Attenuate Inflammatory in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice. Nutrients 2021 13 10 3319 10.3390/nu13103319 34684320
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Wu Y. Jha R. Li A. Liu H. Zhang Z. Zhang C. Zhai Q. Zhang J. Probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum HNU082) supplementation relieves ulcerative colitis by affecting intestinal barrier functions, immunity-related gene expression, gut microbiota, and metabolic pathways in mice. Microbiol. Spectr. 2022 10 6 e01651-22 10.1128/spectrum.01651‑22 36321893
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Qin Y.Q. Wang L.Y. Yang X.Y. Xu Y.J. Fan G. Fan Y.G. Ren J.N. An Q. Li X. Inulin: Properties and health benefits. Food Funct. 2023 14 7 2948 2968 10.1039/D2FO01096H 36876591
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Videla S. Vilaseca J. Antolín M. García-Lafuente A. Guarner F. Crespo E. Casalots J. Salas A. Malagelada J.R. Dietary inulin improves distal colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in the rat. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2001 96 5 1486 1493 10.1111/j.1572‑0241.2001.03802.x 11374687
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Akram W. Garud N. Joshi R. Role of inulin as prebiotics on inflammatory bowel disease. Drug Discov. Ther. 2019 13 1 1 8 10.5582/ddt.2019.01000 30880316
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Kane S. Goldberg M.J. Use of bromelain for mild ulcerative colitis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2000 132 8 680 10.7326/0003‑4819‑132‑8‑200004180‑00026 10766699
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Borrelli F. Capasso F. Capasso R. Ascione V. Aviello G. Longo R. Izzo A.A. Effect of Boswellia serrata on intestinal motility in rodents: Inhibition of diarrhoea without constipation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2006 148 4 553 560 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706740 16633355
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Onken J.E. Greer P.K. Calingaert B. Hale L.P. Bromelain treatment decreases secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by colon biopsies in vitro. Clin. Immunol. 2008 126 3 345 352 10.1016/j.clim.2007.11.002 18160345
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Mynott T.L. Guandalini S. Raimondi F. Fasano A. Bromelain prevents secretion caused by vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli enterotoxins in rabbit ileum in vitro. Gastroenterology 1997 113 1 175 184 10.1016/S0016‑5085(97)70093‑3 9207276
    [Google Scholar]
  54. D’Amico F. Bonovas S. Danese S. Peyrin-Biroulet L. Review article: Faecal calprotectin and histologic remission in ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2020 51 7 689 698 10.1111/apt.15662 32048751
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Dardmeh F. Nielsen H.I. Alipour H. Kjærgaard B. Brandsborg E. Gazerani P. Potential nociceptive regulatory effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01 (DSM 14870) on mechanical sensitivity in diet-induced obesity model. Pain Res. Manag. 2016 2016 1 7 10.1155/2016/5080438 27647980
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Borrelli F. Capasso R. Severino B. Fiorino F. Aviello G. De Rosa G. Mazzella M. Romano B. Capasso F. Fasolino I. Izzo A.A. Inhibitory effects of bromelain, a cysteine protease derived from pineapple stem (Ananas comosus), on intestinal motility in mice. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2011 23 8 745 e331 10.1111/j.1365‑2982.2011.01735.x 21689210
    [Google Scholar]
  57. D’Incà R. Dal Pont E. Di Leo V. Benazzato L. Martinato M. Lamboglia F. Oliva L. Carlo Sturniolo G. Can calprotectin predict relapse risk in inflammatory bowel disease? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2008 103 8 2007 2014 10.1111/j.1572‑0241.2008.01870.x 18802997
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Mosli M.H. Zou G. Garg S.K. Feagan S.G. MacDonald J.K. Chande N. Sandborn W.J. Feagan B.G. C-reactive protein, fecal calprotectin, and stool lactoferrin for detection of endoscopic activity in symptomatic inflammatory bowel disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2015 110 6 802 819 10.1038/ajg.2015.120 25964225
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Plevris N. Lees C.W. Disease monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: Evolving principles and possibilities. Gastroenterology 2022 162 5 1456 1475.e1 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.01.024 35101422
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Fairbrass K.M. Costantino S.J. Gracie D.J. Ford A.C. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020 5 12 1053 1062 10.1016/S2468‑1253(20)30300‑9 33010814
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/rrct/10.2174/0115748871318114250725082904
Loading
/content/journals/rrct/10.2174/0115748871318114250725082904
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Research Article
Keywords: 5-ASA ; probiotics ; nutraceuticals ; ulcerative colitis ; symbiotic mixture ; Complementary therapy
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test