Skip to content
2000
image of Bridging miRNA Research with Clinical Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases: Advances in Delivery Systems and Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are integral to the regulation of gene expression pertinent to cardiovascular health, affecting various biological processes, such as cell adhesion, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. Certain miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-208a, .) have been associated with a range of cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction, indicating their potential utility as therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Nevertheless, the therapeutic application of miRNAs is constrained by their inherent instability and suboptimal cellular uptake, which can be attributed to their negative charge and vulnerability to degradation. To mitigate these challenges, a variety of delivery systems have been developed, encompassing both viral vectors (such as adeno-associated viruses, adenoviruses, and lentiviral vectors) and non-viral vectors (including liposomes and polymer nanoparticles). Besides, the integration of nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, and a hydrogel system can enhance the stability, targeting, and efficiency of miRNA delivery. Furthermore, advanced systems, such as intelligent responsive delivery mechanisms and multifunctional joint delivery systems, are currently under investigation to improve therapeutic outcomes. Notably, studies exploring poly (β-amino esters) as a non-viral gene delivery vector have demonstrated potential in advancing gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases. This article reviews the role of miRNAs in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and therapy, discusses recent progress in miRNA delivery strategies, and summarizes clinical challenges and highlights the critical need for continuous innovation in delivery systems to enhance treatment efficacy, ensure safety, and facilitate industrial scalability.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575420982251027053329
2025-11-14
2026-03-02

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575420982251027053329
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Cohen M.L. Changing patterns of infectious disease. Nature 2000 406 6797 762 767 10.1038/35021206 10963605
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Hansson G.K. Libby P. Tabas I. Inflammation and plaque vulnerability. J. Intern. Med. 2015 278 5 483 493 10.1111/joim.12406 26260307
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Davies M.J. Stability and instability: Two faces of coronary atherosclerosis. The Paul Dudley White Lecture 1995. Circulation 1996 94 8 2013 2020 10.1161/01.CIR.94.8.2013 8873680
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Sorriento D. Iaccarino G. Inflammation and cardiovascular diseases: The most recent findings. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019 20 16 3879 10.3390/ijms20163879 31395800
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Henein M.Y. Vancheri S. Longo G. Vancheri F. The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 21 12906 10.3390/ijms232112906 36361701
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bartel D.P. MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004 116 2 281 297 10.1016/S0092‑8674(04)00045‑5 14744438
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Creemers E.E. Tijsen A.J. Pinto Y.M. Circulating microRNAs: Novel biomarkers and extracellular communicators in cardiovascular disease? Circ. Res. 2012 110 3 483 495 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.247452 22302755
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Albinsson S. Suarez Y. Skoura A. Offermanns S. Miano J.M. Sessa W.C. MicroRNAs are necessary for vascular smooth muscle growth, differentiation, and function. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2010 30 6 1118 1126 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.200873 20378849
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Albinsson S. Skoura A. Yu J. DiLorenzo A. Fernández-Hernando C. Offermanns S. Miano J.M. Sessa W.C. Smooth muscle miRNAs are critical for post-natal regulation of blood pressure and vascular function. PLoS One 2011 6 4 18869 10.1371/journal.pone.0018869 21526127
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cordes K.R. Sheehy N.T. White M.P. Berry E.C. Morton S.U. Muth A.N. Lee T.H. Miano J.M. Ivey K.N. Srivastava D. miR-145 and miR-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity. Nature 2009 460 7256 705 710 10.1038/nature08195 19578358
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Johnson J.L. Elucidating the contributory role of microRNA to cardiovascular diseases (a review). Vascul. Pharmacol. 2019 114 31 48 10.1016/j.vph.2018.10.010 30389614
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Thum T. Galuppo P. Wolf C. Fiedler J. Kneitz S. van Laake L.W. Doevendans P.A. Mummery C.L. Borlak J. Haverich A. Gross C. Engelhardt S. Ertl G. Bauersachs J. MicroRNAs in the human heart: A clue to fetal gene reprogramming in heart failure. Circulation 2007 116 3 258 267 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.687947 17606841
