Skip to content
2000
Volume 16, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2210-3155
  • E-ISSN: 2210-3163

Abstract

Melasma, a chronic skin disorder characterized by hyperpigmentation, poses significant challenges in dermatological and cosmetic care. Nanotechnology offers transformative solutions by enhancing the delivery and efficacy of hypopigmenting agents through advanced drug delivery systems, including liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. These nanocarriers improve the stability, solubility, and skin penetration of active compounds, effectively targeting melanin synthesis pathways. Tailored approaches enable treatments to address specific melasma types, with lipid-based carriers optimized for epidermal melasma and deeper-penetrating systems like transfersomes and ethosomes suitable for dermal and mixed variants. Additionally, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) introduce novel therapeutic potential with their tyrosinase-inhibiting and antioxidant properties. While formulation advancements have shown promise in optimizing nanocarrier distribution and drug delivery efficiency, challenges such as scalability, cost, and regulatory barriers remain. Initial studies highlight the potential of nanocarrier-based therapies, but robust trials are essential to validate safety and clinical efficacy. The integration of nanotechnology into melasma treatment represents a paradigm shift, offering innovative, patient-centered solutions that address the limitations of conventional therapies and pave the way for more effective and targeted management strategies.

© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/npj/10.2174/0122103155335008250313045946
2025-03-24
2025-10-22

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/npj/10.2174/0122103155335008250313045946
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abdel-AzizM.M. Al-OmarM.S. MohammedH.A. EmamT.M. In vitro and ex vivo antibiofilm activity of a lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by the entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana strain against microsporum canis.Microorganisms20208223210.3390/microorganisms8020232 32050410
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Aboul-EinienM.H. KandilS.M. AbdouE.M. DiabH.M. ZakiM.S.E. Ascorbic acid derivative-loaded modified aspasomes: Formulation, in vitro, ex vivo and clinical evaluation for melasma treatment.J. Liposome Res.2020301546710.1080/08982104.2019.1585448 30821553
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Al DhamenM. AhmadR. AhmadN. NaqviA.A. Clinical uses and toxicity of Ephedra sinica: An evidence-based comprehensive retrospective review (2004-2017).Pharmacogn. J.201911243944410.5530/pj.2019.11.68
     [Google Scholar]
  4. AlamM.B. AhmedA. MotinM.A. KimS. LeeS.H. Attenuation of melanogenesis by Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. f) flower extract through the regulation of cAMP/CREB/MAPKs/MITF and proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase.Sci. Rep.2018811392810.1038/s41598‑018‑32303‑7 30224716
     [Google Scholar]
  5. AlamM.B. BajpaiV.K. LeeJ. ZhaoP. ByeonJ.H. RaJ.S. MajumderR. LeeJ.S. YoonJ.I. RatherI.A. ParkY.H. KimK. NaM. LeeS.H. Inhibition of melanogenesis by jineol from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans via MAP-Kinase mediated MITF downregulation and the proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase.Sci. Rep.2017714585810.1038/srep45858 28393917
     [Google Scholar]
  6. BiswasR. MukherjeeP.K. DalaiM.K. MandalP.K. NagM. Tyrosinase inhibitory potential of purpurin in Rubia cordifolia—A bioactivity guided approach.Ind. Crops Prod.20157431932610.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.066
     [Google Scholar]
  7. BournatJ.C. BrownA.M.C. SolerA.P. Wnt-1 dependent activation of the survival factor NF-kB in PC12 cells.J. Neurosci. Res.2000611213210.1002/1097‑4547(20000701)61:1<21:AID‑JNR3>3.0.CO;2‑7 10861796
     [Google Scholar]
  8. BrennerM. HearingV.J. The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin.Photochem. Photobiol.200884353954910.1111/j.1751‑1097.2007.00226.x 18435612
