Micro and Nanosystems - Volume 15, Issue 4, 2023

Background: The bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to cause gastroduodenal disorders associated with the stomach lining that grows in the gastrointestinal tract, and can cause gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric lymphoma, and stomach cancer. Nearly 50% of people worldwide suffer from H. pylori infection. This infection is more prominent in poor nations and undeveloped countries, and is caused by multiple factors, such as consumption of unhygienic food, crowded living style, etc. In the eradication treatment of gastric H. pylori infection, conventional dosage forms have various adverse effects on patients.Methods: In this study, we have explored current developments in the utilization of nanotechnological carriers for the successful management of H. pyloriinfection. In order to combat rising amoxicillin resistance, this review has focused on therapeutic strategies that use cyclodextrins, niosomes, liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructure nanoparticles to improve therapy against H. pylori. Results: The entrapment of amoxicillin in various nanotechnological carriers enhances its effectiveness and reduces adverse effects. These carriers lead to targeted drug release and improve drug penetration to the gastroduodenal disease site that locally controls and adjusts the drug release. Conclusion: For the effective treatment of H. pyloriinfection, nanotechnological carriers have provided a new avenue for the development of innovative, high-impact, and low-dose systems. The main objective of this review was to outline the present limitations of H. pyloritherapy and new potential alternatives, as well as to report how nanotechnological carriers may be used to overcome treatment shortcomings.

Aim: Interfacial charge transfer is a fundamental issue in both the science and technology of the batteries. In this work, the activation energy for the interfacial charge transfer, Ea, though PY thin film was estimated by measurement measurements of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for both monovalent and multivalent hydration cations: Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺² and Mg⁺² in aqueous electrolytes.Background: Rechargeable batteries have become quintessential energy conversion devices that are widely used in portable electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. PB and its analogues have open channels that allow rapid insertion/extraction of different cations and that lead to a long cycle of its in such as batteries (Na⁺, Li⁺ and K⁺).Objective: preparation of Prussian yellow Nanofilm on ITO glass by a simple chemical facial method and study of its charge/discharge processes of intercalation compounds in rechargeable features.Methods: The electrochemical measurements of potentiostat/galvanostat cyclic voltammograms and EIS were carried out in three-electrode cells, with Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. Pt. and ITO|PY as working and counter electrodes respectively. The electrolytes were solutions of 0.1 M^+z cation in water where M^+z was one of the following cations: Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺² or Mg⁺².Results: The effect of hydration on the activation energy for the PY thin film was studied by the EIS at different temperatures. The ions K⁺ have an activation energy interfacial, which is lower than that of Na⁺ and Li⁺. So the coulombic repulsion at the interface is largely suppressed by the screening effect of ions hydration, explaining the small values of Ea with aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the hydration helped the Ca⁺² and Mg⁺² intercalation in PBA but with large values of Ea that were due to coulombic repulsion at the interface.Conclusion: Prussian blue can be considered among the most promising cathode materials for energy storage batteries because of their rigid open framework with large interstitial sites that can pertain to mono and bivalent cation mobility and accommodate volume variation during ions insertion/ extraction.

Background: Internet of Things (IoT) applications require high-performance TFET devices that can be efficiently integrated with the cyber world and physical world.Objectives: The impact of introducing Gaussian traps in hetero-junction tunneling-field-effecttransistors (TFET) with an L-shaped gate is presented.Methods: The 2-D TCAD study of different characteristics, like input, output characteristics, and noise spectral density with trap and without trap, has been performed.Results: The simulation results showed that in L-shaped TFET (L_TFET), the high on-current of 1.930^-5 A/μm, low off-current/leakage current of 1.090^-13 A/μm, and steep sub-threshold slope (SS) of 24 mV/dec without traps and on-current of 8.460^-6 A/μm, off-current of 2.860^{- 11} A/μm, and degraded SS with traps are observed. They also indicated that the presence of traps reduces gate-drain capacitance (Cgd), while gate-source capacitance (Cgs) remains unaffected. In addition, in L_TFET, the drain current noise spectral density (SID) of 7.63 E-21 (A²/Hz) at LF and 2.69 E-26 (A²/Hz) at HF while the noise voltage spectral density (SVG) of 7.33 E-4 (V²/Hz) at LF and 2.59 E-15 (V²/Hz) at HF without traps have been investigated in this study. The inverse dependence of drain current noise spectral density on frequency has been observed to lower the effect of noise at HF.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the proposed L_TFET device is free from ambipolarity conduction and can be well-suited for low-power applications.

