Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Infertility: From Molecular Perspective

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the major endocrine abnormalities in women. It is associated with the dysfunction of androgen metabolism, elevation in insulin resistance and impaired fertility. In addition, it is characterized by polycystic ovaries, chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, chronic low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the studies have indicated that PCOS is associated with higher rates of obesity and central adiposity, which are partly responsible for the clinical severity of PCOS. Over the years, PCOS has been associated with infertility in women, as it is responsible for subfertility and increases the risk of pregnancy-related complications like gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and premature delivery. The pathogenesis of PCOS remains ambiguous, however PI3K-Akt and retinoid signaling pathways are known to be involved mechanisms. In this review, we will give a comprehensive summary based on the possible association of PI3K-Akt and retinoid signaling pathways in PCOS-related infertility.