Skip to content
2000
Volume 6, Issue 4
  • ISSN: 2666-7967
  • E-ISSN: 2666-7975

Abstract

Objectives

This work aimed to study the difference in the level of fatigue perception between cases and controls, who did not have COVID-19. This study sought to establish the impact of severity of infection with fatigue scores on the quality of life.

Methods

This observational case-control study, recruiting 165 participants, both males and females, from Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan, started from August 2022 to October 2023 after obtaining their consent. A total of 65 COVID-positive with 21.5% hospitalized and 78.5% non-hospitalized subjects were included. Post-COVID fatigue among the participants was compared using the validated Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ-11), and WHOQOL scale.

Results

Participants in all groups reported fatigue on the Fatigue Severity Scale with COVID-positive (38.25 ±12.15) and Covid-negative (33.75±11.28) rate, with a significant -value (0.031). According to CFQ, no significant difference ( = 0.91) was found between fatigue scores of Covid positive and negative. However, a significant ( = 0. 016) difference was observed between Covid-positive hospitalized (4.37±0.33) and non-hospitalized (1.98 ±0.22) subjects. QOL scores in different domains, including QOL General Health (7.18±1.54), physical (20.38±3.51), psychological (46.33±7.05), and social (9.98±1.94), were all significant ( = 0.00) when compared between Covid positives and negatives.

