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image of Superbug Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections: The Role of the Moonlighting Protein Glutamate Racemase in Treatment and Prevention

Abstract

Introduction

is a notorious superbug responsible for causing ‘Gonorrhoea’ in humans. Recently, it has been classified as a high-priority pathogen by the World Health Organization due to its increasing resistance to available antibiotics. A multi-prolonged approach is needed to combat the growing problem of drug resistance caused by . This study evaluates Glutamate Racemase (GR), a moonlight protein of (-GR), as a novel therapeutic target with potential for both inhibitor design and peptide vaccine development. GR plays a crucial role in the peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway and is highly conserved across bacterial species. Additionally, this protein moonlights to perform a secondary function by binding to DNA gyrase in various organisms.

Methods

Homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were used to design inhibitors targeting the moonlight function of GR. The immunogenicity of this protein was assessed using ABCPred-2.0, BepiPred-2.0, and ProPred softwares.

Results

Bisleucocurine A was found to bind at the ectopic site of -GR, disrupting its crucial moonlight function and interfering its interaction with DNA Gyrase (gyrase). Interestingly, residues important for its moonlight function were also identified as key immunogenic sites using ABCPred-2.0, BepiPred-2.0, and ProPred softwares, enhancing the potential of this protein as a vaccine candidate.

Conclusion

The GR enzyme’s moonlight function is highlighted as a promising novel target for therapeutic intervention and vaccine development in

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2025-09-13

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Superbug Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections: The Role of the Moonlighting Protein Glutamate Racemase in Treatment and Prevention
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266365593250415101135
/content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266365593250415101135
/content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266365593250415101135
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: antibiotic resistance ; moonlight protein ; DNA Gyrase ; glutamate racemase (GR) ; vaccine ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) ; molecular docking ; epitopes

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