Skip to content
2000
Volume 5, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 0250-6882
  • E-ISSN: 0250-6882
file format pdf download PDF
side by side viewer icon HTML

Abstract

A disproportionately large number of cancer-related deaths are caused by lung cancer, making it a worldwide public health concern. Lung cancer has a complex etiology, although carcinogenic chemicals are key contributors. In this chapter, we delve into the complex web of connections between carcinogenic pollution and the development of lung cancer. An overview of lung cancer, its prevalence, causative factors, and its various subtypes is covered to begin with. A focused discussion of carcinogenic pollutants, their diverse sources encompassing air pollutants, industrial emissions, indoor contaminants, lifestyle-related exposures, and mechanisms of action is also covered. The article delves into factors that have been proven to increase the risk of lung cancer, such as cigarette smoking, air pollutants, occupational risks, and interior pollutants. The chapter delves further into the topic, explaining how environmental influences and genetic predisposition interact in intricate ways. There is extensive citation and reporting of epidemiological, case-control, and cohort research that have confirmed the link between exposure to carcinogenic pollutants and the occurrence of lung cancer. As the chapter progresses, it also explores preventive measures and interventions, including environmental regulations, public health policies, and lifestyle modifications, aimed at reducing pollutant exposure and mitigating lung cancer risk. It provides valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, policymakers, and the general public, facilitating a collective effort to prevent or combat this formidable disease.

© 2024 The Author(s).
© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Bentham Science Publishers. This is an open access article published under CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/nemj/10.2174/0102506882350325250314064441
2024-01-01
2025-10-31

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/nemj/10.2174/0102506882350325250314064441
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/nemj/5/1/NEMJ-5-E02506882350325.html?itemId=/content/journals/nemj/10.2174/0102506882350325250314064441&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. ShankarA. DubeyA. SainiD. SinghM. PrasadC.P. RoyS. BharatiS.J. RinkiM. SinghN. SethT. KhannaM. SethiN. KumarS. SirohiB. MohanA. GuleriaR. RathG.K. Environmental and occupational determinants of lung cancer.Transl. Lung Cancer Res.20198S1Suppl. 1S31S4910.21037/tlcr.2019.03.0531211104
     [Google Scholar]
  2. DesaiN. KatareP. MakwanaV. SalaveS. VoraL.K. GiriJ. Tumor-derived systems as novel biomedical tools-turning the enemy into an ally.Biomater. Res.202327111310.1186/s40824‑023‑00445‑z37946275
     [Google Scholar]
  3. MewbornE. StanfillA. Oxidative stress underpins clinical, social, and genetic risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Clin. Med. Insights Cardiol.2023171179546823117077910.1177/1179546823117077937153696
     [Google Scholar]
  4. KuB.M. BaeY.H. LeeK.Y. SunJ.M. LeeS.H. AhnJ.S. ParkK. AhnM.J. Entrectinib resistance mechanisms in ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer.Invest. New Drugs202038236036810.1007/s10637‑019‑00795‑331124056
     [Google Scholar]
  5. UpadhyayA. Cancer: An unknown territory; rethinking before going ahead.Genes Dis.20218565566110.1016/j.gendis.2020.09.00234291136
     [Google Scholar]
  6. PucciC. MartinelliC. CiofaniG. Innovative approaches for cancer treatment: Current perspectives and new challenges.Ecancermedicalscience20191396110.3332/ecancer.2019.96131537986
     [Google Scholar]
  7. WalP. SaedA. AlmahtoutA.M. AhmedS.A. A multidisciplinary exploration of diseases, treatments, and impact, from cancer-related anemia to pandemics and therapeutics.Liby. J. Med. Appl. Sci.2023111430
