Skip to content
2000
Volume 11, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 2215-0838
  • E-ISSN: 2215-0846

Abstract

Background

According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the global health impact of neurological and psychiatric disorders has been underestimated for years. Neuropsychiatric disorders are now recognised as significant threats to public health. In conjunction with modern pharmaceutical interventions, the clinical application of yoga and meditation techniques has been increasingly recognised for their efficacy in treating various mental health conditions.

Objective

This article aimed to provide a comprehensive review summarizing the influence of yoga and meditation on the human brain, specifically focusing on their clinical implementation for neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted across PubMed and Google Scholar databases utilizing diverse combinations of keywords, including yoga, meditation, neurogenesis, neurological disorder, mental health, mindfulness, thought process, neuroimaging, and brain to identify pertinent literature for this review.

Results

Prevalent neurological and psychiatric ailments in our society encompass multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, fibromyalgia, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, major depression, anxiety disorder, and chronic stress. Scientifically corroborated by clinical studies, the advantageous effects of yoga and spiritual practices on these disorders have been substantiated. As our understanding of the complex psychology and functionalities of the human brain progresses, it becomes apparent that yoga and meditation facilitate neurogenesis and restore chemical equilibrium. Such practices aid in dispelling intrusive thoughts, negating negative emotions, and ameliorating stress, thereby offering relief to patients and progressively diminishing their reliance on conventional medication.

Conclusion

The integration of yoga and spiritual practices as complementary and non-invasive adjunctive therapies represents a promising approach to addressing the spectrum of neurological disorders plaguing modern society.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838246321231003015837
2023-10-10
2026-01-03

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838246321231003015837
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. WhiteD.G. Yoga, Brief History of an Idea (Chapter 1 of “Yoga in Practice”).In:2011123
     [Google Scholar]
  2. FeuersteinG. SingletonM. The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy, and Practice.In: Its History, LiteraturePhilosophy, and PracticeHohm Press1998
     [Google Scholar]
  3. MallinsonJ. SingletonM. Roots of Yoga.Penguin Books Limited2017
     [Google Scholar]
  4. HanhT.N. The Miracle Of Mindfulness: The Classic Guide to Meditation by the World’s Most Revered Master.Ebury Publishing2014
     [Google Scholar]
  5. SalzbergS. Kabat-ZinnJ. Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness.Shambhala2020
     [Google Scholar]
  6. ForemJ. Transcendental Meditation: The Essential Teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.Hay House2012
     [Google Scholar]
  7. GotheN.P. KhanI. HayesJ. ErlenbachE. DamoiseauxJ.S. Yoga Effects on Brain Health: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature.Brain Plast (Amsterdam, Netherlands)20195110512210.3233/BPL‑190084 31970064
     [Google Scholar]
  8. GotinkR.A. VernooijM.W. IkramM.A. Meditation and yoga practice are associated with smaller right amygdala volume: the Rotterdam study.Brain Imaging Behav.201812610.1007/s11682‑018‑9826‑z 29417491
     [Google Scholar]
  9. FusterJ.M. Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex.Prefrontal Cortex200875810.1016/B978‑0‑12‑373644‑4.00002‑5
     [Google Scholar]
  10. FriedmanN.P. RobbinsT.W. The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function.Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol2022471728910.1038/s41386‑021‑01132‑0 34408280
     [Google Scholar]
  11. AguilarD.D. McNallyJ.M. Subcortical control of the default mode network: Role of the basal forebrain and implications for neuropsychiatric disorders.Brain Res. Bull.202218512913910.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.005 35562013
     [Google Scholar]
  12. GarrisonK.A. ZeffiroT.A. ScheinostD. ConstableR.T. BrewerJ.A. Meditation leads to reduced default mode network activity beyond an active task.Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci.201515371272010.3758/s13415‑015‑0358‑3 25904238
     [Google Scholar]
  13. StephensM.A.C. WandG. Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence.Alcohol Res.2012344468483 23584113
     [Google Scholar]
  14. LiuY. YanT. ChuJ.M.T. The beneficial effects of physical exercise in the brain and related pathophysiological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases.Laboratory Investigation201999794395710.1038/s41374‑019‑0232‑y 30808929