     [Google Scholar]
  9. CeliaC. CilurzoF. TrapassoE. CoscoD. FrestaM. PaolinoD. Ethosomes® and transfersomes® containing linoleic acid: Physicochemical and technological features of topical drug delivery carriers for the potential treatment of melasma disorders.Biomed. Microdevices201214111913010.1007/s10544‑011‑9590‑y 21960035
     [Google Scholar]
  10. ChiangH.M. ChienY.C. WuC.H. KuoY.H. WuW.C. PanY.Y. SuY.H. WenK.C. Hydroalcoholic extract of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) and its hydrolysate inhibit melanogenesis in B16F0 cells by regulating the CREB/MITF/tyrosinase pathway.Food Chem. Toxicol.20146512913910.1016/j.fct.2013.12.032 24380755
     [Google Scholar]
  11. HatemS. El HoffyN.M. ElezabyR.S. NasrM. KamelA.O. ElkheshenS.A. Background and different treatment modalities for melasma: Conventional and nanotechnology-based approaches.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.20206010198410.1016/j.jddst.2020.101984
     [Google Scholar]
  12. ChoB.Y. ParkM.R. LeeJ.H. RaM.J. HanK.C. KangI.J. LeeO.H. Standardized Cirsium setidens Nakai ethanolic extract suppresses adipogenesis and regulates lipid metabolisms in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C57BL/6J mice fed high-fat diets.J. Med. Food201720876377610.1089/jmf.2017.3965 28686516
     [Google Scholar]
  13. ChoiJ. KimM.J. KomakechR. JungH. KangY. Anti-inflammatory activities of astringent persimmons (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) stalks of various cultivar types based on the stages of maturity in the Gyeongnam province.BMC Complement. Altern. Med.201919126210.1186/s12906‑019‑2659‑5 31547810
     [Google Scholar]
  14. ChukwujekwuJ. de KockC. SmithP. van HeerdenF. van StadenJ. Antiplasmodial and antibacterial activity of compounds isolated from Ormocarpum trichocarpum.Planta Med.201278171857186010.1055/s‑0032‑1315386 23059633
     [Google Scholar]
  15. DelevoyeC. Melanin transfer: The keratinocytes are more than gluttons.J. Invest. Dermatol.2014134487787910.1038/jid.2013.487 24646798
     [Google Scholar]
  16. DissanayakeK.G.C. WaliwitaW. LiyanageR.P. A review on medicinal uses of Zingiber officinale (ginger).Int. J. Health Sci. Res.2020106142148Available from: https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.10_Issue.6_June2020/22.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  17. DivanbeygikermaniM. PardakhtyA. AmanatfardA. Kojic acid and hydroquinone non-ionic surfactant vesicles for topical application.Int. Pharmacy Acta.20181111010.22037/ipa.v1i1.20494
     [Google Scholar]
  18. DoktorovovaS. SoutoE.B. Nanostructured lipid carrier-based hydrogel formulations for drug delivery: A comprehensive review.Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.20096216517610.1517/17425240802712590 19239388
     [Google Scholar]
  19. DouX. ZhouZ. RenR. XuM. Apigenin, flavonoid component isolated from Gentiana veitchiorum flower suppresses the oxidative stress through LDLR-LCAT signaling pathway.Biomed. Pharmacother.202012811029810.1016/j.biopha.2020.110298 32504920
     [Google Scholar]
  20. DuarahS. DuraiR.D. NarayananV.B. Nanoparticle-in-gel system for delivery of vitamin C for topical application.Drug Deliv. Transl. Res.20177575076010.1007/s13346‑017‑0398‑z 28597122
     [Google Scholar]
  21. ErsoyE. Eroglu OzkanE. BogaM. YilmazM.A. MatA. Anti-aging potential and anti-tyrosinase activity of three Hypericum species with focus on phytochemical composition by LC–MS/MS.Ind. Crops Prod.201914111173510.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111735
     [Google Scholar]
  22. FachinettiN. RigonR.B. EloyJ.O. SatoM.R. dos SantosK.C. ChorilliM. Comparative study of glyceryl behenate or polyoxyethylene 40 stearate-based lipid carriers for trans-resveratrol delivery: Development, characterization and evaluation of the in vitro tyrosinase inhibition.AAPS PharmSciTech20181931401140910.1208/s12249‑018‑0961‑z 29404955
     [Google Scholar]