     [Google Scholar]
  8. FantiniB. VaccaroC.M. Value based healthcare for rare diseases: Efficiency, efficacy, equity.Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita201955325125731553319
     [Google Scholar]
  9. BraithwaiteJ. ChurrucaK. EllisL.A. LongJ. Clay-WilliamsR. DamenN. Complexity science in healthcare.SydneyAustralian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University201716
     [Google Scholar]
  10. JonesG.S. BaldwinD.R. Recent advances in the management of lung cancer.Clin. Med. (Lond.)2018182s41s4610.7861/clinmedicine.18‑2‑s4129700092
     [Google Scholar]
  11. ÁdámB. ModeneseA. LoneyT. Editorial: Occupation and cancer: New insights into burden, risk factors, and prevention.Front. Publ. Heal.202411134395210.3389/fpubh.2023.134395238239791
     [Google Scholar]
  12. LoomisD. GuhaN. HallA.L. StraifK. Identifying occupational carcinogens: An update from the IARC Monographs.Occup. Environ. Med.201875859360310.1136/oemed‑2017‑10494429769352
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Marant MicallefC. ShieldK.D. BaldiI. CharbotelB. FerversB. Gilg Soit IlgA. GuénelP. OlssonA. RushtonL. HutchingsS.J. StraifK. SoerjomataramI. Occupational exposures and cancer: A review of agents and relative risk estimates.Occup. Environ. Med.201875860461410.1136/oemed‑2017‑10485829735747
     [Google Scholar]
  14. HamannH.A. WilliamsonT.J. StudtsJ.L. OstroffJ.S. Lung cancer stigma then and now: Continued challenges amid a landscape of progress.J. Thorac. Oncol.2021161172010.1016/j.jtho.2020.10.01733384057
     [Google Scholar]
  15. RankinN.M. McWilliamsA. MarshallH.M. Lung cancer screening implementation: Complexities and priorities.Respirology202025S2Suppl. 252310.1111/resp.1396333200529
     [Google Scholar]
  16. AkhtarN. BansalJ.G. Risk factors of lung cancer in nonsmoker.Curr. Probl. Cancer201741532833910.1016/j.currproblcancer.2017.07.00228823540
     [Google Scholar]
  17. BoiselleP.M. ErnstA. KarpD.D. Lung cancer detection in the 21st century: Potential contributions and challenges of emerging technologies.AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.200017551215122110.2214/ajr.175.5.175121511044010
     [Google Scholar]
  18. LeiterA. VeluswamyR.R. WisniveskyJ.P. The global burden of lung cancer: Current status and future trends.Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol.202320962463910.1038/s41571‑023‑00798‑337479810
     [Google Scholar]
  19. BeheraD. Recent advances in the management of lung cancer.J. Assoc. Physici. India19913943373391657864
     [Google Scholar]
  20. YangS.C. LaiW.W. SuW.C. WuS.Y. ChenH.H.W. WuY.L. HungM.C. WangJ.D. Estimating the lifelong health impact and financial burdens of different types of lung cancer.BMC Cancer201313157910.1186/1471‑2407‑13‑57924308346
     [Google Scholar]
  21. RiveraM.P. KatkiH.A. TannerN.T. TripletteM. SakodaL.C. WienerR.S. CardarelliR. Carter-HarrisL. CrothersK. FathiJ.T. FordM.E. SmithR. WinnR.A. WisniveskyJ.P. HendersonL.M. AldrichM.C. Addressing disparities in lung cancer screening eligibility and healthcare access: An official american thoracic society statement.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.20202027e95e11210.1164/rccm.202008‑3053ST33000953
     [Google Scholar]
  22. ZhangJ. LiJ. XiongS. HeQ. BerginR.J. EmeryJ.D. IJzermanM.J. FitzmauriceC. WangX. LiC. ZhuF. LiangW. HeJ. Global burden of lung cancer: Implications from current evidence.Ann. Cancer Epidemiol.202154410.21037/ace‑20‑31
     [Google Scholar]
  23. RojewskiA.M. ZuromskiK.L. TollB.A. Strategies for smoking cessation among high risk populations to prevent lung cancer.Expert Rev. Respir. Med.2017112858710.1080/17476348.2017.126757127910714
     [Google Scholar]