     [Google Scholar]
  15. IadecolaC. The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease.Neuron2017961174210.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.030 28957666
     [Google Scholar]
  16. HölzelB.K. CarmodyJ. VangelM. Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density.Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging20111911364310.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006 21071182
     [Google Scholar]
  17. DavidsonRJ 200310.1111/1469‑8986.00067
  18. SpielbergJ.M. StewartJ.L. LevinR.L. MillerG.A. HellerW. Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation.Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass20082113515310.1111/j.1751‑9004.2007.00064.x 20574551
     [Google Scholar]
  19. TrivediJ.K. Cognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders: Current status.Indian J. Psychiatry2006481102010.4103/0019‑5545.31613 20703409
     [Google Scholar]
  20. CampanelliS. Lopes TortA.B. Lobão-SoaresB. Pranayamas and their neurophysiological effects.Int. J. Yoga202013318319210.4103/ijoy.IJOY_91_19 33343147
     [Google Scholar]
  21. GerritsenR.J.S. BandG.P.H. Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity.Front. Hum. Neurosci.20181239710.3389/fnhum.2018.00397 30356789
     [Google Scholar]
  22. LazarS.W. KerrC.E. WassermanR.H. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness.Neuroreport200516171893189710.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19 16272874
     [Google Scholar]
  23. LiuC. ChenH. CaoX. Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Doctors’ Mindfulness, Patient Safety Culture, Patient Safety Competency and Adverse Event.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2022196328210.3390/ijerph19063282 35328968
     [Google Scholar]
  24. MascaroJ.S. DarcherA. NegiL.T. RaisonC.L. The neural mediators of kindness-based meditation: a theoretical model.Front. Psychol.2015610910.3389/fpsyg.2015.00109 25729374
     [Google Scholar]
  25. SivakumarP.T. HariprasadV.R. KopardeV. Randomized clinical trial of yoga-based intervention in residents from elderly homes: Effects on cognitive function.Indian J. Psychiatry2013557Suppl. 335710.4103/0019‑5545.116308 24049199
     [Google Scholar]
  26. VillemureC. ÄOEekoM CottonVA BushnellMC. Neuroprotective effects of yoga practice: age-, experience-, and frequency-dependent plasticity.Front. Hum. Neurosci.2015928110.3389/fnhum.2015.00281 26029093
     [Google Scholar]
  27. AfonsoR.F. BalardinJ.B. LazarS. Greater cortical thickness in elderly female yoga practitioners. A Cross-Sectional Study.Front. Aging Neurosci.2017920110.3389/fnagi.2017.00201 28676757
     [Google Scholar]
  28. GotheN.P. HayesJ.M. TemaliC. DamoiseauxJ.S. Differences in Brain Structure and Function Among Yoga Practitioners and Controls.Front. Integr. Nuerosci.2018122610.3389/fnint.2018.00026 29988397
     [Google Scholar]
  29. GarnerM. ReithW. KrickC. 10-Week Hatha Yoga Increases Right Hippocampal Density Compared to Active and Passive Control Groups: A Controlled Structural cMRI Study.J. Neuroimaging Psychiatry Neurol.20194110.17756/jnpn.2019‑027
     [Google Scholar]
  30. HernándezS.E. DortaR. SueroJ. Barros-LoscertalesA. González-MoraJ.L. RubiaK. Larger whole brain grey matter associated with long-term sahaja yoga meditation: A detailed area by area comparison.PLoS One20201510.1371/journal.pone.0237552
     [Google Scholar]
  31. BabuM.G.R. KadavigereR. KoteshwaraP. SathianB. RaiK.S. Rajyoga meditation induces grey matter volume changes in regions that process reward and happiness.Sci. Rep.20201011617710.1038/s41598‑020‑73221‑x 32999361
     [Google Scholar]
  32. HölzelB.K. LazarS.W. GardT. Schuman-OlivierZ. VagoD.R. OttU. How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective.Perspect. Psychol. Sci.20116653755910.1177/1745691611419671 26168376
     [Google Scholar]
  33. KrishnakumarD. HamblinM.R. LakshmananS. Meditation and yoga can modulate brain mechanisms that affect behavior and anxiety- A modern scientific perspective.Anc. Sci.201521131910.14259/as.v2i1.171 26929928
     [Google Scholar]
  34. WassermanT. WassermanL.D. The Human Connectome: An Overview.In: Apraxia: The Neural Network Model. Neural Network Model: Applications and Implications.Springer, Cham;202310.1007/978‑3‑031‑24105‑5_3
     [Google Scholar]
  35. SimonR. EngströmM. The default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation.Front. Psychol.2015677610.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776 26106351
     [Google Scholar]
  36. TangR. FristonK.J. TangY.Y. Brief mindfulness meditation induces gray matter changes in a brain hub.Neural Plast.202020201810.1155/2020/8830005 33299395
     [Google Scholar]
  37. HasenkampW. BarsalouL.W. Effects of meditation experience on functional connectivity of distributed brain networks.Front. Hum. Neurosci.201263810.3389/fnhum.2012.00038 22403536