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Thum T. Catalucci D. Bauersachs J. MicroRNAs: Novel regulators in cardiac development and disease. Cardiovasc. Res. 2008 79 4 562 570 10.1093/cvr/cvn137 18511432
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Carè A. Catalucci D. Felicetti F. Bonci D. Addario A. Gallo P. Bang M.L. Segnalini P. Gu Y. Dalton N.D. Elia L. Latronico M.V.G. Høydal M. Autore C. Russo M.A. Dorn G.W. Ellingsen Ø. Ruiz-Lozano P. Peterson K.L. Croce C.M. Peschle C. Condorelli G. MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat. Med. 2007 13 5 613 618 10.1038/nm1582 17468766
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Wahlquist C. Jeong D. Rojas-Muñoz A. Kho C. Lee A. Mitsuyama S. van Mil A. Jin Park W. Sluijter J.P.G. Doevendans P.A.F. Hajjar R.J. Mercola M. Inhibition of miR-25 improves cardiac contractility in the failing heart. Nature 2014 508 7497 531 535 10.1038/nature13073 24670661
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Imtiaz C. Farooqi M.A. Bhatti T. Lee J. Moin R. Kang C.U. Farooqi H.M.U. Focused ultrasound, an emerging tool for atherosclerosis treatment: A comprehensive review. Life 2023 13 8 1783 10.3390/life13081783 37629640
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Romaine S.P.R. Tomaszewski M. Condorelli G. Samani N.J. MicroRNAs in cardiovascular disease: An introduction for clinicians. Heart 2015 101 12 921 928 10.1136/heartjnl‑2013‑305402 25814653
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Schober A. Nazari-Jahantigh M. Wei Y. Bidzhekov K. Gremse F. Grommes J. Megens R.T.A. Heyll K. Noels H. Hristov M. Wang S. Kiessling F. Olson E.N. Weber C. MicroRNA-126-5p promotes endothelial proliferation and limits atherosclerosis by suppressing Dlk1. Nat. Med. 2014 20 4 368 376 10.1038/nm.3487 24584117
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Lovren F. Pan Y. Quan A. Singh K.K. Shukla P.C. Gupta N. Steer B.M. Ingram A.J. Gupta M. Al-Omran M. Teoh H. Marsden P.A. Verma S. MicroRNA-145 targeted therapy reduces atherosclerosis. Circulation 2012 126 11_suppl. 1 S81 S90 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.084186 22965997
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Santulli G. Iaccarino G. De Luca N. Trimarco B. Condorelli G. Atrial fibrillation and microRNAs. Front. Physiol. 2014 5 15 10.3389/fphys.2014.00015 24478726
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lu Y. Zhang Y. Wang N. Pan Z. Gao X. Zhang F. Zhang Y. Shan H. Luo X. Bai Y. Sun L. Song W. Xu C. Wang Z. Yang B. MicroRNA-328 contributes to adverse electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2010 122 23 2378 2387 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.958967 21098446
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Eskildsen T. Jeppesen P. Schneider M. Nossent A. Sandberg M. Hansen P. Jensen C. Hansen M. Marcussen N. Rasmussen L. Bie P. Andersen D. Sheikh S. Angiotensin II regulates microRNA-132/-212 in hypertensive rats and humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013 14 6 11190 11207 10.3390/ijms140611190 23712358
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Marques F.Z. Campain A.E. Tomaszewski M. Zukowska-Szczechowska E. Yang Y.H.J. Charchar F.J. Morris B.J. Gene expression profiling reveals renin mRNA overexpression in human hypertensive kidneys and a role for microRNAs. Hypertension 2011 58 6 1093 1098 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.180729 22042811
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Rayner K.J. Sheedy F.J. Esau C.C. Hussain F.N. Temel R.E. Parathath S. van Gils J.M. Rayner A.J. Chang A.N. Suarez Y. Fernandez-Hernando C. Fisher E.A. Moore K.J. Antagonism of miR-33 in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 2011 121 7 2921 2931 10.1172/JCI57275 21646721
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Rayner K.J. Esau C.C. Hussain F.N. McDaniel A.L. Marshall S.M. van Gils J.M. Ray T.D. Sheedy F.J. Goedeke L. Liu X. Khatsenko O.G. Kaimal V. Lees C.J. Fernandez-Hernando C. Fisher E.A. Temel R.E. Moore K.J. Inhibition of miR-33a/b in non-human primates raises plasma HDL and lowers VLDL triglycerides. Nature 2011 478 7369 404 407 10.1038/nature10486 22012398
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Devaux Y. Mueller M. Haaf P. Goretti E. Twerenbold R. Zangrando J. Vausort M. Reichlin T. Wildi K. Moehring B. Wagner D.R. Mueller C. Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating micro RNA s in patients with acute chest pain. J. Intern. Med. 2015 277 2 260 271 10.1111/joim.12183 24345063
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Zampetaki A. Willeit P. Tilling L. Drozdov I. Prokopi M. Renard J.M. Mayr A. Weger S. Schett G. Shah A. Boulanger C.M. Willeit J. Chowienczyk P.J. Kiechl S. Mayr M. Prospective study on circulating MicroRNAs and risk of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012 60 4 290 299 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.056 22813605
