Current Organic Synthesis - Volume 22, Issue 3, 2025

Allelopathy related to a positive or negative impacts on one type of plant, by a chemical produced by another type of plant such as weeds, and different kinds of chemicals are hydroxamic acids, phenolics, and short-chain fatty acids. The potential allelopathic impacts of weeds is directly associated to the plan species used, as well as to the concentration of the aqueous extract available in the environment.

The present research manuscript attempts to find and identify the allelopathic interaction of aquatic extracts from dry shoots and seeds of mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) on germination, seedling growth and development of three cultivars of maize. Maize seeds (Zea mays L.) were obtained as seed material: three maize seed cultivars were KSC 704 (Cultivar 1), KSC 500 (Cultivar 2), and KSC 302 (Cultivar 3). The aqueous extracts of mallow shoots and seed, in concentration of 1, 3, 5%, were made from the dried and crumbled above-ground plant parts. The influence of plant dosage was significant on seedling vigour index (SVI), coefficient of the rate of germination (CRG), total germination (T50), germination energy (GE), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), inhibition percentage (IP), fresh mass, dry mass, relative water content (RWC), and total water content (TWC). Different plant parts had meaningful influence on SVI, GI, MGT, CRG, GE, and IP. The impacts of cultivar on T50, IP, RWC, fresh mass, dry mass and TWC were significant. Along with the increase in the concentration of allelopathic components, a decrease in the germination activity of all tested maize cultivars was observed.

The highest SVI was related to control treatment followed by one and three percentage of plant dosages. KSC 704 obtained the maximum CRG and GE, and the minimum one was related to KSC 500. Three percentage of plant dosage has obtained the highest value of CRG and GE. The maximum and the minimum T50 was related to KSC 302 and KSC 704, respectively. The lowest values of GI and MGT was related to KSC 500, and the maximum values are related to KSC 704. While the maximum IP, RWC, fresh mass, dry mass and TWC was related to KSC 704, the lowest values were achieved in utilization of KSC 500. The RWC was the highest for seedlings grown on the 5% extract.

The information of this article can be useful in the conditions of the threat of maize seedlings wit the mass appearance of mallow.

Thiadiazoles exhibit a variety of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, antituberculosis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, antitrypanosomal agent, and anticonvulsant properties.

The new polymers are made in two distinct stages. The first stage is to prepare the starting material bis-(methyl-2-arylidenehydrazone-carbodithioates) via a condensation reaction between methyl-hydrazinecarbodithioate and dicarbonyl compounds in suitable solvent as isopropyl alcohol. The second stage for the synthesis of the final products poly(1,3,4-thiadiazoles) derivatives is the suitable bis-hydrazonoyl chloride reacted with an equal molar ratio of bis-(methyl-2-arylidenehy-drazonecarbodithioates) in dimethyl sulfoxide, with triethylamine and reflux until the methanethiol gas stopped evolving. FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance), and thermal investigation were used to identify and characterize the final products.

This work effectively synthesized new derivatives of poly(1,3,4-thiadiazoles) in good yields via the reaction of bis-hydrazonoyl dichlorides with bis-(methyl-2-arylidenehydrazone-carbodithioates). Two routes can be used to explain how the final poly(1,3,4-thiadiazoles) compounds are formed. The first route can be explained by nucleophile substitution of thiolate of bis(methyl-2-arylidenehydrazonecarbodithioates) to the chlorinated carbon of bis-hydrazonoyl dichlorides, followed by removal of HCl (hydrochloric acid) to provide an intermediate (S-alkylated). This intermediate at once leads to an intramolecular cyclo-polycondensation by the exclusion of methanethiol gas to produce our ending products poly(1,3,4-thiadiazoles). The second route concluded [3+2] cycloaddition of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrilimines (generated in situ by treatment of bis-hydrazonoyl dichlorides with triethylamine) to thione (C=S) followed by removal of methanethiol to give poly(1,3,4-thiadiazoles) as depicted in schematic diagram.

In this article, we reported an efficient method for the synthesis of the novel poly(1,3,4-thiadiazoles) from the reaction of bis-(methyl-2-arylidenehydrazonecarbodithioates) with bis-hydrazonoyl halides.

The reaction between 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyenzaldehyde and 2-ni-troaniline has been discovered, and the final product has been identified such as 2-6-dimethoxy-4-((2-nitrophenylimin)methyl)phenol (C1).

X-ray diffraction examination performed on a single crystal provided conclusive evidence regarding the structure. Crystallography reveals that the two molecules A and B that were enclosed within the asymmetric unit are structurally distinct from one another. C-H·O, N-H·O, and O-H·O bonding is primarily responsible for the crystal packing stability. H-O and off-set stacking interactions also contribute to the crystal packing's overall stability.

To do further research into the intermolecular interactions, the Hirshfeld surface analysis technique is utilized. It is possible to determine the partiality of the interatomic contacts to create crystal packing interactions by computing the improvement ratio for those contacts. In addition, computational research is carried out with the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) model to determine the amount of energy that is required for molecular pairs to interact.