     [Google Scholar]
  38. FroeligerB E GarlandE L ModlinL A McClernonF J Neurocognitive correlates of the effects of yoga meditation practice on emotion and cognition: A Pilot StudyFront Integr Neurosci201210.3389/fnint.2012.00048
     [Google Scholar]
  39. TangY.Y. PosnerM.I. Special issue on mindfulness neuroscience.Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.2013811310.1093/scan/nss104 22956677
     [Google Scholar]
  40. SwansonA. Science of Yoga: Understand the Anatomy and Physiology to Perfect Your Practice.Dorling Kindersley Limited2019
     [Google Scholar]
  41. ZhangX. ZongB. ZhaoW. LiL. Effects of Mind–Body Exercise on Brain Structure and Function: A Systematic Review on MRI Studies.Brain Sci.202111220510.3390/brainsci11020205 33562412
     [Google Scholar]
  42. GardT. HölzelB.K. LazarS.W. The potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline: a systematic review.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.2014130718910310.1111/nyas.12348 24571182
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Van AalstJ. CeccariniJ. SchrammG. Long-term Ashtanga yoga practice decreases medial temporal and brainstem glucose metabolism in relation to years of experience.EJNMMI Res.20201015010.1186/s13550‑020‑00636‑y 32410000
     [Google Scholar]
  44. WaxenbaumJA ReddyV VaracalloM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539845/
  45. LubertoC.M. HallD.L. ParkE.R. HaramatiA. CottonS. A perspective on the similarities and differences between mindfulness and relaxation.Glob. Adv. Health Med.20209216495612090559710.1177/2164956120905597 32076580
     [Google Scholar]
  46. TellesS. SinghN. BalkrishnaA. Heart rate variability changes during high frequency yoga breathing and breath awareness.Biopsychosoc. Med.201151410.1186/1751‑0759‑5‑4 21486495
     [Google Scholar]
  47. TurakitwanakanW. MekseepralardC. BusarakumtragulP. Effects of mindfulness meditation on serum cortisol of medical students.J. Med. Assoc. Thai.201396Suppl. 1S90S95 23724462
     [Google Scholar]
  48. PascoeM.C. ThompsonD.R. JenkinsZ.M. SkiC.F. Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis.J. Psychiatr. Res.20179515617810.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004 28863392
     [Google Scholar]
  49. CrossonB FordA McGregorKM 201010.1682/JRRD.2010.02.0017
  50. BrittonW.B. LeppN.E. NilesH.F. RochaT. FisherN.E. GoldJ.S. A randomized controlled pilot trial of classroom-based mindfulness meditation compared to an active control condition in sixth-grade children.J. Sch. Psychol.201452326327810.1016/j.jsp.2014.03.002 24930819
     [Google Scholar]
  51. LudersE. ClarkK. NarrK.L. TogaA.W. Enhanced brain connectivity in long-term meditation practitioners.Neuroimage20115741308131610.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.075 21664467
     [Google Scholar]
  52. PickersgillJ.W. TurcoC.V. RamdeoK. RehsiR.S. FogliaS.D. NelsonA.J. The Combined Influences of Exercise, Diet and Sleep on Neuroplasticity.Front. Psychol.20221383181910.3389/fpsyg.2022.831819 35558719
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Van PraagH. KempermannG. GageF.H. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus.Nat. Neurosci.19992326627010.1038/6368 10195220
     [Google Scholar]
  54. KerrC.E. SacchetM.D. LazarS.W. MooreC.I. JonesS.R. Mindfulness starts with the body: somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of cortical alpha rhythms in mindfulness meditation.Front. Hum. Neurosci.20137121210.3389/fnhum.2013.00012 23408771
     [Google Scholar]
  55. JhaA.P. KrompingerJ. BaimeM.J. Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention.Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci.20077210911910.3758/CABN.7.2.109 17672382
     [Google Scholar]
  56. LutzA. SlagterH.A. DunneJ.D. DavidsonR.J. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation.Trends Cogn. Sci.200812416316910.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005 18329323
     [Google Scholar]
  57. StephensI. Medical Yoga Therapy.Children (Basel)2017421210.3390/children4020012 28208599
     [Google Scholar]
  58. InnesK.E. SelfeT.K. KhalsaD.S. KandatiS. Meditation and music improve memory and cognitive function in adults with subjective cognitive decline: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.J. Alzheimers Dis.201756389991610.3233/JAD‑160867 28106552
     [Google Scholar]
  59. ColzatoL.S. OzturkA. HommelB. Meditate to create: the impact of focused-attention and open-monitoring training on convergent and divergent thinking.Front. Psychol.20123APR11610.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116 22529832
     [Google Scholar]
  60. GreenbergJ. ReinerK. MeiranN. “Mind the trap”: mindfulness practice reduces cognitive rigidity.PLoS One201275e3620610.1371/journal.pone.0036206 22615758
     [Google Scholar]
