Recent Patents on Engineering - Volume 13, Issue 1, 2019

Background: The evolution of distributed web-based applications and cloud computing has brought about the demand to store a large amount of big data in distributed databases. Such efficient systems offer excessive availability and scalability to users. The new type of database resolves many new challenges especially in large-scale and high concurrency applications which are not present in the relational database. NoSQL refers to non-relational databases that are different from the Relational Database Management System. Objective: NoSQL has many features over traditional databases such as high scalability, distributed computing, lower cost, schema flexibility, semi or un-semi structural data and no complex relationship. Method: NoSQL databases are “BASE” Systems. The BASE (Basically Available, Soft state, Eventual consistency), formulates the CAP theorem the properties of which are used by BASE System. The distributed computer system cannot guarantee all of the following three properties at the same time that is consistency, availability and partition tolerance. Results: As progressively sharp big data is saved in NoSQL databases, it is essential to preserve higher security measures to ensure safe and trusted communication across the network. In this patent, we describe the security of NoSQL database against intruders which is growing rapidly. Conclusion: This patent also defines probably the most prominent NoSQL databases and describes their security aspects and problems.

Background: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of tiny electromechanical nodes termed as sensors. Sensors are equipped with sensing unit, which is designed for application specific. When deployed either by planned or unplanned after deployment, sensor's energy starts depleting due to various roles like sensing, communication and aggregation. Method: WSN is challenged with limited battery power. The aim is to enhance energy efficiency that leads to a prolonged lifetime of networks. Results: We have reviewed the patents related to energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. This Paper presents the study of various energy efficient techniques, which can enhance the lifetime of sensor networks; it covers basics of WSN, their design, Classification, Communication in WSN and a survey of different techniques for effective utilization of sensor's energy. Conclusion: Paper has emphasized on energy efficient clustering technique along with feature wise summary of existing clustering protocols.

Background: With the tremendous increase in the use of social networking sites for sharing the emotions, views, preferences etc. a huge volume of data and text is available on the internet, there comes the need for understanding the text and analysing the data to determine the exact intent behind the same for a greater good. This process of understanding the text and data involves loads of analytical methods, several phases and multiple techniques. Efficient use of these techniques is important for an effective and relevant understanding of the text/data. This analysis can in turn be very helpful in ecommerce for targeting audience, social media monitoring for anticipating the foul elements from society and take proactive actions to avoid unethical and illegal activities, business analytics, market positioning etc. Method: The goal is to understand the basic steps involved in analysing the text data which can be helpful in determining sentiments behind them. This review provides detailed description of steps involved in sentiment analysis with the recent research done. Patents related to sentiment analysis and classification are reviewed to throw some light in the work done related to the field. Results: Sentiment analysis determines the polarity behind the text data/review. This analysis helps in increasing the business revenue, e-health, or determining the behaviour of a person. Conclusion: This study helps in understanding the basic steps involved in natural language understanding. At each step there are multiple techniques that can be applied on data. Different classifiers provide variable accuracy depending upon the data set and classification technique used.

Background: Transmission of heavy and real-time data over wireless links with Quality of Service in Mobile ad-hoc network is a very challenging task. Bandwidth and battery backup parameters are checks for Quality of Service. To provide the Quality of Service in mobile ad-hoc network, the aliveness of a transmitting node has a great concern. Location-aided routing methods for mobile ad-hoc network have gained popularity because of network’s energy saving. Location-aided routing keeps a minimal number of participating nodes for path construction between source and destination, but they did not consider the health of participating nodes that constitute a path. Objective: The objective of this work is harness the location aided routing and builds a protocol which provides Quality of Service in terms of required battery life and available bandwidth. Method: In this work, various patented and non-patented location-based routing and Quality of Service methods for wireless network have been reviewed. The improved location aided routing protocol has been utilized and equipped with Quality of Service check while selecting the next forwarding node for path construction. A novel path preservation procedure is proposed which repair the broken link locally by utilizing candidate next node table. Results: The simulation reveals that the proposed protocol constructs a reliable path consist of trustworthy nodes in terms of battery life and available bandwidth. Conclusion: Proposed work can be utilized for transmitting heavy data traffic in Mobile Ad-hoc network with Quality of Service in real time situation.

Background: The domain of context-aware recommender approaches has made a substantial advancement over the last decade, but many applications still do not include contextual information while providing recommendations. Contextual information is crucial for various application areas and should not be ignored. Objective: There are generally three algorithms which can be used to include context and those are - pre-filter approach, post-filter approach and contextual modeling. Each of the algorithms has their own drawbacks if any single approach is chosen. The goal of this work is to identify and propose a new hybrid approach which can include contextual information to improve the current movie recommender systems. Method: Post evaluation of various patents related to recommender systems, the proposed approach modifies the post filter approach to rectify its shortcomings and combines it with the pre-filter approach based on the importance of contextual attribute provided by the user. Results: The performance of the proposed system is measured in terms of precision of the system and ranking of the recommended movies to the user. The results of experimental setup also demonstrate that the proposed system improves the precision and ranking of the recommendations provided to the user. Conclusion: With the help of this hybrid approach, the proposed system eliminates the problem of sparsity which is present in the pre-filter algorithm, and has performance improvement over the traditional post-filter approach. The proposed system will be vital for movie ticketing brands for the promotional purposes and various online content providers to recommend the accurate movies to their users.