  23. FinkB. LiebnerK. MüllerA.K. HirnT. McKelveyG. LankhofJ. Hair colour and skin colour together influence perceptions of age, health and attractiveness in lightly pigmented young women.Int. J. Cosmet. Sci.201840330331210.1111/ics.12467
     [Google Scholar]
  24. GilchrestB.A. ParkH.Y. EllerM.S. YaarM. Mechanisms of ultraviolet light-induced pigmentation.Photochem. Photobiol.199663111010.1111/j.1751‑1097.1996.tb02988.x 8577860
     [Google Scholar]
  25. GuptaA.K. GoverM.D. NouriK. TaylorS. The treatment of melasma: A review of clinical trials.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.20065561048106510.1016/j.jaad.2006.02.009 17097400
     [Google Scholar]
  26. BastoniniE. KovacsD. PicardoM. Skin pigmentation and pigmentary disorders: Focus on epidermal/dermal cross-talk.Ann. Dermatol.201628327928910.5021/ad.2016.28.3.279 27274625
     [Google Scholar]
  27. HeX. BaiY. ZhaoZ. WangX. FangJ. HuangL. ZengM. ZhangQ. ZhangY. ZhengX. Local and traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Sophora japonica L.: A review.J. Ethnopharmacol.201618716018210.1016/j.jep.2016.04.014 27085938
     [Google Scholar]
  28. HuG. HongD. ZhangT. DuanH. WeiP. GuoX. MuX. Cynatratoside-C from Cynanchum atratum displays anti-inflammatory effect via suppressing TLR4 mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced mastitis in mice.Chem. Biol. Interact.201827918719510.1016/j.cbi.2017.10.017 29113806
     [Google Scholar]
  29. OstadiA. VahediM.M. Abbasinezhad-moudF. MetanatY. Qoorchi Moheb SerajF. AfshariA.R. AhmadiS.S. FernsG.A. BahramiA. Zerumbone induces apoptosis and inhibits migration of A2058 melanoma stem-like cells by producing reactive oxygen species, causing G2/M Cell cycle arrest, and controlling the expression of genes linked to metastasis.Ind J Clin Biochem20241510.1007/s12291‑024‑01260‑6
     [Google Scholar]
  30. HuangW.Q. LiuS.R. HuangZ.M. DongT.G. WangG. QinC.J. Magic electron affection in preparation process of silicon nanocrystal.Sci. Rep.201551993210.1038/srep09932 25909481
     [Google Scholar]
  31. HuhS.Y. ShinJ.W. NaJ.I. HuhC.H. YounS.W. ParkK.C. Efficacy and safety of liposome‐encapsulated 4‐ n ‐butylresorcinol 0.1% cream for the treatment of melasma: A randomized controlled split‐face trial.J. Dermatol.201037431131510.1111/j.1346‑8138.2010.00787.x 20507399
     [Google Scholar]
  32. IngberA. Hyperpigmentation and melasma.Obstetric Dermatology.Berlin, HeidelbergSpringer200971710.1007/978‑3‑540‑88399‑9_2
     [Google Scholar]
  33. JagtapP.N. MhetreO.S. MalavdkarP.R. A review article on Rhodiola Rosea: An adaptogen having multiple benefits.Int. J. Pharmacogn.202073626910.13040/IJPSR.0975‑8232.IJP
     [Google Scholar]
  34. JangM.H. AhnT.W. Inhibitory effects of Taraxacum mongolicum with phreatic water on melanin synthesis.Integr. Med. Res.201542769310.1016/j.imr.2014.08.001 28664113
     [Google Scholar]
  35. JangY.H. LeeJ.Y. KangH.Y. LeeE-S. KimY.C. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in melasma: An immunohistochemical analysis.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201024111312131610.1111/j.1468‑3083.2010.03638.x 20337826
     [Google Scholar]
  36. JinQ. HanX.H. YunC.Y. LeeC. LeeJ.W. LeeD. LeeM.K. JungS.H. HongJ.T. KimY. HwangB.Y. Melanogenesis inhibitory pregnane glycosides from Cynanchum atratum.Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.20182871252125610.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.004 29526485
     [Google Scholar]
  37. JungH.G. KimH.H. PaulS. JangJ.Y. ChoY.H. KimH.J. YuJ.M. LeeE.S. AnB.J. KangS.C. BangB.H. Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside suppresses melanin synthesis by augmenting p38 MAPK and CREB signaling pathways and subsequent cAMP down-regulation in murine melanoma cells.Saudi J. Biol. Sci.201522670671310.1016/j.sjbs.2015.03.009 26586997
     [Google Scholar]
  38. JunyaprasertV.B. SinghsaP. SuksiriworapongJ. ChantasartD. Physicochemical properties and skin permeation of Span 60/Tween 60 niosomes of ellagic acid.Int. J. Pharm.2012423230331110.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.032 22155414
     [Google Scholar]