  61. TankD. KaranK. GajeraB.Y. DaveR.H. Investigate the effect of solvents on wet granulation of microcrystalline cellulose using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a binder and evaluation of rheological and thermal characteristics of granules.Saudi Pharm. J.201826459360210.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.007 31011282
     [Google Scholar]
  62. FarbN.A.S. SegalZ.V. MaybergH. Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference.Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.20072431332210.1093/scan/nsm030 18985137
     [Google Scholar]
  63. CondonP. DesbordesG. MillerW.B. DeStenoD. Meditation increases compassionate responses to suffering.Psychol. Sci.201324102125212710.1177/0956797613485603 23965376
     [Google Scholar]
  64. HutchersonC.A. SeppalaE.M. GrossJ.J. Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness.Emotion20088572072410.1037/a0013237 18837623
     [Google Scholar]
  65. GoldinP.R. GrossJ.J. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder.Emotion2010101839110.1037/a0018441 20141305
     [Google Scholar]
  66. DastidarD.G. GhoshD. ChakrabartiG. 202110.1002/9781119711698.ch13
  67. KafatosMC ChevalierG ChopraD HubacherJ KakS TheiseND Biofield Science: Current physics perspectives.Glob Adv Health Med201541_suppl)(Suppl.gahmj.2015.011.10.7453/gahmj.2015.011.suppl26665039
     [Google Scholar]
  68. RubikB. The biofield hypothesis: its biophysical basis and role in medicine.J. Altern. Complement. Med.20028670371710.1089/10755530260511711 12614524
     [Google Scholar]
  69. BrownD. The energy body and its functions: immunosurveillance, longevity, and regeneration.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.20091172131233710.1196/annals.1393.019 19743562
     [Google Scholar]
  70. PrakashS. ChowdhuryA.R. GuptaA. Monitoring the human health by measuring the biofield “Aura”: An Overview.Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res.20151035
     [Google Scholar]
  71. CohlyH KostyukN IsokpehiR RajnarayananR. Bio-Electrographic Method for Preventive Health CareIn 2009 First Annual ORNL Biomedical Science & Engineering Conference2009; pp. 1-410.1109/BSEC.2009.5090493
     [Google Scholar]
  72. PoojaryM. SrinivasY. A Novel Methodology for Disease Identification Using Metaheuristic Algorithm and Aura Image.Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl.202213759059410.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130770
     [Google Scholar]
  73. DevitoD. AremK. MadappaK. WilliamsB. WisneskiL. Healing experiments assessed with electrophotonic camera.Subtle Energies Energy Med.200920333
     [Google Scholar]
  74. RubikB MuehsamD HammerschlagR JainS. Biofield Science and Healing: History, Terminology, and Concepts.Glob Adv Health Med201541_suppl)(Suppl.gahmj.2015.03810.7453/gahmj.2015.038.suppl26665037
     [Google Scholar]
  75. BaldwinA.L. TrentN.L. An Integrative Review of Scientific Evidence for Reconnective Healing.J. Altern. Complement. Med.201723859059810.1089/acm.2015.0218 28654301
     [Google Scholar]
  76. PölönenP. LappiO. TervaniemiM. Effect of Meditative Movement on Affect and Flow in Qigong Practitioners.Front. Psychol.201910OCT237510.3389/fpsyg.2019.02375 31695654
     [Google Scholar]
  77. KleinP.J. BaumgardenJ. SchneiderR. Qigong and Tai Chi as therapeutic exercise: Survey of systematic reviews and meta-analyses addressing physical health conditions.Altern. Ther. Health Med.20192554853 31221939
     [Google Scholar]
  78. BaldwinA.L. HammerschlagR. Biofield-based therapies: a systematic review of physiological effects on practitioners during healing.Explore (NY)201410315016110.1016/j.explore.2014.02.003 24767262
     [Google Scholar]
  79. MooventhanA. NivethithaL. Evidence based effects of yoga in neurological disorders.J. Clin. Neurosci.201743616710.1016/j.jocn.2017.05.012 28599839
     [Google Scholar]
  80. MeyerH.B. KatsmanA. SonesA.C. AuerbachD.E. AmesD. RubinR.T. Yoga as an ancillary treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders: a review.J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci.201224215216410.1176/appi.neuropsych.11040090 22772663
     [Google Scholar]
  81. MishraS. SinghP. BunchS. ZhangR. The therapeutic value of yoga in neurological disorders.Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol.201215424725410.4103/0972‑2327.104328 23349587
     [Google Scholar]
  82. VagoDR WallensteinGV MorrisLS 201410.1016/B978‑0‑12‑385157‑4.01151‑9
  83. StarkmanM.N. GiordaniB. GebarskiS.S. BerentS. SchorkM.A. SchteingartD.E. Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following treatment of Cushing’s disease.Biol. Psychiatry199946121595160210.1016/S0006‑3223(99)00203‑6 10624540
     [Google Scholar]
  84. FareauG.G. Vassilopoulou-SellinR. Hypercortisolemia and Infection.Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am.2007213639657, viii10.1016/j.idc.2007.06.00117826616
     [Google Scholar]
