Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry - Volume 23, Issue 12, 2023

Bosentan and its analogues were first reported as endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists in US patent No. 5, 292,740 in 1994. Bosentan synthesis has been reported by employing different methods from the reaction between (4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2,2'-bipyrimidine and 4- (tert-butyl) benzenesulfonamide and 4-(tert-butyl)-N-(6-chloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2,2'- bipyrimidin]-4-yl) benzenesulfonamide in the form of different salts like potassium salt, ammonium salt, sodium salt, and free, on its reaction with ethylene glycol. Several changes have been observed in the chemistry of the involved intermediate synthesis, particularly coupling chemistry, to produce bosentan derivatives with high purity and yield.

The use of quantum technology to deliver drugs has the potential to increase the efficacy of many rare disease treatments. Semiconductor nanoparticles are a new type of treatment for life-threatening disorders. The term "quantum dots" refers to semiconductor nanoparticles. These quantum dots have a one-of-a-kind shape, size, fluorescence characteristics, and shape-dependent optoelectronic capacities. As a result, we believe that quantum dots (QDs) has the potential to be destined as medication carriers, biosensors, etc. Due to improvements in research, medicinal, and clinical domains, an in-depth examination of quantum dots is now possible. Quantum dots are also classed as carbon-based quantum dots, graphene-based quantum dots, and cadmium-based quantum dots, with variations in their main structure, leading to the discovery of more comparable and diversified quantum dots. Semiconductor quantum dots, or QDs, have also made tremendous progress in the field of fluorescence bioimaging research. After examining their in vitro and in vivo applications, we may currently use QDs as agents for gene transport, medication delivery, and enhancing the biocompatibility of other medications. This article discusses the significant breakthroughs and challenges in the field of quantum dots as biosensors for bioimaging, surface changes, quantum dots in the treatment of numerous diseases, and future features of quantum dots and their improvements in biomedical applications.

Introduction: Throughout the years, the disruption caused by COVID-19 continues to pose an excess of challenges for the pharmaceutical industry. Throughout the entire year, questions were raised that does COVID-19 have a negative impact on new drug approvals. However, the answer to those questions was a ‘big no’. Methods: We propose a compilation and analysis of around 100 medications, including small new molecular entities (NMEs), approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the years 2020 and 2021. Novel drug discovery is crucial for pharmaceutical research and development as well as patient care. The only possible way to achieve this crucial goal is to repurpose current medications that may have anticipated effects as possible candidates. The availability of new drugs and biological products often means new treatment options for patients and advances in health care. Results: Around 40% of the drugs were approved for various types of cancers. Other major therapeutic areas that were focused on were neurological products (around 17%), infectious diseases (13-15%), and cardiovascular disorders (7-8%). Various new products were approved for rare diseases (58-60%). This study aimed to discover a pattern in FDA medicine approvals during the last two decades. Conclusion: This data shows that anticancer medicines and biologics are receiving increased attention in research. With a bigger number of biologically derived medications being produced, the price could rise much higher. FDA should embrace innovative techniques that will stimulate the industry to enhance research and development of novel compounds or medications that can deliver considerable improvements over existing ones. To put it briefly, FDA had to update our approach to regulation as a whole in order to effectively develop the types of technologies that are becoming available. Modernizing medical product review programmes is a part of this. These initiatives are part of the Medical Innovation Access Plan.

Background: Glioma refers to the most aggressive tumor in the central nervous system that starts from support cells or glial cells. The glial cell is the most common cell type in the CNS, and they insulate, surround, as well as feed, oxygen, and nutrition to the neurons. Seizures, headaches, irritability, vision difficulties, and weakness are some of the symptoms. Targeting ion channels is particularly helpful when it comes to glioma treatment because of their substantial activity in glioma genesis through multiple pathways. Objective: In this study, we explore how distinct ion channels can be targeted for glioma treatment and summarize the pathogenic ion channels activity in gliomas. Results: Current research found several side effects such as bone marrow suppression, alopecia, insomnia, and cognitive impairments for presently done chemotherapy. The involvement of research on ion channels in the regulation of cellular biology and towards improvements of glioma have expanded recognition of their innovative roles. Conclusion: Present review article has expanded knowledge of ion channels as therapeutic targets and detailed cellular mechanisms in the roles of ion channels in gliomas pathogenesis.