  24. CullinanP. MuñozX. SuojalehtoH. AgiusR. JindalS. SigsgaardT. BlombergA. CharpinD. Annesi-MaesanoI. GulatiM. KimY. FrankA.L. AkgünM. FishwickD. de la HozR.E. MoitraS. Occupational lung diseases: From old and novel exposures to effective preventive strategies.Lancet Respir. Med.20175544545510.1016/S2213‑2600(16)30424‑628089118
     [Google Scholar]
  25. AzizN.M. Cancer survivorship research: State of knowledge, challenges and opportunities.Acta Oncol.200746441743210.1080/0284186070136787817497308
     [Google Scholar]
  26. YueS. WangY. WangJ. ChenJ. Relationships between lung cancer incidences and air pollutants.Technol. Health Care201725S141142210.3233/THC‑17134428582929
     [Google Scholar]
  27. SpyratosD. ZarogoulidisP. PorpodisK. TsakiridisK. MachairiotisN. KatsikogiannisN. KougioumtziI. DryllisG. KallianosA. RaptiA. LiC. ZarogoulidisK. Occupational exposure and lung cancer.J. Thorac. Dis.20135Suppl 4Suppl. 4S440S44524102018
     [Google Scholar]
  28. SamarelliA.V. MascialeV. AraminiB. ColóG.P. TonelliR. MarchioniA. BruzziG. GozziF. AndrisaniD. CastaniereI. ManicardiL. MorettiA. TabbìL. GuaitoliG. CerriS. DominiciM. CliniE. Molecular mechanisms and cellular contribution from lung fibrosis to lung cancer development.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202122221217910.3390/ijms22221217934830058
     [Google Scholar]
  29. NgamwongY. TangamornsuksanW. LohitnavyO. ChaiyakunaprukN. ScholfieldC.N. ReisfeldB. LohitnavyM. Additive synergism between asbestos and smoking in lung cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One2015108e013579810.1371/journal.pone.013579826274395
     [Google Scholar]
  30. SugimuraH. YangP. Long-term survivorship in lung cancer: A review.Chest200612941088109710.1378/chest.129.4.108816608961
     [Google Scholar]
  31. BartaJ.A. PowellC.A. WisniveskyJ.P. Global epidemiology of lung cancer.Ann. Glob. Health2019851810.5334/aogh.241930741509
     [Google Scholar]
  32. LewtasJ. Air pollution combustion emissions: Characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects.Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res.20076361-39513310.1016/j.mrrev.2007.08.00317951105
     [Google Scholar]
  33. SørensenM. AutrupH. MøllerP. HertelO. JensenS.S. VinzentsP. KnudsenL.E. LoftS. Linking exposure to environmental pollutants with biological effects.Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res.20035442-325527110.1016/j.mrrev.2003.06.01014644327
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Okona-MensahK.B. BattershillJ. BoobisA. FielderR. An approach to investigating the importance of high potency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the induction of lung cancer by air pollution.Food Chem. Toxicol.20054371103111610.1016/j.fct.2005.03.00115833386
     [Google Scholar]
  35. LeeY.G. LeeP.H. ChoiS.M. AnM.H. JangA.S. An M-H, Jang A-S. Effects of air pollutants on airway diseases.Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Heal.20211818990510.3390/ijerph1818990534574829
     [Google Scholar]
  36. ValavanidisA. VlachogianniT. FiotakisK. LoridasS. Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer: Respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts and ozone as major causes of lung carcinogenesis through reactive oxygen species mechanisms.Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Heal.20131093886390710.3390/ijerph1009388623985773
     [Google Scholar]
  37. MaoQ. JiangF. YinR. WangJ. XiaW. DongG. MaW. YangY. XuL. HuJ. Interplay between the lung microbiome and lung cancer.Cancer Lett.2018415404810.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.03629197615
     [Google Scholar]
  38. LeikaufG.D. Hazardous air pollutants and asthma.Environ. Health Perspect.2002110Suppl 4Suppl. 450552610.1289/ehp.02110s450512194881
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Rolaf van LeeuwenF.X. A European perspective on hazardous air pollutants.Toxicology2002181-18235535910.1016/S0300‑483X(02)00463‑812505336
     [Google Scholar]