  85. RaghavendraR.M. VadirajaH.S. NagarathnaR. Effects of a yoga program on cortisol rhythm and mood states in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial.Integr. Cancer Ther.200981374610.1177/1534735409331456 19190034
     [Google Scholar]
  86. ZaborszkyL PangK SomogyiJ NadasdyZ KalloI The basal forebrain corticopetal system revisited.Ann N Y Acad Sci19998771 ADVANCING FRO3396710.1111/j.1749‑6632.1999.tb09276.x10415658
     [Google Scholar]
  87. TaylorB HardcastleC. Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging Encycl Gerontol Popul Aging.No. October202010.1007/978‑3‑319‑69892‑2
     [Google Scholar]
  88. ManniL. RoccoM.L. BianchiP. Nerve growth factor: basic studies and possible therapeutic applications.Growth Factors201331411512210.3109/08977194.2013.804073 23777359
     [Google Scholar]
  89. KhalsaD.S. Stress, Meditation, and Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention: Where The Evidence Stands.J. Alzheimers Dis.201548111210.3233/JAD‑142766 26445019
     [Google Scholar]
  90. ChouC.C. HuangC.J. Effects of an 8-week yoga program on sustained attention and discrimination function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.PeerJ201751e288310.7717/peerj.2883 28097075
     [Google Scholar]
  91. PeckH.L. KehleT.J. BrayM.A. TheodoreL.A. Yoga as an Intervention for Children With Attention Problems.201934341542410.1080/02796015.2005.12086295
     [Google Scholar]
  92. FarahaniP.V. HekmatpouD. KhonsariA.H. GholamiM. Effectiveness of super brain yoga for children with hyperactivity disorder.Perspect. Psychiatr. Care201955214014610.1111/ppc.12266 29427513
     [Google Scholar]
  93. GunaseelanL. VanamaM.S. AbdiF. QureshiA. SiddiquaA. HamidM.A. Yoga for the Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Cureus20211312e2046610.7759/cureus.20466 35070529
     [Google Scholar]
  94. MaennerM.J. ShawK.A. BakianA.V. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2018.MMWR Surveill. Summ.2021701111610.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1 34855725
     [Google Scholar]
  95. ChakrabortyS. BhatiaT. SharmaV. Psychometric properties of a screening tool for autism in the community-The Indian Autism Screening Questionnaire (IASQ).PLoS One2021164e024997010.1371/journal.pone.0249970 33886585
     [Google Scholar]
  96. YuY. ChaulagainA. PedersenS.A. Pharmacotherapy of restricted/repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorder:a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Psychiatry202020112110.1186/s12888‑020‑2477‑9 32164636
     [Google Scholar]
  97. TanksaleR. SofronoffK. SheffieldJ. GilmourJ. Evaluating the effects of a yoga-based program integrated with third-wave cognitive behavioral therapy components on self-regulation in children on the autism spectrum: A pilot randomized controlled trial.Autism2021254995100810.1177/1362361320974841 33238718
     [Google Scholar]
  98. HiltyD.M. LeamonM.H. LimR.F. KellyR.H. HalesR.E. A review of bipolar disorder in adults.Psychiatry (Edgmont)2006394355 20975827
     [Google Scholar]
  99. UebelackerL.A. WeinstockL.M. KrainesM.A. Self-reported benefits and risks of yoga in individuals with bipolar disorder.J. Psychiatr. Pract.201420534535210.1097/01.pra.0000454779.59859.f8 25226195
     [Google Scholar]
  100. RavindranA.V. McKayM.S. SilvaT. Breathing-focused Yoga as Augmentation for Unipolar and Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial: Le yoga axé sur la respiration comme traitement d’appoint pour la dépression unipolaire et bipolaire: Un essai randomisé contrôlé.Can. J. Psychiatry202166215916910.1177/0706743720940535 32677851
     [Google Scholar]
  101. KupriyanovR.V. SholokhovM.A. KupriyanovR. ZhdanovR. The Eustress Concept: Problems and Outlooks.World J Med Sci201411217918510.5829/idosi.wjms.2014.11.2.8433
     [Google Scholar]
  102. NezuA M NezuC M DisordersP. Depression , and Anxiety3234
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Van der KolkB.A. StoneL. WestJ. Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial.J. Clin. Psychiatry2014756e559e56510.4088/JCP.13m08561 25004196
     [Google Scholar]
  104. ArasappaR. BhargavH. RamachandraK. VaramballyS. GangadharB. Perspective of patients referred to Yoga center in a tertiary neuropsychiatric hospital: A cross-sectional retrospective study.Indian J. Psychiatry202163654354810.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_1164_20 35136250
     [Google Scholar]
  105. AkanaemeI.N. EkwealorF.N. IfeluniC.N. Managing job stress among teachers of children with autism spectrum disorders.Medicine (Baltimore)202110046e2731210.1097/MD.0000000000027312 34797272
     [Google Scholar]
  106. MichalsenA. GrossmanP. AcilA. Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga program.Med. Sci. Monit.20051112CR555CR561 16319785
     [Google Scholar]
  107. MichalsenA. JeitlerM. BrunnhuberS. Iyengar yoga for distressed women: a 3-armed randomized controlled trial.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.201220121910.1155/2012/408727 23049608