  39. KangH.Y. HwangJ.S. LeeJ.Y. AhnJ.H. KimJ-Y. LeeE-S. KangW.H. The dermal stem cell factor and c-kit are overexpressed in melasma.Br. J. Dermatol.200615461094109910.1111/j.1365‑2133.2006.07179.x 16704639
     [Google Scholar]
  40. KimE.H. KimY.C. LeeE.S. KangH.Y. The vascular characteristics of melasma.J. Dermatol. Sci.200746211111610.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.01.009 17363223
     [Google Scholar]
  41. WijayadiL.J. The effect of natural essential oil depigmenting agent for alternative treatment of melasma.J. Food Pharm. Sci.202311177077910.22146/jfps.6131
     [Google Scholar]
  42. KimI.S. YoonS.J. ParkY.J. LeeH.B. Inhibitory effect of ephedrannins A and B from roots of Ephedra sinica STAPF on melanogenesis.Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Gen. Subj.2015185071389139610.1016/j.bbagen.2015.04.001 25857772
     [Google Scholar]
  43. KingR. WeilbaecherK.N. McGillG. CooleyE. MihmM. FisherD.E. Microphthalmia transcription factor. A sensitive and specific melanocyte marker for Melanoma diagnosis.Am. J. Pathol.1999155373173810.1016/S0002‑9440(10)65172‑3 10487831
     [Google Scholar]
  44. KooJ.H. KimH.T. YoonH.Y. KwonK.B. ChoiI.W. JungS.H. KimH.U. ParkB.H. ParkJ.W. Effect of xanthohumol on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells.Exp. Mol. Med.200840331331910.3858/emm.2008.40.3.313 18587269
     [Google Scholar]
  45. KumariP. RainaK. ThakurS. SharmaR. Cruz-MartinsN. KumarP. BarmanK. SharmaS. KumarD. PrajapatiP.K. SharmaR. ChaudharyA. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of palash (Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.): A systematic review.Curr. Pharmacol. Rep.20228318820410.1007/s40495‑022‑00286‑9
     [Google Scholar]
  46. LaaliK.K. GrevesW.J. Correa-SmitsS.J. ZwaryczA.T. BungeS.D. BoroskyG.L. MannaA. PaulusA. Chanan-KhanA. Novel fluorinated curcuminoids and their pyrazole and isoxazole derivatives: Synthesis, structural studies, Computational/Docking and in-vitro bioassay.J. Fluor. Chem.2018206829810.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.11.013
     [Google Scholar]
  47. LaiJ.S. LinC. ChiangT.M. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity and thermostability of the flavonoid complex from Sophora japonica L (Fabaceae).Trop. J. Pharm. Res.201413224324710.4314/tjpr.v13i2.12
     [Google Scholar]
  48. LakhaniD.R. PrakashD.C. TiwariD.S. PurohitD.S. PaliwalD.V. MathurD.D.K. BhargavaD.P. Scoring system in dermatology: A review.IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci.2016157899910.9790/0853‑150798999
     [Google Scholar]
  49. LamR.Y.Y. LinZ.X. SviderskayaE. ChengC.H.K. Application of a combined sulphorhodamine B and melanin assay to the evaluation of Chinese medicines and their constituent compounds for hyperpigmentation treatment.J. Ethnopharmacol.2010132127427910.1016/j.jep.2010.08.027 20723597
     [Google Scholar]
  50. LeeC.C. ChenY.T. ChiuC.C. LiaoW.T. LiuY.C. David WangH.M. Polygonum cuspidatum extracts as bioactive antioxidaion, anti-tyrosinase, immune stimulation and anticancer agents.J. Biosci. Bioeng.2015119446446910.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.09.008 25311751
     [Google Scholar]
  51. LeeC.J. ParkS.K. KangJ.Y. KimJ.M. YooS.K. HanH.J. KimD-O. HeoH.J. Melanogenesis regulatory activity of the ethyl acetate fraction from Arctium lappa L. leaf on α-MSH–induced B16/F10 melanoma cells.Ind. Crops Prod.201913811158110.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111581
     [Google Scholar]
  52. LiuJ. XuX. ZhouJ. SunG. LiZ. ZhaiL. WangJ. Phenolic acids in Panax ginseng inhibit melanin production through bidirectional regulation of melanin synthase transcription via different signaling pathways.J. Ginseng Res.202347671472510.1016/j.jgr.2023.05.002
     [Google Scholar]
  53. LeeM.H. LeeK.K. ParkM.H. HyunS.S. KahnS.Y. JooK.S. KangH-C. KwonW-T. In vivo anti-melanogenesis activity and in vitro skin permeability of niacinamide-loaded flexible liposomes (Bounsphere™).J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.20163114715210.1016/j.jddst.2015.12.008
     [Google Scholar]