  40. KellyF.J. FussellJ.C. Air pollution and public health: Emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk.Environ. Geochem. Health201537463164910.1007/s10653‑015‑9720‑126040976
     [Google Scholar]
  41. ShettyS.S. DD. SH. SonkusareS. NaikP.B. Kumari NS. MadhyasthaH. Environmental pollutants and their effects on human health.Heliyon202399e1949610.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e1949637662771
     [Google Scholar]
  42. GiridharP. NeerajaS.R.K. Air pollution a major health hazard in future.Asi. J. Pharma. Res. Develop.20208311812110.22270/ajprd.v8i3.729
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Mayoralas-AlisesS. Diaz-LobatoS. Air pollution and lung cancer.Curr. Respir. Med. Rev.20128641842910.2174/157339812804871337
     [Google Scholar]
  44. LigockiM.P. PankowJ.F. Measurements of the gas/particle distributions of atmospheric organic compounds.Environ. Sci. Technol.1989231758310.1021/es00178a009
     [Google Scholar]
  45. DockeryDW EvansJS Tallying the bills of mortality from air pollution.The Lancet2017May133891008218621864
     [Google Scholar]
  46. PopeCA EzzatiM CannonJB AllenRT JerrettM BurnettRT Mortality risk and PM 2.5 air pollution in the USA: an analysis of a national prospective cohort. Quality, Atmosphere & Health2018April11245252
     [Google Scholar]
  47. LoomisD. HuangW. ChenG. The international agency for research on cancer (IARC) evaluation of the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution: Focus on China.Chin. J. Cancer201433418919610.5732/cjc.014.1002824694836
     [Google Scholar]
  48. LinY.C. ShihH.S. LaiC.Y. Classification of air quality zones and fine particulate matter sensitive areas by risk assessment approach.Environ. Res.2022215Pt 111420810.1016/j.envres.2022.11420836049510
     [Google Scholar]
  49. LeT.C. TsaiC.J. Inertial impaction technique for the classification of particulate matters and nanoparticles: A review.Kona Powder Parti. J.2021380426310.14356/kona.2021004
     [Google Scholar]
  50. LiR. ChenW. XiuA. ZhaoH. ZhangX. ZhangS. TongD.Q. A comprehensive inventory of agricultural atmospheric particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) and gaseous pollutants (VOCs, SO2, NH3, CO, NOx and HC) emissions in China.Ecol. Indic.201910710560910.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105609
     [Google Scholar]
  51. MartinezVD BuysTP AdonisM BenitezH GallegosI LamS LamWL GilL Arsenic-related DNA copy-number alterations in lung squamous cell carcinomas.British journal of cancer2010Oct103812771283
     [Google Scholar]
  52. ShekhawatK. ChatterjeeS. JoshiB. Chromium toxicity and its health hazards.Int. J. Adv. Res. (Indore)201537167172
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Andrew GrayH. CassG.R. Source contributions to atmospheric fine carbon particle concentrations.Atmos. Environ.199832223805382510.1016/S1352‑2310(97)00446‑9
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Sadeghi-YarandiM. KarimiA. AhmadiV. SajedianA.A. SoltanzadehA. GolbabaeiF. Cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene in a petrochemical plant in Iran.Toxicol. Ind. Health2020361296097010.1177/074823372096223833108261
     [Google Scholar]
  55. MacorA. AvellaF. FaedoD. Effects of 30% v/v biodiesel/diesel fuel blend on regulated and unregulated pollutant emissions from diesel engines.Appl. Energy201188124989500110.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.045
     [Google Scholar]
  56. CruzL. LuzS. CamposV. SantanaF. AlvesR. Determination and risk assessment of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the ambient air of gas stations in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.J. Braz. Chem. Soc.2020311137114810.21577/0103‑5053.20190278
     [Google Scholar]
  57. BriffaJ. SinagraE. BlundellR. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans.Heliyon202069e0469110.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e0469132964150
     [Google Scholar]