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Abplanalp W.T. Fischer A. John D. Zeiher A.M. Gosgnach W. Darville H. Montgomery R. Pestano L. Allée G. Paty I. Fougerousse F. Dimmeler S. Efficiency and target derepression of Anti-miR-92a: Results of a first in human study. Nucleic Acid Ther. 2020 30 6 335 345 10.1089/nat.2020.0871 32707001
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Kattih B. Fischer A. Muhly-Reinholz M. Tombor L. Nicin L. Cremer S. Zeiher A.M. John D. Abplanalp W.T. Dimmeler S. Inhibition of miR-92a normalizes vascular gene expression and prevents diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2025 198 89 98 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.11.004 39592091
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Sargazi S. Siddiqui B. Qindeel M. Rahdar A. Bilal M. Behzadmehr R. Mirinejad S. Pandey S. Chitosan nanocarriers for microRNA delivery and detection: A preliminary review with emphasis on cancer. Carbohydr. Polym. 2022 290 119489 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119489 35550773
    [Google Scholar]
  31. van Rooij E. Olson E.N. MicroRNA therapeutics for cardiovascular disease: Opportunities and obstacles. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2012 11 11 860 872 10.1038/nrd3864 23080337
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Lee S. Cardiovascular disease and miRNAs: Possible oxidative stress-regulating roles of miRNAs. Antioxidants 2024 13 6 656 10.3390/antiox13060656 38929095
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Laggerbauer B. Engelhardt S. MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. J. Clin. Invest. 2022 132 11 159179 10.1172/JCI159179 35642640
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Tian H.L. Cheng L. Liang Y.H. Lei H.Y. Qin M.M. Li X.Y. Ren Y.S. MicroRNA therapeutic delivery strategies: A review. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2024 93 105430 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105430
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Ganesan J. Ramanujam D. Sassi Y. Ahles A. Jentzsch C. Werfel S. Leierseder S. Loyer X. Giacca M. Zentilin L. Thum T. Laggerbauer B. Engelhardt S. MiR-378 controls cardiac hypertrophy by combined repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway factors. Circulation 2013 127 21 2097 2106 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000882 23625957
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Wang N. Chen C. Ren J. Dai D. MicroRNA delivery based on nanoparticles of cardiovascular diseases. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2024 479 8 1909 1923 10.1007/s11010‑023‑04821‑0 37542599
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Barwari T. Joshi A. Mayr M. MicroRNAs in cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016 68 23 2577 2584 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.945 27931616
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Scholz J. Weil P.P. Pembaur D. Koukou G. Aydin M. Hauert D. Postberg J. Kreppel F. Hagedorn C. An adenoviral vector as a versatile tool for delivery and expression of miRNAs. Viruses 2022 14 9 1952 10.3390/v14091952 36146759
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Caporali A. Meloni M. Völlenkle C. Bonci D. Sala-Newby G.B. Addis R. Spinetti G. Losa S. Masson R. Baker A.H. Agami R. le Sage C. Condorelli G. Madeddu P. Martelli F. Emanueli C. Deregulation of microRNA-503 contributes to diabetes mellitus-induced impairment of endothelial function and reparative angiogenesis after limb ischemia. Circulation 2011 123 3 282 291 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.952325 21220732
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Ming C. Xu X. Yao Y. Li X. Sun Y. Jawaid Z. Mujahid H. Mao Y. Zhang L. MicroRNAs have an immunomodulatory role in diabetes mellitus and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc. Innov. Appl. 2025 10 1 17 10.15212/CVIA.2024.0071
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Skourtis D. Stavroulaki D. Athanasiou V. Fragouli P.G. Iatrou H. Nanostructured polymeric, liposomal and other materials to control the drug delivery for cardiovascular diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020 12 12 1160 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121160 33260547
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Paunovska K. Loughrey D. Dahlman J.E. Drug delivery systems for RNA therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2022 23 5 265 280 10.1038/s41576‑021‑00439‑4 34983972
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Moraes F.C. Pichon C. Letourneur D. Chaubet F. miRNA delivery by nanosystems: State of the art and perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2021 13 11 1901 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111901 34834316
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Li X. Omonova Tuychi qizi, C.; Mohamed Khamis, A.; Zhang, C.; Su, Z. Nanotechnology for enhanced cytoplasmic and organelle delivery of bioactive molecules to immune cells. Pharm. Res. 2022 39 6 1065 1083 10.1007/s11095‑022‑03284‑0 35661086