Conclusion

The study revealed that post-covid survivors experienced fatigue, which imposed limitations on different aspects of life, which was different from the fatigue of non-affected individuals.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/covid/10.2174/0126667975301718240625111222
2024-07-05
2025-10-03
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. AdilS.O. IslamM.A. MusaK.I. ShafiqueK. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among apparently healthy adult population in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Healthcare (Basel)202311453110.3390/healthcare11040531 36833064
    [Google Scholar]
  2. WangX. XuH. JiangH. Clinical features and outcomes of discharged coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A prospective cohort study.QJM2020113965766510.1093/qjmed/hcaa178 32442308
    [Google Scholar]
  3. ChippaV. AleemA. AnjumF. Post-Acute Coronavirus (COVID-19) Syndrome.Treasure Island, FLStatPearls Publishing2021
    [Google Scholar]
  4. LamM.H.B. WingY.K. YuM.W.M. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: Long-term follow-up.Arch. Intern. Med.2009169222142214710.1001/archinternmed.2009.384 20008700
    [Google Scholar]
  5. NeufeldK.J. LeoutsakosJ.M.S. YanH. Fatigue symptoms during the first year following ARDS.Chest20201583999100710.1016/j.chest.2020.03.059 32304774
    [Google Scholar]
  6. NgaiJ.C. KoF.W. NgS.S. ToK.W. TongM. HuiD.S. The long‐term impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity and health status.Respirology201015354355010.1111/j.1440‑1843.2010.01720.x 20337995
    [Google Scholar]
  7. RudroffT. FietsamA.C. DetersJ.R. BryantA.D. KamholzJ. Post-COVID-19 fatigue: Potential contributing factors.Brain Sci.20201012101210.3390/brainsci10121012 33352638
    [Google Scholar]
  8. TanseyC.M. LouieM. LoebM. One-year outcomes and health care utilization in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome.Arch. Intern. Med.2007167121312132010.1001/archinte.167.12.1312
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Fernández-de-las-PeñasC. Palacios-CeñaD. Gómez-MayordomoV. Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur. J. Intern. Med.202192557010.1016/j.ejim.2021.06.009 34167876
    [Google Scholar]
  10. GoërtzY.M.J. Van HerckM. DelbressineJ.M. Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: The post-COVID-19 syndrome?ERJ Open Res.202064005420202010.1183/23120541.00542‑2020 33257910
    [Google Scholar]
  11. PetersenM.S. KristiansenM.F. HanussonK.D. Long COVID in the faroe islands: A longitudinal study among nonhospitalized patients.Clin. Infect. Dis.20217311e4058e406310.1093/cid/ciaa1792 33252665
    [Google Scholar]
  12. SorianoJ.B. MurthyS. MarshallJ.C. RelanP. DiazJ.V. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus.Lancet Infect. Dis.2022224e102e10710.1016/S1473‑3099(21)00703‑9 34951953
    [Google Scholar]
  13. VaesA.W. GoërtzY.M.J. Van HerckM. Recovery from COVID-19: A sprint or marathon? 6-month follow-up data from online long COVID-19 support group members.ERJ Open Res.202172001410202110.1183/23120541.00141‑2021 34041295
    [Google Scholar]
  14. World Health OrganizationA clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus.2021Available From: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1
    [Google Scholar]
  15. World Health OrganizationA clinical case definition for post COVID-19 condition in children and adolescents by expert consensus.2023Available From: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post-COVID-19-condition-CA-Clinical-case-definition-2023-1
    [Google Scholar]
  16. NalbandianA. SehgalK. GuptaA. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.Nat. Med.202127460161510.1038/s41591‑021‑01283‑z 33753937
    [Google Scholar]
  17. ArnoldD.T. HamiltonF.W. MilneA. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: Results from a prospective UK cohort.Thorax202176439940110.1136/thoraxjnl‑2020‑216086 33273026
    [Google Scholar]
  18. BansalA.S. BradleyA.S. BishopK.N. Kiani-AlikhanS. FordB. Chronic fatigue syndrome, the immune system and viral infection.Brain Behav. Immun.2012261243110.1016/j.bbi.2011.06.016 21756995
    [Google Scholar]
  19. CarfìA. BernabeiR. LandiF. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19.JAMA2020324660360510.1001/jama.2020.12603 32644129
    [Google Scholar]
  20. HalpinS.J. McIvorC. WhyattG. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID‐19 infection: A cross‐sectional evaluation.J. Med. Virol.20219321013102210.1002/jmv.26368 32729939
    [Google Scholar]
  21. MalikP. PatelK. PintoC. Post‐acute COVID‐19 syndrome (PCS) and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL)—A systematic review and meta‐analysis.J. Med. Virol.202294125326210.1002/jmv.27309 34463956
    [Google Scholar]
  22. MandalS. BarnettJ. BrillS.E. ‘Long-COVID’: A cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19.Thorax202176439639810.1136/thoraxjnl‑2020‑215818 33172844
    [Google Scholar]
  23. WilsonC. Concern coronavirus may trigger post-viral fatigue syndromes.New Sci.20202463278101110.1016/S0262‑4079(20)30746‑6 32372811
    [Google Scholar]
  24. GaberT. Assessment and management of post‐COVID fatigue.Prog. Neurol. Psychiatry2021251363910.1002/pnp.698
    [Google Scholar]
  25. RudroffT. KindredJ.H. KetelhutN.B. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: Misconceptions and future research directions.Front. Neurol.2016712210.3389/fneur.2016.00122 27531990
    [Google Scholar]
  26. LerdalA. Fatigue severity scale. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Midtown Manhattan.New York CitySpringer Link201410.1007/978‑94‑007‑0753‑5_1018
    [Google Scholar]
  27. ChalderT. BerelowitzG. PawlikowskaT. Development of a fatigue scale.J. Psychosom. Res.199337214715310.1016/0022‑3999(93)90081‑P 8463991
    [Google Scholar]
  28. SilvaP.A.B. SoaresS.M. SantosJ.F.G. SilvaL.B. Cut-off point for WHOQOL-bref as a measure of quality of life of older adults.Rev. Saude Publica201448339039710.1590/S0034‑8910.2014048004912 25119934
    [Google Scholar]
  29. TownsendL. DyerA.H. JonesK. Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection.PLoS One20201511e024078410.1371/journal.pone.0240784 33166287
    [Google Scholar]
  30. QuekT.T. TamW.W. TranB.X. The global prevalence of anxiety among medical students: A meta-analysis.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20191615273510.3390/ijerph16152735 31370266
    [Google Scholar]
  31. CebanF. LingS. LuiL.M.W. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain Behav. Immun.20221019313510.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020 34973396
    [Google Scholar]
  32. O’MahoneyL.L. RoutenA. GilliesC. The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine20235510176210.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101762 36474804
    [Google Scholar]
  33. RaoS. BenzouakT. GunpatS. Fatigue symptoms associated with COVID-19 in convalescent or recovered COVID-19 patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann. Behav. Med.202256321923410.1093/abm/kaab081 34665858
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Fernández-de-las-PeñasC. Cancela-CillerueloI. Rodríguez-JiménezJ. Trajectory of Post-COVID self-reported fatigue and dyspnoea in individuals who had been hospitalized by COVID-19: The LONG-COVID-EXP multicenter study.Biomedicines2023117186310.3390/biomedicines11071863 37509504
    [Google Scholar]
  35. YanZ. YangM. LaiC.L. Long COVID-19 syndrome: A comprehensive review of its effect on various organ systems and recommendation on rehabilitation plans.Biomedicines20219896610.3390/biomedicines9080966 34440170
    [Google Scholar]
  36. PrescottH.C. GirardT.D. Recovery from severe COVID-19: Leveraging the lessons of survival from sepsis.JAMA2020324873974010.1001/jama.2020.14103 32777028
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Wulf HansonS. AbbafatiC. AertsJ.G. Global burden of disease long COVID collaborators estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021.JAMA2022328161604161510.1001/jama.2022.18931 36215063
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Borges do NascimentoI.J. O’MathúnaD.P. von GrooteT.C. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: An overview of systematic reviews.BMC Infect. Dis.202121152510.1186/s12879‑021‑06214‑4 34088271
    [Google Scholar]
  39. HuangC. HuangL. WangY. RETRACTED: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study.Lancet20213971027022023210.1016/S0140‑6736(20)32656‑8 33428867
    [Google Scholar]
  40. WenW. SuW. TangH. Immune cell profiling of COVID-19 patients in the recovery stage by single-cell sequencing.Cell Discov.2020613110.1038/s41421‑020‑0168‑9 32377375
    [Google Scholar]
  41. JasonL.A. KatzB.Z. ShiraishiY. MearsC.J. ImY. TaylorR.R. Predictors of post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents.Health Psychol. Behav. Med.201421415110.1080/21642850.2013.869176 24660116
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/covid/10.2174/0126667975301718240625111222
Loading
/content/journals/covid/10.2174/0126667975301718240625111222
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test