  58. CaniM. TurcoF. ButticèS. VoglU.M. ButtiglieroC. NovelloS. CapellettoE. How does environmental and occupational exposure contribute to carcinogenesis in genitourinary and lung cancers?Cancers (Basel)20231510283610.3390/cancers1510283637345174
     [Google Scholar]
  59. GonellaS. SperlingaR. SciannameoV. DimonteV. CampagnaS. Characteristics of breakthrough pain and its impact on quality of life in terminally ill cancer patients.Integr. Cancer Ther.201918153473541985909510.1177/153473541985909531220961
     [Google Scholar]
  60. ZhangY. BirmannB.M. HanJ. GiovannucciE.L. SpeizerF.E. StampferM.J. Personal use of permanent hair dyes and cancer risk and mortality in US women: Prospective cohort study.BMJ2020370m294210.1136/bmj.m294232878860
     [Google Scholar]
  61. HarlingM. SchablonA. SchedlbauerG. DulonM. NienhausA. Bladder cancer among hairdressers: A meta-analysis.Occup. Environ. Med.201067535135810.1136/oem.2009.05019520447989
     [Google Scholar]
  62. FrankA.L. Global use of asbestos - legitimate and illegitimate issues.J. Occup. Med. Toxicol.20201511610.1186/s12995‑020‑00267‑y32549902
     [Google Scholar]
  63. MossmanBT GualtieriAF Lung Cancer: Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis by Asbestos.In: Occupational CancersChamSpringer202023925610.1007/978‑3‑030‑30766‑0_12
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Raaschou-NielsenO. AndersenZ.J. BeelenR. SamoliE. StafoggiaM. WeinmayrG. HoffmannB. FischerP. NieuwenhuijsenM.J. BrunekreefB. XunW.W. KatsouyanniK. DimakopoulouK. SommarJ. ForsbergB. ModigL. OudinA. OftedalB. SchwarzeP.E. NafstadP. De FaireU. PedersenN.L. ÖstensonC.G. FratiglioniL. PenellJ. KorekM. PershagenG. EriksenK.T. SørensenM. TjønnelandA. EllermannT. EeftensM. PeetersP.H. MeliefsteK. WangM. Bueno-de-MesquitaB. KeyT.J. de HooghK. ConcinH. NagelG. VilierA. GrioniS. KroghV. TsaiM.Y. RicceriF. SacerdoteC. GalassiC. MiglioreE. RanziA. CesaroniG. BadaloniC. ForastiereF. TamayoI. AmianoP. DorronsoroM. TrichopoulouA. BamiaC. VineisP. HoekG. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: Prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).Lancet Oncol.201314981382210.1016/S1470‑2045(13)70279‑123849838
     [Google Scholar]
  65. BadeB.C. Dela CruzC.S. Lung cancer 2020.Clin. Chest Med.202041112410.1016/j.ccm.2019.10.00132008623
     [Google Scholar]
  66. TurnerM.C. AndersenZ.J. BaccarelliA. DiverW.R. GapsturS.M. PopeC.A.III PradaD. SametJ. ThurstonG. CohenA. Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations.CA Cancer J. Clin.202070646047910.3322/caac.2163232964460
     [Google Scholar]
  67. ShahadinM.S. Ab MutalibN.S. LatifM.T. GreeneC.M. HassanT. Challenges and future direction of molecular research in air pollution-related lung cancers.Lung Cancer2018118697510.1016/j.lungcan.2018.01.01629572006
     [Google Scholar]
  68. CuiP. HuangY. HanJ. SongF. ChenK. Ambient particulate matter and lung cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective studies.Eur. J. Publ. Heal.201525232432910.1093/eurpub/cku14525201901
     [Google Scholar]
  69. BaiL. WeichenthalS. KwongJ.C. BurnettR. HatzopoulouM. JerrettM. Exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and nitrogen dioxide and incident acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure: A population-based cohort study.ISEE Confer. Abstr.201820181159010.1289/isesisee.2018.P02.1590
     [Google Scholar]
  70. HanC. XuR. YeT. XieY. ZhaoY. LiuH. YuW. ZhangY. LiS. ZhangZ. DingY. HanK. FangC. JiB. ZhaiW. GuoY. Mortality burden due to long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 above the new WHO air quality guideline based on 296 cities in China.Environ. Int.202216610733110.1016/j.envint.2022.10733135728411
     [Google Scholar]
  71. HamraG.B. LadenF. CohenA.J. Raaschou-NielsenO. BrauerM. LoomisD. Lung cancer and exposure to nitrogen dioxide and traffic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Environ. Health Perspect.2015123111107111210.1289/ehp.140888225870974