The study concluded the roles those different kinds of interaction energy play in maintaining the stability of the molecular pair.

Given the inadequacies of current chemotherapy, there is a need for more effective anticancer agents. Imidazole and thiazole compounds have demonstrated significant biological activity, making them promising candidates.

This study investigates the anticancer potential of imidazole and thiazole derivatives, focusing on liver cancer. The aim is to synthesize bis-imidazole-thiazole hybrids and evaluate their efficacy as anticancer agents against hepatocellular carcinoma.

The hybrids were synthesized using (2,2'-((1,4-phenylenebis(2-mercapto-4-methyl-1H-imidazole-1,5-diyl))bis(ethan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(hydrazine-1-carbothioamide), hydrazonoyl halides, and α-halo ketones, catalyzed by DABCO. This method is designed to be fast, yield high amounts of product, and be environmentally friendly. Structural confirmation was provided by FT IR, NMR, and MS spectroscopy.

The synthesized hybrids were tested in vitro against HepG-2 and WI-38 cell lines. Compounds 16b, 14a, 16a, and 7b showed significant inhibitory activity, with IC50 values indicating strong inhibition comparable to or better than the standard drug Sorafenib.

The bis-imidazole-thiazole hybrids exhibit potent anticancer properties, particularly against hepatocellular carcinoma, making them potential candidates for future cancer therapies. Their selectivity and safety were further demonstrated by their effects on normal WI-38 human fibroblasts.

Hybrid inorganic/organic nanoparticles are used to make nanocomposites. These nanocomposites combine the different properties of the organic polymer and the inorganic nanoparticles, which improves the overall system properties.

In this research work, Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle (MSN), amino-functionalized MSNs, and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) were synthesized using a special approach. In this work, in order to take advantage of the properties and characteristics of both porous nanomaterials and porous nanocomposites of COF-grown MSN were synthesized by a special method and with two approaches, and the porosity of the nanocomposites and synthesized nanomaterials was analyzed by BET analysis.

The synthesis of the products was confirmed by XRD, TGA, EDS, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, and Zeta potential analyses. The heavy metals zinc and cadmium were removed using these nanomaterials as an inorganic/organic hybrid adsorbent in the following, and various absorption properties were examined in these nanoabsorbents.

The removal of heavy metals from these hybrid nanoabsorbents is particularly effective.

This study includes synthesis, characterizations, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and docking molecular study of novel Bis-Azetidinone compounds that combined two units of β-lactam rings. In the present investigation, the aromatic aldehydes with primary amine were condensed to create Schiff's base, which was then reacted with chloroacetylchloride to produce bis-Azetidinone compounds.

Melting points, FTIR, and NMR spectrum analyses were used to examine the morphological and topological characteristics of the Bis-Azetidinone compounds. The results indicate that the prepared Compounds synthesis has excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli,), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal (Candida albicans) and also indicated that the Compounds synthesis (A2) gave a higher antimicrobial effect than the B2, C2. The synergistic activity was examined against the pathogenic microbial strains. It was observed that employing compound synthesis combined with antibiotics enhanced the synergistic efficacy compared to using compound synthesis alone or antibiotic alone on Gram-positive bacteria and fungi.

The antioxidant efficiency was assessed by DPPH, the results show that the compound synthesis has antioxidant activity, and also indicated that the synthesized compound (A2) gave a higher antioxidant effect than the B2, C2. Docking study confirmed via redocking of crystalized substrate or inhibitor within target binding pocket. The docking results reveal that the synthesized compounds, with a total binding affinity of less than -48 kcal/mol, could be clinically used for future therapeutic purposes.

The present research demonstrates the advantageous effectiveness of a simpler production procedure, novel Bis-Azetidinone compounds, for producing high-purity with low hazard that may be utilized as future possible medical therapies.

A direct synthesis of functionalized dimethyl fumarate derivatives of 2- (2-((E)-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl) is achieved via one-pot reaction involving 2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole and appropriate isatin in the presence of DMAD.

Conversely, this one-pot reaction furnished, upon conduction at 60 ℃, the 2-(2-((E)- (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl) products. The biological activities were evaluated against JNK3 kinase. We chose to dock the compounds into the JNK3 binding site in order to comprehend the molecular underpinnings of the observed bioactivities.

The structures of the synthesized compound adduct were evidenced from NMR and MS spectral data and further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The biological activities revealing that the introduction of an alkyl group at the 1-position of the isatin moiety produced JNK3 inhibitors with IC50 values in the low micromolar range.

This study synthesized a unique compound using a three-component method. Compound 4d showed high antitumor activity (IC50 = 6.5 µM) against JNK3 inhibitors, while compounds 4c, 4d, and 4f exhibited high selectivity. The research highlights the effectiveness of the one-pot reaction in creating medically useful hybrid compounds, marking a significant advance in medicinal chemistry.