CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders) - Volume 20, Issue 8, 2021

Background: A large number of individuals today use herbs as a drug alongside medicine and non-physician recommended medications, as herbs are thought to be natural and safe. However, there are many herbs that can potentially interact with other drugs, causing hazardous effects and/or diminished therapeutic effects of other prescriptions. Objective: It is ought to be comprehended that herbal drugs contain multiple active compounds in different percentages, which can change the enzymatic frameworks, transporters, and, additionally, the physiological processes. Methods: Different search engines, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were used for the search of the data on the subject: pharmacokinetic drug interactions with the herbal products. Results: This worldwide increment in herbal drug popularity has risen with respect to HDIs. These PD or PK interactions are particularly significant for medications. Assessment of herbal drug interaction is difficult because of inconsistency in herbal drug composition and frequently meager information of active constituent pharmacokinetic. These restrictions are bewildered further by the differing points of view concerning herbal product regulation. Conclusion: It is concluded that a basic assessment of certain pharmacokinetic HDI is needed to settle on educated choices in regard to patient safety. The expanding comprehension of HDPKI will direct more attention to potential interactions.

Conventionally, cardiac biomarkers are recognized as an essential tool to investigate the presence or progression of various cardiovascular diseases. However, in recent years, data from several clinical trials have successfully sorted out the utility of cardiac biomarkers in diseases that are not primarily regarded as “cardiac diseases,” especially neurological diseases. Results of freshly published trials have endorsed the use of cardiac biomarkers in various forms of stroke and dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is also one of the other CNS conditions where measuring cardiac biomarkers have been found to be useful. Cardiac biomarkers can be helpful in two ways. Firstly, to assess the secondary involvement of the heart during the progression of the primary disease. Secondly, they can be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of the primary condition itself. In this short review, we have collected encouraging results from recent studies that show the importance of the most widely recognized cardiac biomarkers in two of the most prominent neurological diseases of the current world, i.e., stroke and dementia.

Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the most important public health problems and concerns, as they are a growing cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly in the elderly. However, natural products have a significant function in the avoidance of disease by boosting health in humans as well as animals. These natural products have been scientifically acknowledged to have a range of biological characteristics like antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions. Both In vitro and in vivo studies have more recognized the convenience of natural products in different preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, most NPs comprise phytoconstituents, including polyphenolic antioxidants; originate in herbs, fruits, nuts, vegetables, as well as, also in marine with freshwater flora. These phytoconstituents might actively repress neuro-degeneration and recover memory as like cognitive actions of the brain. Moreover, they are well recognized to participate in an essential position in the prevention of like treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and additional neuronal disorders. However, the large-scale neuro-pharmacological actions of natural products have been familiar owing to the consequence of also the inhibition of inflammatory processes, or the up-regulation of various cell endurance proteins or a mixture of together. Owing to the shortage of human studies on neuroprotective belongings of natural products, this review highlights a variety of documented actions of natural products in vitro and in vivo preclinical models and their possible neuro-protection applications by the accessible awareness in writing.

Dementia is a diverse category of chronic and progressive disorder, which is commonly associated with a loss of memory, difficulty in judgment, impaired language, cognitive impairment, and various other symptoms that affect a person’s daily routine life and social life. Dementia affects about 50 million people around the globe. Dementia exists in varied forms and is associated with various neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form, which accords for about 60% of thecases. Abnormal agglomeration of proteins in the brain has been linked to the pathogenesis of dementia. Autophagy is a necessary protein clearance mechanism, which is dependent on lysosomes. It is a basic physiological process that performs the crucial function of maintaining protein homeostasis within the cells. The autophagic dysfunction in dementia further complicates the disease by hampering the degradation and removing abnormal pathogenic proteins. In order to understand autophagic dysfunction, it is essential to know the genetics of autophagy as well as the mutations This understanding at the genetic level helps definethe relationship between dementia and autophagic dysfunction for developing the potential remedies for the treatment of dementia.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), characterized by abnormally phosphorylated tau, Paired Helical Filaments (PHFs), Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFTs), deregulated mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR), and Aβ deposits, is a multifactorial disease with sleep disorders being one of the causative agents. Therefore, we have reviewed the literature and have tried to decode the existence of positive feedback, reciprocal and a bidirectional relationship allying between sleep disturbances and AD. Much light has been thrown on the role of tau pathology and amyloid pathology in sleep pathology and its association with AD pathology. We have also discussed the role of melatonin in regulating sleep disorders and AD. The neuroprotective effect of melatonin via inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ deposition has also been discussed. Moreover, astrocytes involvement in aggravating AD has also been highlighted in this review. Several therapeutic approaches aimed at improving both sleep disorders and AD have been duly discussed such as administration of antidepressants and antihistamines, immunotherapy, metal chelators, melatonin supplementation, light therapy and physical activity. Despite consistent efforts, the complete etiology concerning sleep disorder and AD is still unclear. Therefore, further research is needed to unravel the mechanism involved and also to develop strategies that may help in obstructing AD in its preclinical stage.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by sleep, behavioral, memory, and cognitive deteriorations. Sleep disturbance (SD) is a major disease burden in AD, which has a reciprocal relationship with AD pathophysiology. It aggravates memory, behavioral, and cognitive complications in AD. Different studies have found that melatonin hormone levels reduce even in the pre-clinical stages of AD. Melatonin is the primary sleep-regulating hormone and a potent antioxidant with neuroprotective roles. The decrease in melatonin levels can thus promote SD and AD neuropathology. Exogenous melatonin has the potential to alleviate neuropathology and SD in AD by different mechanisms. Various studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of exogenous melatonin to treat SD in AD. Though most of the studies suggest that melatonin is useful to ameliorate SD in AD, the remaining studies show opposite results. The timing, dosage, and duration of melatonin administration along with disease condition, genetic, environmental, and some other factors can be responsible for the discrepancies between the studies. More extensive trials with longer durations and higher dosage forms and studies including bright light therapy and melatonin agonists (ramelteon, agomelatine, and tasimelteon) should be performed to determine the efficacy of melatonin to treat SD in AD.

Background: Lack of sleep generates many disorders and bruxism is one of them. It has affected almost 31% of the world population. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to determine the volume of the research conducted on bruxism and to create a database. We aimed to highlight critical issues for further research commitments and communications. This paper designs a comprehensive and very perception-based picture of bruxism disorder. Methods: The research-based work uses three methods, including a systematic mapping process, network visualization, and literature review. Softwares, such as VOSviewer, MATLAB, and MEGA- X, have been utilized to analyze the work. We have researched deep insights of information to retrieve the present understanding of bruxism disorder from dental to psychological concepts, from engineering detection to clinical treatment, and from temporomandibular disorder to biological genes. Results: We found 10 keywords and 77 items of bruxism in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases based on previous publications. These keywords and items are helpful for all types of researchers, which include engineering, science, and medical background personals. 11 genes and 75 research articles with approximately 115,077 subjects, for the analysis of detection, treatment, child and adolescent bruxism, have been reviewed in the research work. Conclusion: It has been found that bruxism altogether has sleep, neurological, dental, and genetic disorder components and is a complex phenomenon. This study has also mentioned the future direction and gap in research conducted so far on bruxism and has also tried to provide goals for the upcoming research to be accomplished in a more significant and scientific manner.