  54. LeeS.C. ChenC.H. YuC.W. ChenH.L. HuangW.T. ChangY.S. HungS.H. LeeT.L. Inhibitory effect of Cinnamomum osmophloeum kanehira ethanol extracts on melanin synthesis via repression of tyrosinase expression.J. Biosci. Bioeng.2016122326326910.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.002 27084445
     [Google Scholar]
  55. LeeS. LeeD.H. KimJ.C. UmB.H. SungS.H. JeongL.S. KimY.K. KimS.N. Pectolinarigenin, an aglycone of pectolinarin, has more potent inhibitory activities on melanogenesis than pectolinarin.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.2017493176577210.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.106 28851651
     [Google Scholar]
  56. LeeS.E. ParkS.H. OhS.W. YooJ.A. KwonK. ParkS.J. KimJ. LeeH.S. ChoJ.Y. LeeJ. Beauvericin inhibits melanogenesis by regulating cAMP/PKA/CREB and LXR-α/p38 MAPK–mediated pathways.Sci. Rep.2018811495810.1038/s41598‑018‑33352‑8 30297846
     [Google Scholar]
  57. LeeS.J. LeeW.J. ChangS.E. LeeG.Y. Antimelanogenic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated inhibition of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.J. Ginseng Res.201539323824210.1016/j.jgr.2015.01.001 26199555
     [Google Scholar]
  58. AlamM.B. ParkN.H. SongB-R. Lee. Antioxidant potential-rich betel leaves (Piper betle L.) exert depigmenting action by triggering autophagy and downregulating MITF/tyrosinase in vitro and in vivo.Antioxidants (Basel)202312237410.3390/antiox12020374 36829933
     [Google Scholar]
  59. LinJ.Y. FisherD.E. Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation.Nature2007445713084385010.1038/nature05660 17314970
     [Google Scholar]
  60. LuzakB. KassassirH. RójE. StanczykL. WatalaC. GolanskiJ. Xanthohumol from hop cones (Humulus lupulus L.) prevents ADP-induced platelet reactivity.Arch. Physiol. Biochem.20171231546010.1080/13813455.2016.1247284 27855519
     [Google Scholar]
  61. MajidI. HaqI. ImranS. KeenA. AzizK. ArifT. Proposing melasma severity index: A new, more practical, office-based scoring system for assessing the severity of melasma.Indian J. Dermatol.2016611394410.4103/0019‑5154.174024 26955093
     [Google Scholar]
  62. MaposaS. AfolayanA. OtunolaG. Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of Vachellia karroo Hayne Banfi and Galasso pods used traditionally for the treatment of venereal diseases.Int. J. Pharmacol.201915677277610.3923/ijp.2019.772.776
     [Google Scholar]
  63. MohiuddinA.K. Medicinal and therapeutic values of Sesbania grandiflora.South Asian Res. J. Pharm. Sci.201911111510.36346/sarjps.2019.v01i01.003
     [Google Scholar]
  64. NamJ.H. LeeD.U. Foeniculum vulgare extract and its constituent, trans-anethole, inhibit UV-induced melanogenesis via ORAI1 channel inhibition.J. Dermatol. Sci.201684330531310.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.017 27712859
     [Google Scholar]
  65. NautiyalA. WairkarS. Management of hyperpigmentation: Current treatments and emerging therapies.Pigment Cell Melanoma Res.20213461000101410.1111/pcmr.12986 33998768
     [Google Scholar]
  66. NowakA. Zakłos-SzydaM. BłasiakJ. NowakA. ZhangZ. ZhangB. Potential of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. in human health and nutrition: A review of current knowledge and therapeutic perspectives.Nutrients201911233310.3390/nu11020333 30720717
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Ogawa-OchiaiK. YoshimuraK. ShiraiA. SakaiS. MoriyamaH. NakamuraK. MurayamaT. IshikawaH. Daiobotanpito combined with antibiotic therapy for treatment of acute diverticulitis: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Preprint201910.21203/rs.2.14465/v1
     [Google Scholar]
  68. OhE.Y. JangJ.Y. ChoiY.H. ChoiY.W. ChoiB.T. Inhibitory effects of 1-O-methyl-fructofuranose from Schisandra chinensis fruit on melanogenesis in B16F0 melanoma cells.J. Ethnopharmacol.2010132121922410.1016/j.jep.2010.08.010 20723590
     [Google Scholar]
  69. PakpayatN. NielloudF. FortunéR. Tourne-PeteilhC. VillarrealA. GrilloI. BatailleB. Formulation of ascorbic acid microemulsions with alkyl polyglycosides.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.200972244445210.1016/j.ejpb.2009.01.005 19462481
     [Google Scholar]