Background: For the study of gestational diabetes mellitus one of the types of diabetes mellitus a refined model is developed by considering different parameters which plays an important role in the field of gestational diabetes mellitus. Motherhood and a journey of having a child is a blessing of God and a significant occasion for every woman. This disease is associated with the pregnant women and now a day either its global or Indian scenario it is increasing and becoming a risk for women as well for fetus. It sometimes does not go with pregnancy but its effects can be seen afterwards. Many patents have been granted and filed in past two decades related to gestational diabetes mellitus. Method: A differential equations based model of different parameters are taken into account for gestational diabetes i.e. glucose concentration, insulin concentration, placental volume, beta-cell mass and haemoglobin alc. Further in this work the stability of model is discussed by routh-hurwitz stability criterion. Results: Different parameters are taken into account for gestational diabetes i.e. glucose concentration, insulin concentration, placental volume, beta-cell mass and haemoglobin alc. Further in this chapter the stability of model is discussed by routh-hurwitz stability criterion. MATlab simulation is used for graphical representation. Conclusion: In this work, different parameters associated with diabetes mellitus has been taken into consideration for the mathematical model which shows the effects on glucose level and thus helpful in understanding the role of these parameters in the diabetes. In future by understanding the role of these parameters necessary action can be taken as precautions to avoid/treat gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background: Metal membranes present an alternative approach to conventional membrane materials (polymeric, ceramic), applied mainly for gas separation applications. The major mechanism for the gas permeation though them is called “solution-diffusion” and differs from the respective through the common polymeric membrane materials, hence presenting higher selectivity. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide a general overview of the respective major patents, dealing with metal membranes, especially with those recently published, as well as the alternative ways for manufacturing them, the materials that can be used and the relevant applications. The main focus is given in the composite metal membranes aspects (sulfur resistant etc.), prepared from metal alloys, although there is also a section describing the metal-organic framework membranes. For this purpose, we revised all patents relating to metal membranes, as well metal organic frameworks. Conclusion: The most patents include inventions about composite metal membranes and methods for manufacture them. Metal membranes are fabricated mainly from alloys containing palladium. Gold is used only to make sulfur resistant membranes. For multilayer membranes the deposition can be occurred via surface activation but usually no chemical activation applied. The most common application for metal membranes is hydrogen separation. On the other hand Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are used as CO2 separators.

Background: Various relevant patents and papers which have reported noncircular gears synthesize the advantages of circular gears and cam mechanisms, and are widely used in many types of mechanical instruments. Hobbing is a better method for fabricating noncircular gears. There are 4 linkagemethods to hob noncircular gears. However, which linkage method should be chosen practically has not yet been reported. Objective: The goal of this work is to choose the best linkage method for hobbing noncircular gears. Method: Firstly, the hobbing models of noncircular gears was deduced. Then, based on the model, hobbing linkage methods of noncircular gears were obtained. Thirdly, under different hobbing linkage methods, their aspects (developing regularity of hobbing cutter trace, arc length of program blocks and motion axes of machine tools) were compared. Results: Finally, with the best characteristics of a high density of shaping cutter trace, high uniformity of arc length of program blocks and ease of control, the equal arc-length of gear billet (EALGB) is obtained. It has been proven that EALGB is an excellent linkage method to hob noncircular gears. Conclusion: It has been proven that EALGB is an excellent linkage method to hob noncircular gears.

Background: As lithium-ion polymer battery has high energy density and it is easy to be manufactured into different shapes, it arouses more interests of both technology and application recently. The quality of the lithium-ion polymer battery is essential to all the applications, and the detection of bubble defect in cell sheets is critical to the quality control of batteries. Recent patents on flaw detection in cell sheet are reviewed. Method: A novel application is developed to detect bubble defect in cell sheets of lithium-ion polymer battery by using extreme learning machine. The image processing methods and the selected features for bubble detection are detailed. Gaussian mixture model density estimation for extreme learning machine is developed to solve the problem of lack of enough flaw samples for classification learning. Results: The comparison of classification correction rate of different methods showed that the classification accuracy of the proposed method was between 99% and 100%. The proposed method was able to keep the superior performance of accuracy with the different sample numbers, and it had most satisfactory performance with varies of sample number. Experimental results also showed that the number of nodes in the hidden layer had little influence on the classification accuracy in the proposed method. Conclusion: All these experiments have shown that the proposed method has the best performance and the proposed bubble detection method is more efficient than other learning-based methods, and the proposed method has the potential to defect detection in other image processing applications.

Background: The oil-water relative permeability curve is an important experimental data and basis for oilfield development scheme and dynamic prediction. The characteristics of oil and water relative permeability curves in different reservoirs are otherness. Objective: In order to enable various effects to be reflected in the standardized relative permeability curve, the standardized relative permeability curve can reflect the characteristics of each core. Method: The core is taken from core wells in a similar flow unit. The oil-water relative permeability curves are measured by indoor physical simulation experiments. The oil-water relative permeability curves of representativeness and conforming to hydrodynamic characteristics are screened. Because the porosity and permeability of different cores have different effects on the relative permeability curve, the weight of the porosity and permeability of each core is added to the standard relative permeability curve in the process of solving standardized relative permeability curve. Results: A new method that the weight method to be used to solve the problem of the standardized relative permeability curve is obtained. The comparison of the new method and the average method shows that both of them are highly consistent. Conclusion: The patent on the solution of the relative permeability curve is improved. Considered the effect of different cores of porosity and permeability on the relative permeability curve. Calculated the weight of the porosity and permeability of different cores. The representative normalized relative permeability curve is obtained by using the weight method.