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Abstract

As an advancement of 3D printing, 4D printing introduces a time dimension, enabling the fabrication of dynamic, adaptable biological devices. In contrast to stable 3D-printed systems, 4D-printed systems employ intelligent materials, such as shape-memory polymers and hydrogels, that respond to environmental stimuli, such as pH, temperature, and light. Major developments include adaptable implants for applications like tracheal support and cancer therapy, as well as customized, stimuli-responsive hydrogel capsules that enable controlled drug release, thereby enhancing the patient’s health, decreasing adverse effects, and increasing accuracy. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, specifically in managing degradation rates, ensuring biocompatibility, and optimizing material selection for clinical studies. As research continues, 4D bioprinting is anticipated to become the main tool for creating personalized, efficient, and adaptive biomedical systems, thereby changing the face of future healthcare and treatment methods. This editorial provides an overview of innovative approaches and demonstrates the importance of 4D printing in the medical field. It highlights the crucial role of 4D printing over 3D printing by incorporating the time dimension, making the resulting devices dynamic and adaptive rather than static. These smart features of the innovative 4D-printed tool have led to significant advancements in medical applications, including customized tracheal support implants and personalized drug-delivery capsules.

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2026-02-20
2026-03-01

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/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128438937251121104312
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  • Article Type:     Editorial
Keywords: hydrogels ; adaptive implants ; 4D printing ; personalized medicine ; biomedical application ; shape-memory polymers

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