  70. PandyaA.G. GuevaraI.L. Disorders of hyperpigmentation.Dermatol. Clin.20001819198ix.10.1016/S0733‑8635(05)70150‑9 10626115
     [Google Scholar]
  71. PandyaA.G. HynanL.S. BhoreR. RileyF.C. GuevaraI.L. GrimesP. Reliability assessment and validation of the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and a new modified MASI scoring method.J Am Acad Dermatol.201164178-83.e1-210.1016/S0733‑8635(05)70150‑9 10626115
     [Google Scholar]
  72. PengX. MaY. YanC. WeiX. ZhangL. JiangH. MaY. ZhangS. XingM. GaoY. Mechanism, formulation, and efficacy evaluation of natural products for skin pigmentation treatment.Pharmaceutics2024168102210.3390/pharmaceutics16081022 39204367
     [Google Scholar]
  73. ParimalaM. ShobaF.G. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant acitivity of hydroalcoholic seed extract of Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f.Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed.201331188789510.1016/S2221‑1691(13)60174‑4
     [Google Scholar]
  74. ParkY.S. ParkH.J. LeeJ. Stabilization of glabridin by chitosan nano-complex.J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.201255445746210.1007/s13765‑012‑2001‑0
     [Google Scholar]
  75. PasseronT. Melasma pathogenesis and influencing factors – an overview of the latest research.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201327s1Suppl. 15610.1111/jdv.12049 23205539
     [Google Scholar]
  76. PengL.H. LiuS. XuS.Y. ChenL. ShanY.H. WeiW. LiangW.Q. GaoJ.Q. Inhibitory effects of salidroside and paeonol on tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells and ultraviolet B-induced pigmentation in guinea pig skin.Phytomedicine201320121082108710.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.015 23746955
     [Google Scholar]
  77. PetitL. PiérardG.E. Skin‐lightening products revisited.Int. J. Cosmet. Sci.200325416918110.1046/j.1467‑2494.2003.00182.x 18494898
     [Google Scholar]
  78. PiamphongsantT. Treatment of melasma: A review with personal experience.Int. J. Dermatol.1998371289790310.1046/j.1365‑4362.1998.00585.x 9888328
     [Google Scholar]
  79. PoomaneeW. ChaiyanaW. WickettR.R. LeelapornpisidP. Stability and solubility improvement of Sompoi (Acacia concinna Linn.) pod extract by topical microemulsion.Asian J Pharm Sci.201712438639310.1016/j.ajps.2017.03.001 32104350
     [Google Scholar]
  80. RehmanT. AhmadS. Nardostachys chinensis Batalin: A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.Phytother. Res.201933102622264810.1002/ptr.6447 31359527
     [Google Scholar]
  81. ReszkoA.E. BersonD. LupoM.P. Cosmeceuticals: Practical applications.Dermatol. Clin.2009274401416v.10.1016/j.det.2009.08.005 19850190
     [Google Scholar]
  82. RigopoulosD. GregoriouS. KatsambasA. Hyperpigmentation and melasma.J. Cosmet. Dermatol.20076319520210.1111/j.1473‑2165.2007.00321.x 17760699
     [Google Scholar]
  83. SabaE. KimS.H. LeeY.Y. ParkC.K. OhJ.W. KimT.H. KimH.K. RohS.S. RheeM.H. Korean Red Ginseng extract ameliorates melanogenesis in humans and induces antiphotoaging effects in ultraviolet B–irradiated hairless mice.J. Ginseng Res.202044349650510.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.003 32372872
     [Google Scholar]
  84. SadeghpourM. DoverJ.S. RohrerT.E. Advances in the treatment of melasma: An evidence-based approach.Adv. Cosmet. Surg.20181116317410.1016/j.yacs.2018.02.008
     [Google Scholar]
  85. LeeD.Y. LeeJ. JeongY.T. ByunG.H. KimJ.H. Melanogenesis inhibition activity of floralginsenoside A from Panax ginseng berry.J. Ginseng Res.201741460260710.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.005 29021710
     [Google Scholar]
  86. LimsuwanT. BoonmeP. AmnuaikitT. Enhanced stability of phenylethyl resorcinol in elastic vesicular formulations.Trop. J. Pharm. Res.201917101895190210.4314/tjpr.v17i10.1
     [Google Scholar]
  87. ShigetaY. ImanakaH. AndoH. RyuA. OkuN. BabaN. MakinoT. Skin whitening effect of linoleic acid is enhanced by liposomal formulations.Biol. Pharm. Bull.200427459159410.1248/bpb.27.591 15056874
     [Google Scholar]
