Methods and Applications of Raman Spectroscopy: A Powerful Technique in Modern Research, Diagnosis, and Food Quality Control

Background: Raman spectroscopy has evolved into an important fast, rapid, direct, and non-destructive technique that has recently been applied in different fields.Objective: The present work aims to study the theoretical bases and the experimental techniques relate to Raman spectroscopy and highlight the performance as well as the different applications of the technique.Methods: Spectroscopy, in general, is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter, which corresponds to the emission or transmission of energy in the form of a wave at a given frequency. Raman spectroscopy is based on the inelastic diffusion of photons on electrons. The change in electron energy level leads to different modes of vibration of a molecule. These different vibration modes occur at specific frequencies for each molecule.Results: Raman spectroscopy is used in chemistry as a tool to identify molecules in a sample. Indeed, each Raman peak is associated with a vibration mode of a molecule; it is considered as a more useful approach to monitor the chemical parameters of samples tested in several fields, especially in food safety.Conclusion: This review covers the current research status and prospects of Raman spectroscopy. The Raman effect is considered from the time of its discovery as a great gift for chemists because it contributes to a better characterization of the structure of matter.