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Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery by enabling the precise transport of therapeutics to specific sites with improved efficacy. By employing biocompatible and stable nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, quantum dots, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, this field provides innovative solutions as both diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents. These carriers facilitate precise targeting and active drug delivery, protecting drugs from metabolic or chemical degradation during transit and enhancing bioavailability. The development of nanocarriers involves various preparation techniques, including solvent evaporation, emulsification, homogenization, and lyophilization, each tailored to optimize drug loading and stability. Customizable properties such as size, surface charge, and targeting ligands further improve drug uptake, biodistribution, and controlled release. However, toxicity remains a critical concern, necessitating thorough evaluation to ensure safety and efficacy. This review offers an in-depth exploration of diverse nanocarrier systems and preparation methods. By addressing the interplay between these factors, the review highlights the growing potential of nanomedicine in advancing personalized healthcare.
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