Background: Nature-inspired designs, which have evolved from proven strategies of nature, have been a constant source of inspiration for designers and engineers to solve real-life problems.Methods: Current bionic design methods are theoretical and are discordant with the design engineering workflow. A proposed methodology suggests suitable bionic forms for a given design space. This procedure consists of the following stages: bionic representation, relation, emulation, engineering specifications, design verification, optimisation (BREED), and finally, realisation.Results: This methodology aims to function as a systematic problem-solving approach to retrieve structural inspirations from nature and mimic its form.Conclusion: The inspiration and validation phases of the bionic structure are represented as a Vmodel. The designer can leverage this framework to develop novel bionic design concepts.

Background: The normal grinding force is generally larger than the tangential one during conventional grinding processes. Consequently, several machining issues arise, such as a low material removal rate, a high grinding temperature, and poor surface integrity. To overcome the constraints associated with conventional grinding methods, a novel "high-shear and low-pressure" flexible grinding wheel is utilized. A thorough investigation of the influence of machining parameters on the highshear and low-pressure grinding performance from a microscopic perspective is focused.Objective: The effect of the impacting angle and velocity on the grinding force, grinding force ratio, and fiber deformation displacement is explored at the microscopic level. Methods: An impact model was established using ABAQUS software to explore and analyze the interaction results of micro-convex peaks with the abrasive layer under different processing conditions. Results: It was found that the normal grinding force Fnincreased with both impact angle and velocity. Similarly, the tangential grinding force Ftis enhanced with increasing velocity. However, its magnitude is reduced with impact angle. Conclusion: The grinding force ratio is primarily affected by the impact angle, which displays a declining trend. The maximum fabric deformation displacement reaches 72.4 nm at an angle of 60° and at a velocity of 9 m/s.

Background: Vincristine sulfate is commonly used to treat different types of cancers. However, its effectiveness is hindered by undesirable side effects, which significantly limit its applications in medicine.Objective: This study aims to prepare vincristine nanoparticles, in order to develop a promising approach for cancer therapy.Methods: Vincristine nanoparticles were prepared by utilizing polycaprolactone as a carrier through the double emulsion method. The morphological characteristics and particle size of the vincristine nanoparticles were examined. The surface charge and average dynamic size, encapsulation efficiency in addition to release profile study were also evaluated.Results: Dynamic Light Scattering confirmed the small size of nanoparticles (~200 nm). SEM showed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with smooth surfaces, and the polydispersity index values of the prepared nanoparticles were below 0.5 in all preparations. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was found to be negative, which can be attributed to the presence of carboxylic groups in the PCL polymer, The encapsulation efficiency of Vincristine-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) varied from 36% to 57% for all the prepared NPs with varying amounts of PCL. The release profile demonstrated a prolonged release of Vincristine from the nanoparticles compared to the Vincristine solution.Conclusion: The double emulsion solvent evaporation method was used successfully to prepare vincristine- loaded PCL nanoparticles, which suggests that nanoscale carriers hold promise as effective vehicles for delivering chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer.

Background: Growing progress in the field of nanoelectronics necessitates ever more advanced nanotechnology due to the continued scaling of conventional devices. For the purpose of fabricating current integrated circuits (ICs), Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology is the most suitable substitute for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The problem of short-channel secondary effects at the ultra-nanoscale level confronts CMOS technology.Aims: QCA nanotechnology overcomes the issues of conventional logic circuit design methods due to its numerous advantages. This research work aims to design an energy-efficient, reliable, universal, 3, and reversible logic gate for the implementation of various logical and Boolean functions in QCA nanotechnology.Objective: It is desirable for portable systems to have a small size, extremely low power consumption, and a clock rate in the terahertz. As a result, QCA nanotechnology is an incredible advancement for digital system applications and the design of future systems.Methods: This research article proposes a novel, ultra-efficient, multi-operative, 3 universal reversible gate implemented in QCA nanotechnology using precise QCA cell interaction. The proposed gate is used for the implementation of all the basic logic gates to validate its universality. The implementation of all thirteen standard Boolean functions establishes the proposed gate's multi-operational nature. The energy dissipation analysis of the design has been presented for the varying setups.Results: The proposed gate is area-efficient because it uses minimum QCA cells. Various logical and Boolean functions are effectively implemented using the proposed gate. The result analysis establishes the minimum energy dissipation of the proposed design and endorses it as an ultra-efficient design.Conclusion: The QCA cell interaction method demonstrates the best way to design a universal, reversible, and multi-operative gate.