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Li Y. Tian R. Xu J. Zou Y. Wang T. Liu J. Recent developments of polymeric delivery systems in gene therapeutics. Polym. Chem. 2024 15 19 1908 1931 10.1039/D4PY00124A
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Wang C. He W. Wang F. Yong H. Bo T. Yao D. Zhao Y. Pan C. Cao Q. Zhang S. Li M. Recent progress of non-linear topological structure polymers: Synthesis, and gene delivery. J. Nanobiotechnology 2024 22 1 40 10.1186/s12951‑024‑02299‑6 38280987
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Wang F. Gao L. Meng L.Y. Xie J.M. Xiong J.W. Luo Y. A neutralized noncharged polyethylenimine-based system for efficient delivery of siRNA into heart without toxicity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016 8 49 33529 33538 10.1021/acsami.6b13295 27960377
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Wu L. Zhou W. Lin L. Chen A. Feng J. Qu X. Zhang H. Yue J. Delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides in nanoscale. Bioact. Mater. 2022 7 292 323 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.038 34466734
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Mirkin C.A. Letsinger R.L. Mucic R.C. Storhoff J.J. A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials. Nature 1996 382 6592 607 609 10.1038/382607a0 8757129
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Radovic-Moreno A.F. Chernyak N. Mader C.C. Nallagatla S. Kang R.S. Hao L. Walker D.A. Halo T.L. Merkel T.J. Rische C.H. Anantatmula S. Burkhart M. Mirkin C.A. Gryaznov S.M. Immunomodulatory spherical nucleic acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015 112 13 3892 3897 10.1073/pnas.1502850112 25775582
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Wang J. Thomas M. Lin P. Cheng J.X. Matei D.E. Wei A. siRNA delivery using dithiocarbamate-anchored oligonucleotides on gold nanorods. Bioconjug. Chem. 2019 30 2 443 453 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00723 30395447
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Wang Q. Song Y. Chen J. Li Q. Gao J. Tan H. Zhu Y. Wang Z. Li M. Yang H. Zhang N. Li X. Qian J. Pang Z. Huang Z. Ge J. Direct in vivo reprogramming with non-viral sequential targeting nanoparticles promotes cardiac regeneration. Biomaterials 2021 276 121028 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121028 34293701
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Teplensky M.H. Fantham M. Poudel C. Hockings C. Lu M. Guna A. Aragones-Anglada M. Moghadam P.Z. Li P. Farha O.K. Bernaldo de Quirós Fernández S. Richards F.M. Jodrell D.I. Kaminski Schierle G. Kaminski C.F. Fairen-Jimenez D. A highly porous metal-organic framework system to deliver payloads for gene knockdown. Chem 2019 5 11 2926 2941 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.015
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Yan Y. Liu X.Y. Lu A. Wang X.Y. Jiang L.X. Wang J.C. Non-viral vectors for RNA delivery. J. Control. Release 2022 342 241 279 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.008 35016918
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Coward-Smith M. Zhang Y. Donovan C. Kim R.Y. Wang B. Zakarya R. Chen H. Li J.J. Oliver B.G. Beyond conventional biomarkers: Emerging importance of extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Extracellular Vesicle 2025 5 100079 10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100079
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Han C. Yang J. Sun J. Qin G. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease: Biological functions and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol. Ther. 2022 233 108025 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108025 34687770
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Meng W. Zhu J. Wang Y. Shao C. Li X. Lu P. Huang M. Mou F. Guo H. Ji G. Targeting delivery of miR-146a via IMTP modified milk exosomes exerted cardioprotective effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. J. Nanobiotechnology 2024 22 1 382 10.1186/s12951‑024‑02631‑0 38951872
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Wang L.L. Chung J.J. Li E.C. Uman S. Atluri P. Burdick J.A. Injectable and protease-degradable hydrogel for siRNA sequestration and triggered delivery to the heart. J. Control. Release 2018 285 152 161 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.004 29981357
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Tan X. Zhang J. Heng Y. Chen L. Wang Y. Wu S. Liu X. Xu B. Yu Z. Gu R. Locally delivered hydrogels with controlled release of nanoscale exosomes promote cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. J. Control. Release 2024 368 303 317 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.035 38417558
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Zhou H. Chen D.S. Hu C.J. Hong X. Shi J. Xiao Y. Stimuli-responsive nanotechnology for RNA delivery. Adv. Sci. 2023 10 36 2303597 10.1002/advs.202303597 37915127