     [Google Scholar]
  72. HendersonB. GordonR.J. MenckH. SoohooJ. MartinS.P. PikeM.C. Lung cancer and air pollution in southcentral Los Angeles County.Am. J. Epidemiol.1975101647748810.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a1121181155427
     [Google Scholar]
  73. BufflerP.A. CooperS.P. StinnettS. ContantC. ShirtsS. HardyR.J. AguV. GehanB. BurauK. Air pollution and lung cancer mortality in Harris County, Texas, 1979-1981.Am. J. Epidemiol.1988128468369910.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a1150223421235
     [Google Scholar]
  74. ArcherV.E. Air pollution and fatal lung disease in three Utah counties.Arch. Environ. Health199045632533410.1080/00039896.1990.101187512270951
     [Google Scholar]
  75. PikeM. JingJ. RosarioI. HendersonB. MenckH. Lung cancer and air pollution.Environ. Heal. Perspect.1979103821922410.2307/3432314
     [Google Scholar]
  76. VenaJ. Air pollution as a risk factor in lung cancer.Am. J. Epidemiol.19821161425610.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a1134017102655
     [Google Scholar]
  77. JedrychowskiW. BecherH. WahrendorfJ. Basa-CierpialekZ. A case-control study of lung cancer with special reference to the effect of air pollution in Poland.J. Epidemiol. Commun. Heal.199044211412010.1136/jech.44.2.1142370498
     [Google Scholar]
  78. KatsouyanniK. TrichopoulosD. KalandidiA. TomosP. RiboliE. A case-control study of air pollution and tobacco smoking in lung cancer among women in Athens.Prev. Med.199120227127810.1016/0091‑7435(91)90026‑Z2057473
     [Google Scholar]
  79. BiggeriA. BarboneF. LagazioC. BovenziM. StantaG. Air pollution and lung cancer in Trieste, Italy: Spatial analysis of risk as a function of distance from sources.Environ. Heal. Perspect.1996104775075410.1289/ehp.961047508841761
     [Google Scholar]
  80. NybergF. GustavssonP. JärupL. BellanderT. BerglindN. JakobssonR. PershagenG. Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm.Epidemiology200011548749510.1097/00001648‑200009000‑0000210955399
     [Google Scholar]
  81. BeesonWL AbbeyDE KnutsenSF Long-term concentrations of ambient air pollutants and incident lung cancer in California adults: results from the AHSMOG study.Adventist Health Study on Smog. Environmental health perspectives.1998Dec10612813823
     [Google Scholar]
  82. WhiteM. The Causes of Cancer: What Has Happened Since Doll and Peto’s Landmark Paper?Epidemiology2008191S22610.1097/01.ede.0000291925.84445.b6
     [Google Scholar]
  83. KerimrayA. Rojas-SolórzanoL. Amouei TorkmahallehM. HopkeP.K. Ó GallachóirB.P. Coal use for residential heating: Patterns, health implications and lessons learned.Energy Sustain. Dev.201740193010.1016/j.esd.2017.05.005
     [Google Scholar]
  84. SametJ.M. Avila-TangE. BoffettaP. HannanL.M. Olivo-MarstonS. ThunM.J. RudinC.M. Lung cancer in never smokers: Clinical epidemiology and environmental risk factors.Clin. Canc. Res.200915185626564510.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑09‑037619755391
     [Google Scholar]
  85. ZhouB. ZangR. ZhangM. SongP. LiuL. BieF. PengY. BaiG. GaoS. Worldwide burden and epidemiological trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer: A population-based study.EBioMedicine20227810395110.1016/j.ebiom.2022.10395135313216
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/nemj/10.2174/0102506882350325250314064441
Loading
Connecting the Dots: The Role of Pollution in Lung Cancer Onset
NEW Emirates Medical J 5, E02506882350325 (2024); https://doi.org/10.2174/0102506882350325250314064441
/content/journals/nemj/10.2174/0102506882350325250314064441
/content/journals/nemj/10.2174/0102506882350325250314064441
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): Carcinogenic; Environmental regulations; Lung cancer; Pollution; Research; Smoking

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test