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Abstract

Introduction

Transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain-containing 2 (TMIGD2) has been implicated in several malignancies. However, the expression pattern, prognostic significance, and mechanistic role of TMIGD2 in bladder cancer (BLCA) remain largely unexplored. It is still unclear whether TMIGD2 serves as a reliable prognostic biomarker or functions as a druggable mediator of immune evasion and chemoresistance in BLCA.

Methods

The expression levels of TMIGD2 were assessed in BLCA cell lines using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to analyze the correlation between TMIGD2 expression and clinical characteristics and to assess its prognostic value in BLCA patients. Potential regulatory mechanisms involving TMIGD2 were explored, including its interactions with immune infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, and drug responsiveness. A ceRNA network centered on TMIGD2 was established. The expression of TMIGD2 at both mRNA and protein levels was validated using data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA).

Results

TMIGD2 was found to be downregulated in BLCA cell lines and tissues compared to normal urothelial cells. Lower TMIGD2 expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49-0.89, p = 0.006), progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.46-0.83, p = 0.001), and disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.37-0.76, p < 0.001) among BLCA patients. Multivariate analysis identified TMIGD2 as an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.046). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated that TMIGD2 expression was connected to several pathways, including cell adhesion molecules and T cell receptor signaling. Immune-infiltration analysis showed a previously unrecognized positive association between TMIGD2 expression and intratumoral T-cell/cytotoxic cell abundance as well as PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and TIGIT levels, indicating that TMIGD2 may refine patient stratification beyond PD-L1 status. Low TMIGD2 expression correlated with greater resistance to afatinib, sorafenib, and paclitaxel. Finally, we constructed the TCGA-derived ceRNA network (AC009245.1/miR-1304-3p/TMIGD2), which provides a new post-transcriptional mechanism governing TMIGD2 expression in BLCA.

Discussion

The findings highlight the potential of TMIGD2 as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in BLCA. The downregulation of TMIGD2 in BLCA and its correlation with adverse prognosis and immune modulation suggest its involvement in tumor progression and immune response. The ceRNA network provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of TMIGD2. However, the study's reliance on publicly available datasets, coupled with the lack of direct experimental validation of TMIGD2's functional role in BLCA, limits the immediate clinical application of these findings. Future research should focus on validating these results in larger cohorts and elucidating the specific mechanisms through which TMIGD2 influences BLCA progression and immune response.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that TMIGD2 is downregulated in BLCA and correlates with adverse prognosis and immune regulation. Its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target is underscored by its involvement in key pathways, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity. Further research is essential to fully realize the clinical potential of TMIGD2 in the management of BLCA.

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2026-01-15
2026-01-31

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TMIGD2 in Bladder Cancer: A Bioinformatics and Experimental Approach to Understanding its Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266414071251126071447
/content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266414071251126071447
/content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266414071251126071447
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: Biomarker ; Immune infiltration ; Urothelial carcinoma ; ceRNA network ; Prognosis ; Drug sensitivity

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