     [Google Scholar]
  108. GiourouE. Stavropoulou-DeliA. GiannakopoulouA. KostopoulosG.K. KoutroumanidisM. Introduction to Epilepsy and Related Brain Disorders BT - Cyberphysical Systems for Epilepsy and Related Brain Disorders: Multi-Parametric Monitoring and Analysis for Diagnosis and Optimal Disease Management.ChamSpringer International Publishing2015113810.1007/978‑3‑319‑20049‑1_2
     [Google Scholar]
  109. PanjwaniU. SelvamurthyW. SinghS.H. GuptaH.L. MukhopadhyayS. ThakurL. Effect of Sahaja yoga meditation on auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) in epileptics.Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback200025111210.1023/A:1009523904786 10832506
     [Google Scholar]
  110. LundgrenT. DahlJ. YardiN. MelinL. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and yoga for drug-refractory epilepsy: A randomized controlled trial.Epilepsy Behav.200813110210810.1016/j.yebeh.2008.02.009 18343200
     [Google Scholar]
  111. SharmaM. KackerS. SharmaM. A brief introduction and review on galvanic skin response.Int J Med Res Prof201626131710.21276/ijmrp.2016.2.6.003
     [Google Scholar]
  112. GoodwinM.L. HarrisJ.E. HernándezA. GladdenL.B. Blood lactate measurements and analysis during exercise: a guide for clinicians.J. Diabetes Sci. Technol.20071455856910.1177/193229680700100414 19885119
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Sarzi-PuttiniP. GiorgiV. MarottoD. AtzeniF. Fibromyalgia: an update on clinical characteristics, aetiopathogenesis and treatment.Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.2020161164566010.1038/s41584‑020‑00506‑w 33024295
     [Google Scholar]
  114. FieldsH.L. BasbaumA.I. HeinricherM.M. Central nervous system mechanisms of pain modulation.Pain200612514210.1016/B0‑443‑07287‑6/50012‑6
     [Google Scholar]
  115. YuJ. Endocrine disorders and the neurologic manifestations.Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.201419418419010.6065/apem.2014.19.4.184 25654063
     [Google Scholar]
  116. CarsonJ.W. CarsonK.M. JonesK.D. BennettR.M. WrightC.L. MistS.D. A pilot randomized controlled trial of the Yoga of Awareness program in the management of fibromyalgia.Pain2010151253053910.1016/j.pain.2010.08.020 20946990
     [Google Scholar]
  117. LiZ. RuanM. ChenJ. FangY. Major Depressive Disorder: Advances in Neuroscience Research and Translational Applications.Neurosci. Bull.202137686388010.1007/s12264‑021‑00638‑3 33582959
     [Google Scholar]
  118. PrathikantiS. RiveraR. CochranA. TungolJ.G. FayazmaneshN. WeinmannE. Treating major depression with yoga: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot trial.PLoS One2017123e017386910.1371/journal.pone.0173869 28301561
     [Google Scholar]
  119. BridgesL. SharmaM. The Efficacy of Yoga as a Form of Treatment for Depression.J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med.20172241017102810.1177/2156587217715927 28664775
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Eastman-MuellerH. WilsonT. JungA.K. KimuraA. TarrantJ. iRest yoga-nidra on the college campus: changes in stress, depression, worry, and mindfulness.Int. J. Yoga Therap.2013232152410.17761/ijyt.23.2.r8735770101m8277 24165520
     [Google Scholar]
  121. GoadsbyP. Pathophysiology of migraine.Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol.2012155Suppl. 11510.4103/0972‑2327.99993 23024559
     [Google Scholar]
  122. KhalifehsoltaniS. SabriM.R. DehghanB. YaghiniO. NasiriJ. MansourianM. Endothelial dysfunction state in migraine headache and neutrally mediated syncope in children and young adults.J. Res. Med. Sci.201520877177610.4103/1735‑1995.168384 26664425
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Naji-EsfahaniH. ZamaniM. MarandiS.M. ShaygannejadV. JavanmardS.H. Preventive effects of a three-month yoga intervention on endothelial function in patients with migraine.Int. J. Prev. Med.201454424429 24829729
     [Google Scholar]
  124. HathaSvatmarama. Yoga Pradipika of Svatmarama.Madras Adyar Libr Res Centre1994189
     [Google Scholar]
  125. LathaD. KaliappanK.V. Efficacy of Yoga Therapy in the Management of Headaches.J. Indian Psychol.1992101–24147
     [Google Scholar]
  126. HoorbakhtH. BagherkashiF. Optic neuritis, its differential diagnosis and management.Open Ophthalmol. J.201261657210.2174/1874364101206010065 22888383
     [Google Scholar]
  127. OkenB.S. KishiyamaS. ZajdelD. Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis.Neurology200462112058206410.1212/01.WNL.0000129534.88602.5C 15184614
     [Google Scholar]
  128. ShifroniE. A Chair for Yoga.Complet Guid201620
     [Google Scholar]
  129. PatilN.J. NagaratnaR. GarnerC. RaghuramN.V. CrisanR. Effect of integrated Yoga on neurogenic bladder dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis—A prospective observational case series.Complement. Ther. Med.201220642443010.1016/j.ctim.2012.08.003 23131373
     [Google Scholar]