  88. SolanoF. Melanins: Skin pigments and much more—types, structural models, biological functions, and formation routes.New J. Sci.20142014112810.1155/2014/498276
     [Google Scholar]
  89. ShatalebiM.A. MostafaviS.A. MoghaddasA. Niosome as a drug carrier for topical delivery of N-acetyl glucosamine.Res. Pharm. Sci.201052107117 21589799
     [Google Scholar]
  90. SlominskiA. TobinD.J. ShibaharaS. WortsmanJ. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.Physiol. Rev.20048441155122810.1152/physrev.00044.2003 15383650
     [Google Scholar]
  91. RainaN. RaniR. ThakurV.K. GuptaM. New insights in topical drug delivery for skin disorders: From a nanotechnological perspective.ACS Omega2023822191451916710.1021/acsomega.2c08016 37305231
     [Google Scholar]
  92. NikolaevB. YakovlevaL. FedorovV. LiH. GaoH. ShevtsovM. Nano-and microemulsions in biomedicine: From theory to practice.Pharmaceutics2023157198910.3390/pharmaceutics15071989 37514175
     [Google Scholar]
  93. BarkatM.A. Harshita; Rizwanullah, M.; Pottoo, F.H.; Beg, S.; Akhter, S.; Ahmad, F.J. Therapeutic nanoemulsion: Concept to delivery.Curr. Pharm. Des.202026111145116610.2174/1381612826666200317140600 32183664
     [Google Scholar]
  94. McClementsD.J. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: Terminology, differences, and similarities.Soft Matter2012861719172910.1039/C2SM06903B
     [Google Scholar]
  95. KhanI. Skin Aging and Vesicular Delivery Systems.Science and Applications of Nanoparticles2022309
     [Google Scholar]
  96. ElizondoE. MorenoE. CabreraI. CórdobaA. SalaS. VecianaJ. VentosaN. Liposomes and other vesicular systems: Structural characteristics, methods of preparation, and use in nanomedicine.Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci.201110415210.1016/B978‑0‑12‑416020‑0.00001‑2 22093216
     [Google Scholar]
  97. SinghS. SharmaN. ZahoorI. BehlT. AntilA. GuptaS. AnwerM.K. MohanS. BungauS.G. Decrypting the potential of nanotechnology-based approaches as cutting-edge for management of hyperpigmentation disorder.Molecules202228122010.3390/molecules28010220 36615414
     [Google Scholar]
  98. KaurI.P. KapilaM. AgrawalR. Role of novel delivery systems in developing topical antioxidants as therapeutics to combat photoageing.Ageing Res. Rev.20076427128810.1016/j.arr.2007.08.006 17933593
     [Google Scholar]
  99. RaiA. AlamG. SinghA. VermaN. Niosomes: An approach to current drug delivery-A Review.Int. J. Adv. Pharm.2017624148
     [Google Scholar]
  100. GuptaR. KumarA. Transfersomes: The ultra-deformable carrier system for non-invasive delivery of drug.Curr. Drug Deliv.202118440842010.2174/1567201817666200804105416 32753015
     [Google Scholar]
  101. ParasharT. SachanR. SinghV. SinghG. TyagiS. PatelC. GuptaA. Ethosomes: A recent vesicle of transdermal drug delivery system.Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci.201322285292Available from: http://www.ijrdpl.com
    [Google Scholar]
  102. DivyaK. JishaM.S. Chitosan nanoparticles preparation and applications.Environ. Chem. Lett.201816110111210.1007/s10311‑017‑0670‑y
     [Google Scholar]
  103. SinghA. ParikhS. SethiN. PatelS. ModiN. PatelK. Nanoparticle formulations.A Sustainable Approach to Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Products. ChavdaV.P. ApostolopoulosV. Wiley202410.1002/9781394175482.ch4
     [Google Scholar]
  104. MouryaV. InamdarN. NawaleR. KultheS. Polymeric micelles: General considerations and their applications.Indian J Pharm Educ Res.2011452128138
     [Google Scholar]
  105. RideauE. DimovaR. SchwilleP. WurmF.R. LandfesterK. Liposomes and polymersomes: A comparative review towards cell mimicking.Chem. Soc. Rev.201847238572861010.1039/C8CS00162F 30177983
     [Google Scholar]
  106. KazemzadehH. MozafariM. Fullerene-based delivery systems.Drug Discov. Today201924389890510.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.013 30703542
     [Google Scholar]
  107. HammamiI. AlabdallahN.M. jomaa, A.A.; kamoun, M. Gold nanoparticles: Synthesis properties and applications.J. King Saud Univ. Sci.202133710156010.1016/j.jksus.2021.101560
