Quality Evaluation of Arnebiae Radix Using Multiple Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Coupled with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

A comprehensive approach using multiple qualitative and quantitative methods coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was developed for the quality evaluation of Arnebiae Radix currently marketed in China. A simple, rapid and accurate liquid chromatographic method by optimization of the current ones was established for determination of β, β'-dimethylacrylalkannin. Moreover, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA) were applied to classify and differentiate the different samples. In the qualitative analyses, two known markers (l-shikonin and β, β'-dimethylacrylalkannin) were detected in all samples. The quantitative analyses showed that these samples were qualified with the high contents of both total hydroxynaphthoquinones and β, β'-dimethylacrylalkannin. However, their chemical profiles from either TLC or HPLC analysis as well as the pharmacognostic features showed some differences from each other. By HCA and PCA, all samples especially imported ones could be clearly separated and classified into two major groups, of which four samples including two indigenous herbs and two imported ones from Pakistan and the authentic herb of Arnebiae euchromae Radix were grouped together but could be further differentiated by PCA study. Some potential markers besides l-shikonin and β, β'-dimethylacrylalkannin were found accountable for such discrimination but need to be further elucidated. This study demonstrated that a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses with multivariate statistical analysis could be an efficient approach for the comprehensive quality evaluation of Arnebiae Radix.