  130. BokorG. AndersonP.D. Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder.J. Pharm. Pract.201427211613010.1177/0897190014521996 24576790
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Shannahoff-KhalsaD.S. RayL.E. LevineS. GallenC.C. SchwartzB.J. SidorowichJ.J. Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.CNS Spectr.1999412344710.1017/S1092852900006805 18311106
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Shannahoff-khalsaD.S. BeckettL.R. Clinical case report: efficacy of yogic techniques in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders.Int. J. Neurosci.1996851-211710.3109/00207459608986347 8727678
     [Google Scholar]
  133. BhatS. VaramballyS. KarmaniS. GovindarajR. GangadharB.N. Designing and validation of a yoga-based intervention for obsessive compulsive disorder.Int. Rev. Psychiatry201628332733310.3109/09540261.2016.1170001 27117898
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Shannahoff-KhalsaD. FernandesR.Y. PereiraC.A.B. Kundalini Yoga Meditation Versus the Relaxation Response Meditation for Treating Adults With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Front. Psychiatry20191079310.3389/fpsyt.2019.00793 31780963
     [Google Scholar]
  135. MehtaS. MehtaK. ChalanaH. SinghH. ThamanR. Effectiveness of Rajyoga meditation as an adjunct to first-line treatment in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder.Indian J. Psychiatry202062668468910.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_401_19 33896974
     [Google Scholar]
  136. BhatS.G.S. ArasappaR. JagannathanA. VaramballyS. Yoga therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A case series from India.Asian J. Psychiatr.20216210273910.1016/j.ajp.2021.102739 34243060
     [Google Scholar]
  137. HayesM.T. Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism.Am. J. Med.2019132780280710.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.001 30890425
     [Google Scholar]
  138. VerschuurC.V.M. SuwijnS.R. BoelJ.A. Randomized Delayed-Start Trial of Levodopa in Parkinson’s Disease.N. Engl. J. Med.2019380431532410.1056/NEJMoa1809983 30673543
     [Google Scholar]
  139. FangJ.Y. TollesonC. The role of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: an overview and update on new developments.Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat.20171372373210.2147/NDT.S113998 28331322
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Van PuymbroeckM. WalterA. HawkinsB.L. Functional Improvements in Parkinson’s Disease Following a Randomized Trial of Yoga.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.201820181810.1155/2018/8516351 29967649
     [Google Scholar]
  141. KwokJ.Y.Y. KwanJ.C.Y. AuyeungM. Effects of Mindfulness Yoga vs Stretching and Resistance Training Exercises on Anxiety and Depression for People With Parkinson Disease.JAMA Neurol.201976775576310.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0534 30958514
     [Google Scholar]
  142. LoetscherT. PotterK.J. WongD. das NairR. Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke.Cochrane Libr.2019201911CD00284210.1002/14651858.CD002842.pub3 31706263
     [Google Scholar]
  143. LyntonH. KliglerB. ShiflettS. Yoga in stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review and results of a pilot study.Top. Stroke Rehabil.20071441810.1310/tsr1404‑1 17698453
     [Google Scholar]
  144. WeissA. SuzukiT. BeanJ. FieldingR.A. High intensity strength training improves strength and functional performance after stroke.Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.200079436937610.1097/00002060‑200007000‑00009 10892623
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Teixeira-SalmelaL.F. OlneyS.J. NadeauS. BrouwerB. Muscle strengthening and physical conditioning to reduce impairment and disability in chronic stroke survivors.Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.199980101211121810.1016/S0003‑9993(99)90018‑7 10527076
     [Google Scholar]
  146. PicchioniMM MurrayRM. Schizophrenia.BMJ2007335761091510.1136/bmj.39227.616447.BE17626963
     [Google Scholar]
  147. OwenM.J. SawaA. MortensenP.B. Schizophrenia.Lancet201638810039869710.1016/S0140‑6736(15)01121‑6 26777917
     [Google Scholar]
  148. DuraiswamyG. ThirthalliJ. NagendraH.R. GangadharB.N. Yoga therapy as an add-on treatment in the management of patients with schizophrenia? a randomized controlled trial.Acta Psychiatr. Scand.2007116322623210.1111/j.1600‑0447.2007.01032.x 17655565
     [Google Scholar]
  149. WiwanitkitS. WiwanitkitV. Yoga therapy and schizophrenia.Int. J. Yoga20136213410.4103/0973‑6131.113419 23930034
     [Google Scholar]
  150. RaoN. MenonS. A heuristic model linking yoga philosophy and self-reflection to examine underlying mechanisms of add-on yoga treatment in schizophrenia.Int. Rev. Psychiatry201628326527210.1080/09540261.2016.1194259 27310309
     [Google Scholar]
