Current Advances in Nanomaterial-associated Micro and Nano-devices for SARS-CoV-2 Detection

COVID-19 spread rapidly around the world in 18 months, with various forms of variants caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). This has put pressure on the world community and created an urgent need for understanding its early occurrence through rapid, simple, cheap, and yet highly accurate diagnosis. The most widely adopted method as of today is the real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. This test has shown the potential for rapid testing, but unfortunately, the test is not rapid and, in some cases, displays false negatives or false positives. The nanomaterials play an important role in creating highly sensitive systems, and have been thought to significantly improve the performance of the SARSCoV- 2 protocols. Several biosensors based on micro-and nano-sensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been reported, and they employ multi-dimensional hybrids on sensing surfaces with devices having different sizes and geometries. Zero-to-three-dimension nanomaterial hybrids on sensing surfaces, including nanofilm hybrids for SARS-CoV-2 detection, were employed with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy. Furthermore, the sensors were nanofluidic and mediated high-performance SARS-CoV-2 detection. This breakthrough has brought the possibility of making a biosystem on a chip (Bio-SoC) for rapid, cheap, and point-of-care detection. This review summarises various advancements in nanomaterial-associated nanodevices and metasurface devices for detecting SARS-CoV-2.