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Di Gregorio G. Vallée C. Konate K. Teko-Agbo C.A. Hammoum T. Faure-Gautron H. Bessin Y. Deshayes S. Vivès E. Meli A.C. de Santa Barbara P. Faure S. Barrère-Lemaire S. Ulrich S. Boisguérin P. Enhancing WRAP-Based Nanoparticles for Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acid Delivery in pH-Sensitive Environments. ChemMedChem 2025 20 11 202400885 10.1002/cmdc.202400885 40084851
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Xiong Y. Zhang Z. Yao Y. Macrophage-T cell hybrid membrane-camouflaged biomimetic nanoparticles ameliorate autoimmune myocarditis via suppressing macrophage pyroptosis by target gene silencing. Eur. Heart J. 2024 45 ehae666.3727 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae666.3727
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Gao M. Yin L. Zhang B. Dong Z. Jiang W. Bai Z. Zhao X. Xu L. Wang N. Peng J. Targeting Ischemic Myocardium: Nanoparticles Loaded with Long Noncoding RNA AK156373 siRNA Alleviate Myocardial Infarction. ACS Nano 2025 19 19 18475 18491 10.1021/acsnano.5c01641 40338223
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Chen Y. Liu S. Liang Y. He Y. Li Q. Zhan J. Hou H. Qiu X. Single dose of intravenous miR199a-5p delivery targeting ischemic heart for long-term repair of myocardial infarction. Nat. Commun. 2024 15 1 5565 10.1038/s41467‑024‑49901‑x 38956062
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Yang Y. Liu F. Liu X. Xing B. NIR light controlled photorelease of siRNA and its targeted intracellular delivery based on upconversion nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2013 5 1 231 238 10.1039/C2NR32835F 23154830
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Chen L. Li G. Wang X. Li J. Zhang Y. Spherical Nucleic Acids for Near-Infrared Light-Responsive Self-Delivery of Small-Interfering RNA and Antisense Oligonucleotide. ACS Nano 2021 15 7 11929 11939 10.1021/acsnano.1c03072 34170121
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Ma Z. Li M. Guo R. Tian Y. Zheng Y. Huang B. You Y. Xu Q. Cui M. Shen L. Lan F. Yang H. Liu R. Yang T. Wan F. He Q. Huo X. Bi Y. Zhang Y. Ling Y. Treating myocardial infarction via a nano-ultrasonic contrast agent-mediated high-efficiency drug delivery system targeting macrophages. Sci. Adv. 2025 11 1 eadp7126 10.1126/sciadv.adp7126 39752485
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Kim D. Ku S.H. Kim H. Jeong J.H. Lee M. Kwon I.C. Choi D. Kim S.H. Simultaneous regulation of apoptotic gene silencing and angiogenic gene expression for myocardial infarction therapy: Single-carrier delivery of SHP-1 siRNA and VEGF-expressing pDNA. J. Control. Release 2016 243 182 194 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.10.017 27765623
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Ye T.T. Li Y.P. Li X.L. Feng S.S. Wang Y.Q. Chi S. Su P.P. Zou Y. Lin Z. Chen K.B. Wang W. A piezoelectric and suture-free cardiac patch assembled by all FDA-approved materials achieves a minimally invasive gene therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 2425399 10.1002/adfm.202425399
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Zeng M. Xu Q. Zhou D. A, S.; Alshehri, F.; Lara-Sáez, I.; Zheng, Y.; Li, M.; Wang, W. Highly branched poly(β-amino ester)s for gene delivery in hereditary skin diseases. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2021 176 113842 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113842 34293384
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Li Y. He Z. Wang X. Li Z. Johnson M. Foley R. Sigen A. Lyu J. Wang W. Branch unit distribution matters for gene delivery. ACS Macro Lett. 2023 12 6 780 786 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00152 37220212
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Li Y. He Z. A, S.; Wang, X.; Li, Z.; Johnson, M.; Foley, R.; Sáez, I.L.; Lyu, J.; Wang, W. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Aided structure optimization for enhanced gene delivery: The effect of the polymer component distribution (PCD). ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023 15 30 36667 36675 10.1021/acsami.3c05010 37477432
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Li Y. Wang X. He Z. Johnson M. A, S.; Lara-Sáez, I.; Lyu, J.; Wang, W. 3D Macrocyclic structure boosted gene delivery: Multi-Cyclic Poly(β-Amino Ester) from step growth polymeri- zation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 145 31 17187 17200 10.1021/jacs.3c04191 37490481
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575420982251027053329
Loading
Bridging miRNA Research with Clinical Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases: Advances in Delivery Systems and Therapeutic Strategies
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575420982251027053329
/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575420982251027053329
/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575420982251027053329
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: MicroRNAs ; miRNA delivery ; Poly (β-amino esters) ; miRNA therapeutics ; non-viral vector ; Cardiovascular disorders

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test