  151. GovindarajR. VaramballyS. SharmaM. GangadharB.N. Designing and validation of a yoga-based intervention for schizophrenia.Int. Rev. Psychiatry201628332332610.3109/09540261.2016.1151404 27002649
     [Google Scholar]
  152. BhatiaT. MazumdarS. WoodJ. A randomised controlled trial of adjunctive yoga and adjunctive physical exercise training for cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.Acta Neuropsychiatr.201729210211410.1017/neu.2016.42 27514629
     [Google Scholar]
  153. CaponnettoP. AuditoreR. MagliaM. PipitoneS. InguscioL. Psychological wellness, yoga and quality of life in patients affected by schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A pilot study.Ment. Illn.2019111222510.1108/mi.2019.8003 31281606
     [Google Scholar]
  154. VaramballyS. VenkatasubramanianG. GovindarajR. Yoga and schizophrenia-a comprehensive assessment of neuroplasticity: Protocol for a single blind randomized controlled study of yoga in schizophrenia.Medicine20199843e1739910.1097/MD.0000000000017399 31651843
     [Google Scholar]
  155. GovindarajR. VaramballyS. RaoN.P. VenkatasubramanianG. GangadharB.N. Does yoga have a role in schizophrenia management?Curr. Psychiatry Rep.202022127810.1007/s11920‑020‑01199‑4 33141363
     [Google Scholar]
  156. SchulzeT. HahnE. HahneI. Yoga-Based Group Intervention for In-patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders—A Qualitative Approach.Front. Psychiatry20211271567010.3389/fpsyt.2021.715670 34484004
     [Google Scholar]
  157. CohenD.L. WinteringN. TollesV. Cerebral blood flow effects of yoga training: preliminary evaluation of 4 cases.J. Altern. Complement. Med.200915191410.1089/acm.2008.0008 19769471
     [Google Scholar]
  158. GangadharB.N. KalyaniB.G. VenkatasubramanianG. Neurohemodynamic correlates of ′OM′ chanting: A pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Int. J. Yoga2011413610.4103/0973‑6131.78171 21654968
     [Google Scholar]
  159. EyreH.A. AcevedoB. YangH. Changes in Neural Connectivity and Memory Following a Yoga Intervention for Older Adults: A Pilot Study.J. Alzheimers Dis.201652267368410.3233/JAD‑150653 27060939
     [Google Scholar]
  160. SantaellaD.F. BalardinJ.B. AfonsoR.F. Greater Anteroposterior Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity in Long-Term Elderly Yoga Practitioners.Front. Aging Neurosci.201911JUL15810.3389/fnagi.2019.00158 31312135
     [Google Scholar]
  161. YildizS. GrinsteadJ. HildebrandA. Immediate impact of yogic breathing on pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.Sci. Rep.20221211089410.1038/s41598‑022‑15034‑8 35764793
     [Google Scholar]
  162. SathyaprabhaT.N. SatishchandraP. PradhanC. Modulation of cardiac autonomic balance with adjuvant yoga therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy.Epilepsy Behav.200812224525210.1016/j.yebeh.2007.09.006 18024208
     [Google Scholar]
  163. GoldenbergD.L. KaplanK.H. NadeauM.G. BrodeurC. SmithS. SchmidC.H. A Controlled Study of a Stress-Reduction, Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Program in Fibromyalgia.J. Musculoskeletal Pain199422536610.1300/J094v02n02_05
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Da SilvaG.D. Lorenzi-FilhoG. LageL.V. Effects of yoga and the addition of Tui Na in patients with fibromyalgia.J. Altern. Complement. Med.200713101107111410.1089/acm.2007.0615 18166122
     [Google Scholar]
  165. JohnP.J. SharmaN. SharmaC.M. KankaneA. Effectiveness of yoga therapy in the treatment of migraine without aura: a randomized controlled trial.Headache200747565466110.1111/j.1526‑4610.2007.00789.x 17501846
     [Google Scholar]
  166. VelikonjaO. ČurićK. OžuraA. JazbecS.Š. Influence of sports climbing and yoga on spasticity, cognitive function, mood and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis.Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg.2010112759760110.1016/j.clineuro.2010.03.006 20371148
     [Google Scholar]
  167. BastilleJ.V. Gill-BodyK.M. A yoga-based exercise program for people with chronic poststroke hemiparesis.Phys. Ther.2004841334810.1093/ptj/84.1.33 14992675
     [Google Scholar]
  168. SinghR. KashyapM. RaiN.K. Effect of early yoga practice on post stroke cognitive impairment.Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol.2023261596610.4103/aian.aian_808_22 37034037
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838246321231003015837
Loading
Yoga and Meditation in the Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
Current Traditional Medicine 11, E101023221983 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0122150838246321231003015837
/content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838246321231003015837
/content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838246321231003015837
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): Global Burden of Disease (GBD); human brain; Meditation; mindfulness; neurological disorders; neuroplasticity; yoga

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test