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Jiménez-PérezZ.E. SinghP. KimY.J. MathiyalaganR. KimD.H. LeeM.H. YangD.C. Applications of Panax ginseng leaves-mediated gold nanoparticles in cosmetics relation to antioxidant, moisture retention, and whitening effect on B16BL6 cells.J. Ginseng Res.201842332733310.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.003 29983614
     [Google Scholar]
  109. GubitosaJ. RizziV. FiniP. Del SoleR. LopedotaA. LaquintanaV. DenoraN. AgostianoA. CosmaP. Multifunctional green synthetized gold nanoparticles/chitosan/ellagic acid self-assembly: Antioxidant, sun filter and tyrosinase-inhibitor properties.Mater. Sci. Eng. C202010611017010.1016/j.msec.2019.110170 31753365
     [Google Scholar]
  110. SinghaiH. RatheeS. JainS.K. PatilU.K. The potential of natural products in the management of cardiovascular disease.Curr. Pharm. Des.202430862463810.2174/0113816128295053240207090928 38477208
     [Google Scholar]
  111. SenD. RatheeS. PandeyV. JainS.K. PatilU.K. Comprehensive insights into pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease: Herbal approaches for mitigating neurodegeneration.Curr. Alzheimer Res.202410.2174/0115672050309057240404075003 38623983
     [Google Scholar]
  112. SahuA. RatheeS. JainS.K. PatilU.K. Exploring the promising role of guggulipid in rheumatoid arthritis management: An in-depth analysis.Curr. Rheumatol. Rev.202420546948710.2174/0115733971280984240101115203 38284718
     [Google Scholar]
  113. ManikishoreM. MauryaS.K. RatheeS. PatilU.K. Genome editing approaches using Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) for the treatment of motor neuron diseases.Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol.20242510.2174/0113892010307288240526071810 38847163
     [Google Scholar]
  114. YadavD.K. RatheeS. SharmaV. PatilU.K. A comprehensive review on insect repellent agents: Medicinal plants and synthetic compounds.Antiinflamm. Antiallergy Agents Med. Chem.20242428410210.2174/0118715230322355240903072704 39415571
     [Google Scholar]
  115. SenD. RatheeS. PandeyV. JainS.K. Exploring Saffron’s therapeutic potential: Insights on phytochemistry, bioactivity, and clinical implications.Curr. Pharm. Des.202410.2174/0113816128337941240928181943 39415584
     [Google Scholar]
  116. PandeyV. SenD. RatheeS. SoniS. MishraS. JainS.K. PatilU.K. Unlocking toll-like receptors: Targeting therapeutics for respiratory tract infections and inflammatory disorders.Recent Adv. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov20241810.2174/0127722708329138240926073013
     [Google Scholar]
  117. PandeyV. RatheeS. SenD. JainS.K. PatilU.K. Phytovesicular nanoconstructs for advanced delivery of medicinal metabolites: An in-depth review.Curr. Drug Targets2024251384786510.2174/0113894501310832240815071618 39171597
     [Google Scholar]
  118. RatheeS. SenD. PandeyV. JainS.K. Advances in understanding and managing Alzheimer’s disease: From pathophysiology to innovative therapeutic strategies.Curr. Drug Targets2024251175277410.2174/0113894501320096240627071400 39039673
     [Google Scholar]
  119. JainS.K. Molecular docking analysis of d-glucosamine and rivastigmine tartrate targeting Alzheimer’s disease-associated proteins: An in silico approach.Asian J. Pharm.202418210.22377/ajp.v18i02.5458
     [Google Scholar]
  120. SahuA. RatheeS. SarafS. JainS.K. A review on the recent advancements and artificial intelligence in tablet technology.Curr. Drug Targets202425641643010.2174/0113894501281290231221053939 38213164
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/npj/10.2174/0122103155335008250313045946
Loading
Integrating Nanotechnology and Phytochemicals: Innovative Approaches for the Management of Melasma
Natural Products Journal, The 16, E22103155335008 (2026); https://doi.org/10.2174/0122103155335008250313045946
/content/journals/npj/10.2174/0122103155335008250313045946
/content/journals/npj/10.2174/0122103155335008250313045946
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): Hyperpigmentation; medicinal plants; melasma; melasma area severity index (MASI); nanoparticles; skin lighteners

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test