Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry - Volume 18, Issue 16, 2018

Development of new anticoagulants has been in constant demand throughout the world due to increasing rate of morbidity and mortality caused by thrombotic diseases. Factor Xa (FXa), one of the enzymes and validated target for anticoagulation, regulates the production of thrombin in the coagulation cascade. The importance of oral FXa inhibitors like rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban in thromboembolic conditions is well supported by increasing number of patents and research publications during the recent years. Direct FXa inhibitors as antithrombotic agents offer selective, efficacious and orally active therapy with respect to the other traditional anticoagulants. Newly developed patented molecules are mainly structural bioisosteres of existing drugs and have exhibited better efficacy and safety profile. Development of antidotes for oral direct FXa inhibitors is in pipeline and their expected approval for therapeutic purposes will be further beneficial to anticoagulation therapy. This review is mainly focused on industrial and academic patents on the discovery of direct FXa inhibitors. The review covers patented compounds from December 2011 till date, describing various structural modifications along with biological activity data and advances in the process and formulation technologies of the reported FXa inhibitors.

Levosimendan is a pyridazinone-dinitrile derivative, emerged as a potent cardiotonic agent with dual inotropic and vasodilator activities in higher animals. This is a calcium (Ca2+) sensitizing cardiotonic agent, which has been shown to exert positive inotropic effects without increasing intracellular Ca2+ transient. This avoids Ca2+ overload that leads to arrhythmias and myocyte injuries, and do not increase the energy consumption for handling Ca2+ and has shown good activity against congestive heart failure (CHF), due to its increased myocardial contractility by stabilizing the calcium bound conformation of troponin C. Levosimendan also acts as a pulmonary and systemic vasodilator. The combination of positive inotropic and vasodilator activity has been beneficial in increasing cardiac output and decreasing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance in CHF patients. The cardiac target protein of levosimendan and troponin C, is Ca2+-binding protein. This raises the possibility that levosimendan may interact with smooth muscle proteins, such as, calmodulin, and regulatory myosin light chains. Levosimendan relaxes coronary arteries and lowers Ca2+. The lowering of Ca2+ by levosimendan is consistent with opening of K+ channels and causes relaxation that is independent of Ca2+. However, most of the Ca2+ sensitizers may impair cardiac diastolic function as a result of increased Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments. Levosimendan has not only improved the cardiac systolic function but also the diastolic relaxation in CHF.

Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the most frequent sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the world and for trachoma, the world's leading infectious cause of blindness. Genital chlamydial infection is very common among sexually active young people, and when untreated, leads to serious complications. No vaccine is yet available for this bacterial infection. Although Chlamydia resistance to antibiotics is rarely observed in vivo, studies showed that 10-20% of patients remain infected at the end of antibiotherapy, without being reinfected. The present review gives a global and comprehensive overview of the different targets and the related inhibitors proposed during the last decade, with a view to limiting the growth of this human pathogen. Metallic and polymeric nanoparticles in this field are also briefly presented.

The incidence of head and neck cancer increases every year, and represents a significant problem for Molecular Biology at the beginning of the Twenty-first Century. Despite advances in treatment, most studies still strive to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of cancerogenesis. In order to develop more effective methods of diagnosis and therapy, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis of the neoplastic transformation process. Such findings obtained by research into Molecular Biology, Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics have brought significant progress in understanding the complex, multi- step process which takes place during tumor formation. For many years, there has been great interest in the use of complex compounds, particular complexes between heterocyclic compounds and the metals Pt (II), Pd (II), Cu (II) and Ru (III). One such compound is an azole called pyrazole; the azoles are known to have analgesic, antipyretic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal effects. Improved synthetic and separation methods and biochemical techniques have improved the identification of compounds with biological activity. The main aim of this review is to present complexes with Pt (II), Pd (II), Cu (II) and Ru (III) ions which demonstrate antioxidant and anti-cancer properties.

Phytochemicals are non-nutrient bioactive compounds occurring in plants and food, which possess the capacity to modulate one or more metabolic processes or pathways in the body, resulting to health benefits and promotion of well-being. The interest of the scientific community continues to grow, powered by progressive research efforts to identify properties and potential applications of bioactive substances, and coupled with public interest and consumer demand. However, the natural derivation of these compounds is not a feature of harmlessness, over that of therapeutic efficacy, to which is also added the absence of post-marketing monitoring which does not allow to evaluate the occurrence of adverse effects related to the use of their related products. The literature is particularly rich of studies concerning phytochemicals as environmental estrogens, which result in infertility, reproductive abnormalities, and tumors but also in some endocrine-related health effects. Nevertheless, further studies have been performed to better understand the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and mode of action of these compounds which seems to go beyond their ability to bind to oestrogen receptors and either stimulate or inhibit the activity of endogenous oestrogens, highlighting new interesting target molecules and signaling pathways. The present review summarizes the latest developments and knowledge concerning the assessment of endocrine activities of dietary phytochemicals focusing on pharmacological aspects.

Background: A new series of Celecoxib analogues were easily synthesized via reactions of 4-(2-(1-chloro-2-oxopropylidene)hydrazinyl)benzene sulfonamide (1) with active methylene compounds and dialkyl malonate. In addition, compound 1 was reacted also with thiourea derivatives and thiosemicarbazone derivatives to afford thiazole derivatives 9 and 11, respectively. Furthermore, triazolo pyrimidine derivatives 13 were prepared via reaction of compound 1 with pyrimidine thione derivatives. The structures of the new synthesized compounds were assigned by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data. The new analogues were screened for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw edema method. Conclusion: They showed moderate to good in vivo anti-inflammatory effects. Compounds 1, 6 and 11b were the most active compounds that reduced the paw edema induced by carrageenan by 12.25 %, 12.96 % and 12.97% respectively, as compared to the Indomethacin that inhibited the oedema volume by 7.47 %.

Background: Microwave assisted reactions offer a considerable advantages over conventional method reactions because the former results in substantial rate enhancement in a wide range of organic reactions. Objective: we interested herein to prepare new anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents analogues to Indomethacin in short reaction time by using microwaves irradiation. Method: Synthesis of new hydrazonoindolines having thiazole moiety under microwave irradiation were achieved via the reaction of hydrazonoyl chlorides or halogenated active methylene derivatives with thiosemicarbazone derivatives. Also, the utility of the versatile indoline-2,3-dione derivatives in the design of new multifunctional building blocks using condensation with hydrazine derivatives was demonstrated. Results: All products were formed in short reaction time and high yield. The information derived from the spectral data of the formed compounds was confirmed their structures. Also, the analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of the designed derivatives were screened and the results obtained indicated that six derivatives 4g, 9b, 4c, 10b, 4d and 11a revealed the highest anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Conclusion: we succeeded in this context to design and synthesis of new anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents analogues to Indomethacin in short reaction time and with high yield.